Ch 2Science, Systems, Matter, and

Energy

Case StudyEaster Island (Summarize):

The Nature of ScienceScientific Method:

1. Observation: observe problem and pose a question

2. Hypothesis: make an educated guess as to why the problem exists.

3. Test hypothesis: set up experiment to test hypothesis (must have a control and experimental set)

4. Analyze data: with the use of graphs, tables and charts understand what the results from the experiment are saying about your hypothesis

5. Conclusion: did analysis of results support or not support your hypothesis.

Feedback LoopsFeed back loops:

Positive feedback loops:

Ex: depositing $ in a bank at compound interest and leaving there.

Negative feedback loops:

Ex: Recycling cans

Types of Structure of Matter Matter: Elements:

Ex: H (hydrogen), C (carbon) Compounds:

Ex: H2O, NaCl Atoms:

Protons:

Neutrons:

Electrons:

Atomic number:

Mass number:

Types of Structure and MatterIons:

pHNeutral solution:

Acidic solution:

Basic solution:

Types of Structure and Matter Molecule:

Chemical formula:

Organic compound:

Inorganic compound:

Cells: Prokaryotic: Eukaryotic:

Macromolecules:

Genes:

Chromosomes:

Types and Structure of MatterStates of Matter: Solid, Liquid, Gas and

PlasmaMatter quality:

High quality:

Low quality:

Material efficiency (resource productivity):

Changes in MatterPhysical changes:

Ex: aluminum foil cut into piecesChemical changes:

Ex: Coal is burned and makes CO2Law of conservation of matter:

There is no “AWAY” in throw away. Everything remains in some form.

Types of Pollutants 3 things determine the severity of a pollutant:

- chemical nature, concentration, and persistence.

- Degradable pollutants:

- Biodegradable pollutants:

- Slowly degradable pollutants:

- Nondegradable pollutants:

EnergyEnergy:

Types of energy – electrical energy, mechanical, light, chemical, nuclear

Kinetic energy:

Heat:

Electromagnetic radiation:

Potential energy:

EnergyEnergy quality:

High –quality:

Ex: electricity, chemical energy in coal and gas, sunlight, and nuclear

Low – quality:

Ex: heat dispersed in the moving molecules of a large amount of matter so that its temperature is low.

Energy Laws2 laws that CAN NOT BE BROKEN!!1st Law of Thermodynamics (law of

conservation):

Energy input always equals energy output.There will never be more energy coming out then

energy is put in.2nd law of Thermodynamics:

Energy always goes from a more useful to a less useful form when it changes from one form to another.

Energy Efficiency:

Sustainability and Matter and Energy LawsHigh-throughput economics (high waste):

Matter-recycling-and reusing economy:

Low-throughput economy (low waste):