ch. 19: using pronouns correctly 604-627. case case is the form that a noun or pronoun takes to...

Ch. 19: Using Ch. 19: Using Pronouns CorrectlyPronouns Correctly

604-627604-627

CaseCase

Case is the FORM that a noun or Case is the FORM that a noun or pronoun takes to show its relationship to pronoun takes to show its relationship to other words in a sentence.other words in a sentence.

English has three cases:English has three cases: Nominative (subject)Nominative (subject) OBJECTIVEOBJECTIVE PossessivePossessive

Noun casesNoun cases

Noun forms are the same for nominative and Noun forms are the same for nominative and objective cases.objective cases.

NOM: The NOM: The cannibalcannibal bit my arm off. bit my arm off. OBJ: I shot the OBJ: I shot the cannibalcannibal..

Nouns change form in the possessive case by Nouns change form in the possessive case by adding an apostrophe.adding an apostrophe.

POSS: I toilet papered the POSS: I toilet papered the cannibal’scannibal’s house house again.again.

Pronoun casesPronoun cases

Pronouns change forms more often.Pronouns change forms more often. NOM:NOM: WeWe slept in Mr. Flint’s class. slept in Mr. Flint’s class. SheShe and Irving slept past the bell and Irving slept past the bell OBJ:OBJ:Mr. Flint tried to wake Mr. Flint tried to wake USUS up. up. He kicked Irving and He kicked Irving and HERHER.. POSS:POSS: Mr. Flint collected Mr. Flint collected OUROUR work. work. He put He put HERHER work in the trash. work in the trash.

Case forms tell you:Case forms tell you:

Number – singular or pluralNumber – singular or plural Person – 1Person – 1stst, 2, 2ndnd or 3 or 3rdrd

Gender – Masculine, feminine or neuterGender – Masculine, feminine or neuter

The Nominative CaseThe Nominative Case(subjects & predicate (subjects & predicate nominatives)nominatives)

SINGULARSINGULAR 11stst II 22ndnd youyou 33rdrd he, she, ithe, she, it PLURALPLURAL 11stst wewe 22nd nd youyou 33rdrd theythey

Subjects & Predicate Subjects & Predicate Nominatives…Nominatives…

are always in the NOMINATIVE form.are always in the NOMINATIVE form.

HE AND IHE AND I will cut your car in half. will cut your car in half. Mr. Flint said that Mr. Flint said that II should leave. should leave.

The one with the highest grade is The one with the highest grade is SHE.SHE. It was It was II who made the comment. who made the comment.

608: Exercise 1608: Exercise 1

The Objective Case (DO, IO, The Objective Case (DO, IO, & objects of prepositions)& objects of prepositions)

SINGULARSINGULAR 11stst MEME 22ndnd youyou 33rdrd him, her, ithim, her, it PLURALPLURAL 11stst usus 22nd nd youyou 33rdrd THEMTHEM

Direct objects, Indirect Direct objects, Indirect objects and Objects of objects and Objects of prepositions…prepositions…

are always in the OBJECTIVE form.are always in the OBJECTIVE form.

My English teacher robbed My English teacher robbed MEME.. He talks about giving He talks about giving THEMTHEM my money. my money. Let’s pull a prank on Irving and Let’s pull a prank on Irving and HERHER.. Did you go with Irving and Did you go with Irving and HIMHIM to see the to see the

Justin Beiber movie?Justin Beiber movie?

612: Review A612: Review A

The Possessive CaseThe Possessive Case

SINGULARSINGULAR 11stst my, MINEmy, MINE 22ndnd your, yoursyour, yours 33rdrd his, her, HERS, itshis, her, HERS, its PLURALPLURAL 11stst our, oursour, ours 22nd nd your, yoursyour, yours 33rdrd THEIR, theirsTHEIR, theirs

Some are used as Some are used as pronounspronouns

Pronouns REPLACE nouns or other Pronouns REPLACE nouns or other pronouns.pronouns.

Mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirsMine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs

Your car and Your car and MINEMINE were stolen again. were stolen again. We stole We stole HISHIS yesterday. yesterday. Compared to Compared to YOURSYOURS, my dog smells good., my dog smells good.

Some are used as Some are used as adjectivesadjectives

Adjectives modify nouns or pronouns.Adjectives modify nouns or pronouns. (These are still pronouns – they replace (These are still pronouns – they replace

people’s names – but they are also used to people’s names – but they are also used to modify a noun/pronoun in the sentence)modify a noun/pronoun in the sentence)

MYMY car is gone! car is gone! HISHIS first attempt at robbery failed. first attempt at robbery failed. Do you remember Do you remember OUROUR secret handshake? secret handshake?

GerundsGerunds

A noun or pronoun that precedes a A noun or pronoun that precedes a gerund should be in the possessive case.gerund should be in the possessive case.

Remember: a gerund is:Remember: a gerund is: Verb formVerb form Ends in –ingEnds in –ing Functions as a noun (it’s a thing)Functions as a noun (it’s a thing)

You can replace it with ITYou can replace it with IT

Gerund examplesGerund examples

THEIRTHEIR winningwinning led to a celebration. led to a celebration. Winning is a thing; it is the subject.Winning is a thing; it is the subject. IT led to a celebration.IT led to a celebration.

My parents objected to My parents objected to MYMY workingworking late. late. They didn’t object to ME.They didn’t object to ME. They objected to IT – working.They objected to IT – working.

We were thrilled by We were thrilled by Irving’sIrving’s scoringscoring in in the top 10.the top 10.

Present participlesPresent participles

Don’t confuse gerunds with present Don’t confuse gerunds with present participles.participles.

Present participlesPresent participles Are verb formsAre verb forms End in –ingEnd in –ing But do not function as nouns (they aren’t But do not function as nouns (they aren’t

things)things) They can’t be replaced by ITThey can’t be replaced by IT

Present participle Present participle examplesexamples

We found him We found him sittingsitting on a bench. on a bench. We found HIM. We didn’t find SITTING.We found HIM. We didn’t find SITTING. ‘‘Sitting’ is not a thing. ‘Sitting’ Sitting’ is not a thing. ‘Sitting’ describesdescribes a a

thing: ‘him.’thing: ‘him.’ He didn’t see the dodge ball until he felt it He didn’t see the dodge ball until he felt it collidingcolliding with his face. with his face. He didn’t feel ‘colliding.’ He felt IT.He didn’t feel ‘colliding.’ He felt IT. ‘‘Colliding’ is not a thing. ‘Colliding’ Colliding’ is not a thing. ‘Colliding’

describes the ball. describes the ball.

AppositivesAppositives

An appositive is a noun or pronoun placed An appositive is a noun or pronoun placed beside another noun or pronoun to IDENTIFY beside another noun or pronoun to IDENTIFY or describe it.or describe it.

An easy way to remember this: apAn easy way to remember this: appositivepositives s ADD information (positive +)ADD information (positive +)

A pronoun used as an appositive is in the A pronoun used as an appositive is in the same CASE as the word it identifiessame CASE as the word it identifies

Appositive examplesAppositive examples

My best friends, My best friends, Irving and HEIrving and HE, robbed me , robbed me yesterday.yesterday. ““Irving and he” identifies my best friends, the Irving and he” identifies my best friends, the

subjects. So HE is in the nominative (SUBJECT) subjects. So HE is in the nominative (SUBJECT) case.case.

My dad paid the two guys, My dad paid the two guys, Irving and HIMIrving and HIM, to , to get my stuff back.get my stuff back. ““Irving and him” identifies the two guys, the direct Irving and him” identifies the two guys, the direct

objects. So HIM is in the objective case.objects. So HIM is in the objective case.

We/Us with appositivesWe/Us with appositives

When these have appositives, try each When these have appositives, try each form without the appositive to see which form without the appositive to see which case to use.case to use.

(We, Us) (We, Us) studentsstudents learned many learned many interesting things.interesting things.

The counselor talked to (we, us) The counselor talked to (we, us) studentsstudents..

Pronouns in elliptical Pronouns in elliptical constructionsconstructions

An elliptical construction is a word group An elliptical construction is a word group from which words are MISSING.from which words are MISSING.

We use these when making We use these when making comparisons.comparisons.

These usually begin with THAN or AS.These usually begin with THAN or AS. I can read as fast I can read as fast as youas you (can). (can). See how CAN is missing? That’s what See how CAN is missing? That’s what

makes this an elliptical construction.makes this an elliptical construction.

Elliptical constructionsElliptical constructions

A pronoun in an elliptical construction is the A pronoun in an elliptical construction is the same CASE as it would be if the construction same CASE as it would be if the construction were completed.were completed.

Most of us would say:Most of us would say: I run as fast as him.I run as fast as him.

But complete the construction by adding the But complete the construction by adding the VERB from the beginning of the comparison:VERB from the beginning of the comparison: I run as fast as him I run as fast as him runsruns ??? ??? Correct: I run as fast as he Correct: I run as fast as he runsruns.. I run as fast as HE.I run as fast as HE.

More ellipticalsMore ellipticals

Irving is a better robber than ______Irving is a better robber than ______ He IS a better robber than I AM.He IS a better robber than I AM.

Even my dog is smarter than ____Even my dog is smarter than ____ My dog is smarter than HE IS.My dog is smarter than HE IS.

Irving has as much money as ____Irving has as much money as ____ He has as much money as WE HAVE.He has as much money as WE HAVE.

Different cases, different Different cases, different meaningsmeanings

Dan misses New York as much as Dan misses New York as much as herher.. Verb = misses. Put that after “as.”Verb = misses. Put that after “as.” Dan misses NY as much as (he) Dan misses NY as much as (he) missesmisses her. her.

Dan misses New York as much as Dan misses New York as much as sheshe.. Verb = misses.Verb = misses. Dan misses NY as much as she Dan misses NY as much as she missesmisses (it). (it). Or “as much as she does.”Or “as much as she does.”

Another exampleAnother example

Did Mr. Flint pay you as much as I?Did Mr. Flint pay you as much as I? Verb = pay.Verb = pay. Did he pay you as much as I Did he pay you as much as I paidpaid (you)? (you)?

Did Mr. Flint pay you as much as me?Did Mr. Flint pay you as much as me? Verb = pay.Verb = pay. Did he pay you as much as (he) Did he pay you as much as (he) paidpaid me? me?

Reflexive and Intensive Reflexive and Intensive PronounsPronouns

SINGULARSINGULAR 11stst myselfmyself 22ndnd yourselfyourself 33rdrd himself, HERSELF, itselfhimself, HERSELF, itself PLURALPLURAL 11stst ourselvesourselves 22nd nd yourselvesyourselves 33rdrd THEMSELVESTHEMSELVES

Reflexive Pronouns Reflexive Pronouns ReviewReview

Reflexives refer to the subject of a verb Reflexives refer to the subject of a verb and function as a complement (DO, IO, and function as a complement (DO, IO, OC, PN, PA) or an object of a OC, PN, PA) or an object of a preposition.preposition.

Bill is not Bill is not himselfhimself today. (PN) today. (PN) I hurt I hurt myselfmyself. (DO). (DO) Give Give yourselfyourself a pat on the back. (IO) a pat on the back. (IO) She would rather be by She would rather be by herselfherself. (OP). (OP)

Intensive Pronouns Intensive Pronouns ReviewReview

An intensive pronoun emphasizes its An intensive pronoun emphasizes its antecedent and has no grammatical antecedent and has no grammatical function in the sentence.function in the sentence.

My dad and I restored the car My dad and I restored the car ourselvesourselves.. We didn’t restore ourselves.We didn’t restore ourselves.

Rather than forcing an underling to do it, I Rather than forcing an underling to do it, I myselfmyself did the dirty work. did the dirty work.

-self & -selves pronouns -self & -selves pronouns must refer to something in must refer to something in the sentencethe sentence

Irving and Irving and myselfmyself robbed another bank. robbed another bank. Myself doesn’t refer to anything in the Myself doesn’t refer to anything in the

sentence.sentence. Correct: Irving and I robbed another bank.Correct: Irving and I robbed another bank.

““How are you?”How are you?”“OK. How about yourself?”“OK. How about yourself?” Yourself doesn’t refer to anything.Yourself doesn’t refer to anything. Correct: “How about you?”Correct: “How about you?”

Give these to Mr. Flint or (myself/me).Give these to Mr. Flint or (myself/me).

Who and WhomWho and Whom

These are different cases.These are different cases.

Nominative:Nominative: WHOWHO whoeverwhoever Objective:Objective: whomwhom whomeverwhomever Possessive:Possessive: whosewhose WHOSEVERWHOSEVER

So “who” is for subjects and PNsSo “who” is for subjects and PNs ““Whom” is for DO, IO, OPWhom” is for DO, IO, OP

Mr. Bulgrien’s methodMr. Bulgrien’s method

Nominative (subject) forms:Nominative (subject) forms: Singular: HESingular: HE WHOWHO (whoever)(whoever) Plural:Plural: ttheheyy whowho (whoever)(whoever) Notice how they sound familiar.Notice how they sound familiar.

Objective forms:Objective forms: Singular: HISingular: HIMM WHOWHOMM (who(whommever)ever) Plural: Plural: THETHEMM whowhomm (who(whommever)ever) They sound familiar and have Ms.They sound familiar and have Ms.

Possessive forms:Possessive forms: Singular: HISingular: HISS WHOWHOSSEE (who(whossever)ever) Plural:Plural: TheirTheir whowhossee (who(whossever)ever) They sound familiar and have Ss.They sound familiar and have Ss.

How it worksHow it works

When you have or need Who/Whom in a When you have or need Who/Whom in a sentence:sentence:

1. Find the verb after it.1. Find the verb after it. 2. Put the subject of that verb first.2. Put the subject of that verb first. 3. Try plugging in HE or HIM where you 3. Try plugging in HE or HIM where you

need need whowho or or whomwhom.. 4. If HE works, use WHO. If him works, 4. If HE works, use WHO. If him works,

use whom.use whom.

Who/Whom examplesWho/Whom examples

Who did you get to take care of your cats?Who did you get to take care of your cats? Verb = did get.Verb = did get. Subject of that: YOU.Subject of that: YOU. Put subject first and plug in he/him.Put subject first and plug in he/him. You did get (him) to take care of your cats?You did get (him) to take care of your cats? So it should be “WHOM did you get…”So it should be “WHOM did you get…”

Whom gave us that stolen money?Whom gave us that stolen money? V = gave.V = gave. Subject = … not sure?Subject = … not sure? Plug in he/him Plug in he/him HE gave us that stolen money? HE gave us that stolen money? So it should be “WHO gave us…”So it should be “WHO gave us…”

Try theseTry these

_____ did the expert recommend?_____ did the expert recommend? _____ took my Doritos?_____ took my Doritos? You were arrested by ____?You were arrested by ____? The prize will go to ____-ever robs the most The prize will go to ____-ever robs the most

banks.banks. Yes, I am the one ____ cut your car in half.Yes, I am the one ____ cut your car in half. ____ do you think will win the Super Bowl?____ do you think will win the Super Bowl? Irving is ____ I think will be valedictorian.Irving is ____ I think will be valedictorian.

621: Review B621: Review B

623: Review C623: Review C

623 Review D623 Review D

ch. 19: using pronouns correctly 604-627. case case is the form that a noun or pronoun takes to...

Documents