ch 2. sanitation management today and in future women washing clothes in a way which optimises water...
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Ch 2. Sanitation management today and in future
Women washing clothes in a way which optimises water use (R. Shrestha)
Aeration lagoons in a city sewage treatment plant (J-O Drangert)
Jan-Olof Drangert, Linköping University, Sweden
2.1 Sanitation arrangements
at household and community levels
Learning objectives: to match management with technology and local conditions
Is there one sanitation system that
suits all situations, or do we have to
choose?
Jan-Olof Drangert, Linköping University, Sweden
Changes in our perceptions of urban flows
Household, community or city
chemicals
food
water
wastewater
Year 1900: nutrients from human waste were recycled but ⇒disposal of glass and metal in latrine bins made this impossible
Human-derived nutrients went into the water cycle⇒
Year 2000: use of sewage sludge as fertiliser but heavy ⇒metals and hormones in wastewater made this impossible ⇒Sludge went to landfill or incineration Jan-Olof Drangert, Linköping University, Sweden
non-organic items
lakeWWTP
(a) An urban eco-house for a single family
Greywater treatment
plant
Urine-diverting
toilet
Dug well for groundwater
recharge
Roof tanksHot water solar heater Rainwater catchment
Rainwater catchment
flower garden
Vegetable garden with urine
& composted faecal matter
Rainwater collection tank Biosand filter for well water treatment
SODIS drinking water
Courtesy of Roshan Shrestha, Nepal
Underground tank & rainwater flushing
Groundwater recharge
Biosand filter
Courtesy of Roshan Shrestha, Nepal
Roof catchment
for rain
Bio-sand filter for
well water
Underground tank
Rainwater pipe
Well for groundwater
recharge
Rainwater overflow
pipe
(a 1) Rainwater collection and storage
Courtesy of Roshan Shrestha, Nepal
(a 2) Waterless and odourless urine-diverting toilet
Co-compost bin
Co-compostbin
Resting bin for faeces
Porcelain UD-toilet
Collection bin
Shute
Urine tank with tap
(a 3) Gardening with greywater, urine and composted faecal matter
Reed bed for treating greywater that is recycled on the terrace
Lawn and flowers on terrace garden
SODIS treatment of drinking water
Courtesy of Roshan Shrestha, Nepal
(b) Self-contained neighbourhood with six houses in a small town in Australia
Courtesy of Garry Scott, Compost Toilet Systems, Mullumbimby, Australia
Fly trap – a simple plastic bottle cut in two
(b 1) Some ingenious technical details
Newly installed container for excreta (Clivus Multrum)
Rainwater filter box
Collection tube for the first rain
Diversion of clean rainwater
Courtesy of Garry Scott, Compost Toilet Systems, Mullumbimby, Australia
(c) A block of semi-detached ecosan houses in Kimberley, South Africa
J-O Drangert, Linköping UniversitySweden
Courtesy of SIPU International, Sweden
(c 1) The sanitation arrangements at each house
Bio-solids
Jan-Olof Drangert, Linköping University, Sweden
(c 2) Design solutions in Kimberley, South Africa
Greywater use in the garden
Small garden
Water-less urinal
Kimberley UDT in píeces
plastic bucket
opening to
remove bucket
Door to reach the bucket
from outside of house
Jan-Olof Drangert, Linköping University, Sweden
(d) Eco-blocks in water-scarce Erdos, China
Surrounding farmland
Pond with effluent
Surroundingfarmland
Greywater treatment
plant
4-5 storey buildings
Composting station
Source: Zhu Quiang 2008
(d 1) Sanitation arrangements in Erdos eco-town
Source: Zhu Quiang 2008
(d 2) Resident assessment in Erdos
Source: Zhu Quiang, 2008
Bent vent pipes to evacuate bin
Ventilated cabinet
Four types of problems – frequency of occurrence in August 2008
(e) High-rise housing complex in the water-scarce city of Bangalore, India
J-O Drangert, Linköping University, Sweden
(e 1) Mini-wastewater treatment plant in the cellar
Sedimentation and aeration tanks
Dewatering compressor
J-O Drangert, Linköping University, Sweden
Carbon filter
Pressure sand filter
(e 2) Experiences and future trends
Ganesh Consultancy & Analytical Services, Bangalore (Mini-WWTP)
(f) Self-contained housing complex
WC
STP 130
130 L
55 L groundwater recharge
wetland
groundwater
well water
80 L
Jan-Olof Drangert, Linköping university, Sweden
50 L
80 L 10 L
70 L
25 L
15 L
Source: Financial Times, 2011
Restoring nature in urban settings
A cross-section of Bosco Verticale
Principle:
• Organic ≠ other solid waste
• Stormwater ≠ sewage
• Industrial ≠ household wastewater
• Toilet water ≠ greywater
• Faeces ≠ urine
Strategies for sanitation improvements
Jan-Olof Drangert, Linköping University, Sweden