~ch 18-21~ jeopardy categories viruses bacterial applications chromatin structure & gene...
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~Ch 18-21~
Jeopardy CategoriesJeopardy CategoriesVirusesViruses Bacterial Bacterial
ApplicatioApplicationsns
ChromatiChromatin n
Structure Structure & Gene & Gene
ExpressioExpressionn
BiotechBiotech Genetic Genetic Base of Base of
DevelopmDevelopmentent
VocabVocab
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500500 500500 500
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1000 1000 1000 100010001000
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300 300 300
Viruses - $100Viruses - $100
Give 2 characteristics of Viruses Give 2 characteristics of Viruses (pertaining to their structure).(pertaining to their structure).
BACK
1.Have a protein capsid
2. Have nucleic acid genome
Viruses - $200Viruses - $200
Why are viruses Why are viruses considered obligate considered obligate
parasites?parasites?
BACK
Cannot reproduce outside of a host cell
Viruses - $300Viruses - $300
What is the function of reverse What is the function of reverse transcriptase in retroviruses?transcriptase in retroviruses?
BACK
It uses viral RNA as a template for DNA
synthesis
Viruses - $500Viruses - $500
Why do RNA viruses have a Why do RNA viruses have a higher rate of mutation?higher rate of mutation?
BACK
Replication of their genomes doesn’t involve the proofreading
steps of DNA replication
Viruses - $1000Viruses - $1000
BACK
Explain the steps of the lytic Explain the steps of the lytic cycle.cycle.
Bacterial Applications - $100Bacterial Applications - $100
BACK
Formation of a cytoplasmic bridge or the transfer of “male” DNA
What does bacterial mating What does bacterial mating involve?involve?
Bacterial Applications - $200Bacterial Applications - $200
BACK
Transduction consists of DNA being transferred from one
bacterium to another by a virus (phage).
What is transduction?What is transduction?
Bacterial Applications - Bacterial Applications - $300$300
A group of F+ bacteria is mixed A group of F+ bacteria is mixed with a group of F- bacteria. with a group of F- bacteria. After several days, all of the After several days, all of the bacteria are F+. This is an bacteria are F+. This is an
example of…..example of…..
BACK
Conjugation
Bacterial Applications - $500Bacterial Applications - $500
What does an operon consist of?What does an operon consist of?
BACK
Operator, Promoter and Genes they control
What must happen for a repressible What must happen for a repressible operon to be transcribed?operon to be transcribed?
BACK
Bacterial Applications - $1000Bacterial Applications - $1000
RNA polymerase must bind to the promoter and the repressor must be
inactive.
Chromatin Structure & Chromatin Structure & Gene Expression - $100Gene Expression - $100
Unfolded chromatin looks Unfolded chromatin looks like “beads on a string”, like “beads on a string”,
what do the “beads” what do the “beads” represent?represent?
BACK
Nucleosomes
Chromatin Structure & Chromatin Structure & Gene Expression - $200Gene Expression - $200
How do heterochromatin and How do heterochromatin and euchromatin differ?euchromatin differ?
BACK
Heterochromatin is highly condensed and euchromatin is less
compact.
Heterochromatin is also inaccessible to transcription enzymes (and is
normally not transcribed).
Chromatin Structure & Chromatin Structure & Gene Expression - $300Gene Expression - $300
What are the ways that genes can What are the ways that genes can be turned on or off? (name 3)be turned on or off? (name 3)
BACK
DNA Methylation, Histone Acetylation, Transcription initiation, alternative RNA
splicing, pre-translational control.
Chromatin Structure & Chromatin Structure & Gene Expression - $500Gene Expression - $500
Where would you expect to find Where would you expect to find the most methylation of DNA?the most methylation of DNA?
BACK
Inactivated mammalian X chromosomes (Barr Bodies)
Chromatin Structure & Chromatin Structure & Gene Expression Gene Expression - $1000- $1000
What types of gene expression What types of gene expression can lead to epigenetic can lead to epigenetic
inheritance?inheritance?
BACK
Genomic imprinting, DNA methylation, histone acetylation.
Biotech - $100Biotech - $100
Approximately how much of Approximately how much of the DNA in the human the DNA in the human
genome codes for proteins or genome codes for proteins or functional RNA?functional RNA?
BACK2%
BiotechBiotech - $200- $200
What is the enzymatic What is the enzymatic function of restriction function of restriction
enzymes?enzymes?
BACK
To cleave nucleic acids at specific sites
Biotech - $300
Process that separates molecules by movement due to size and electrical charge.
BACK
Gel electrophoresis
Biotech - $500Biotech - $500
What are some of the current applications What are some of the current applications of biotechnology? (Name 3)of biotechnology? (Name 3)
BACK
Cleaning up toxic waste, manufacturing growth hormone, diagnosing
diseases, gene therapy, forensics
Biotech - $1000Biotech - $1000
Give the steps of cloning genes Give the steps of cloning genes (making recombinant DNA).(making recombinant DNA).
BACK
1. Isolate cloning vector (plasmid) and gene.
2. Cut the plasmid DNA and gene DNA using a restriction enzyme.
3. DNA is inserted into the plasmid. Use ligase to seal sticky ends.
4. Plasmid must be inserted into the cell to be copied.
5. The cells are cloned.
6. The cells containing the clones are identified and isolated.
Genetic Base of Development - $100
BACK
Cell division, cell differentiation, morphogenesis
Name the three parts involved in embryonic
development.
Genetic Base of Development - Genetic Base of Development - $200$200
BACK
Morphogenesis
Term from the physical process that gives rise to the
shape of an organism.
Genetic Base of Development - Genetic Base of Development - $300$300
BACK
What is the importance of apical meristems?
They are the perpetual embryonic region of a plant
that is responsible for growth and formation of new
organs.
Genetic Base of Development - Genetic Base of Development - $500$500
BACK
transcription
What controls cell differentiation?
Genetic Base of Development - Genetic Base of Development - $1000$1000
BACK
Why was the cloning of Dolly a major scientific breakthrough?
Showed adult cells of mammals could dedifferentiate.
Vocab - $100Vocab - $100
Misfolded versions of normal brain protein Misfolded versions of normal brain protein are….are….
BACK
prions
Vocab - $200Vocab - $200
BACK
Transformation
Process by which external DNA is assimilated by a cell.
Vocab - $300Vocab - $300
A lack of this nonprotein A lack of this nonprotein molecule would result in molecule would result in the inability of the cell to the inability of the cell to
“turn off” genes.“turn off” genes.
BACK
corepressor
Vocab - $500Vocab - $500
BACK
Process that allows scientists to produce multiple copies of
a targeted DNA segment.
PCR.
Vocab - $1000Vocab - $1000
What does the term “homeobox” refer What does the term “homeobox” refer to?to?
BACK
Specific nucleotide sequence present in certain genes that
regulate development.