Ch 13, 3-4

1

Section 3 :

• Census• official count of all people in a nation.• Includes their place of residence.• Every 10 years = decennial census• Used in US mainly to apportion seats in the

House of Representatives.• Also used to decide where government

resources might be best applied

2

Urban population

• people living in incorporated • villages or towns with 2,500 or more

inhabitants.

3

Rural population

• The remainder of the people of a nation not living in urban areas.

• Sparsely populated areas

Little Rock, CA

Antelope Valley

4

Center of population

• the point where the country would balance if….– it could be laid flat– all the people weighed the same

• At time of text’s publishing…..– 2.8 miles east of Edgar Springs, Missouri.– Why there?• Most of US population still lives on the east side of the

country.

5

demographer

• professionals who study population – Growth – Density– Other characteristics

• Most important factors of population are:– Fertility– Life expectancy– Net immigration levels

6

Fertility rate

• the number of births per 1000 women in the lifetime of the women.– Bureau of the Census estimates• Roughly 1.88 births/US woman.

7

Life expectancy

• average remaining lifespan of a people who reach a given age– Census Bureau estimates:

• 78.74, today• 82.1, 2050

• Other Nations– Britain 81.5– Japan 87– Mexico 77.2– Sierra Leone 38

8

Net immigration

• the change in population caused by people moving into or out of the country.– Census Bureau estimates:• 880,000• Based on

– Immigrants: 1,040,000– Emigrants: 160,000

9

Baby boom

• the high US birthrate from 1946 to 1964• Baby boomers are just beginning to reach retirement

age:• Creates a strain on:– Pensions– SSI– Medicare benefits

• Fewer young workers means – More money will go out of social security than go in.

10

Population pyramid

• a type of bar graph that shows the break down of population by

• Age• Gender• Usually starts wider at younger ages• Then gets narrower as older ages expire.

11

Hudsucker Proxy• What is the product he wants to sell?• What are 3 benefits that make this product

profitable?• List 5 questions the board has.• Why does the board say “It better break eventually?”• What is the cost to produce? What is the suggested

sale price? What is the final suggested price?• What does the owner of the toy shop do to try and

increase sales?• How does the product become marketable?• As a result what does the toy shop owner do?

Dependency ratio

• the number of children and elderly/100 persons in the working-age.– 18-64

• Estimated by the Census Bureau– 1998 = 63.9%– 2020 = 67.5%– 2030 = 77.5%– 2040 = 78%

13

Section 4 :

• Real GDP per capita• dollar amount of all income made in a country,

in a year, per person.– Note: Counts non-workers• Retired• children

14

Growth triangle

• table that shows• Annual compound rates of growth between

selected periods of time.– 1929-1939 almost no growth– 2.9% growth, 1940-1970– 2.1, 1970-1980– 2.2, 1980-1990– Roughly 2.1, 2000-2010

15

Standard of living

• the quality of life based on the possession of…..– Necessities– Luxuries that make life easier, entertaining

• Strong free-market economies provide more leisure time:– Families– Hobbies– recreations

16

Tax base

• the incomes and properties that may be taxed:• In a good economy, more revenues are

collected• Government can decide to:– Use for public programs– Reduce taxes

17

Renewable resources

• primary goods that can be replenished for future use.

• Many resources are NOT so they must be conserved or alternate resources found/developed.

18

Capital-to-labor ratio

• the total capital stock• Divided by the number of workers in the labor

force• High ratio encourages production– = economic growth

• Savings and investment stimulate growth– This is only possible in a few developed countries,

presently.

19

Labor productivity

• the amount of output produced per unit of labor input.– Increasing ratio = increasing productivity– Decreasing ratio = decreasing productivity

• The official measure of productivity

20

Assessments: section 3, Checking for Understanding

• 1 How does the rate of population growth affect economic growth?

• The size of the population directly affects the growth of one of the factors of production, labor

21

• 3 Describe how U.S. population is estimated• Census: every household receives a form to

complete• Other methods are used

22

• 4 List the three most important factors that determine future population growth.

• Fertility• Life expectancy• Net immigration

23

Assessments: Section 4, Checking for Understanding

• 1 Why is real GDP per capita considered the best measure of long-term economic growth?

• It adjusts for both inflation and population changes

24

• 3 Describe two measures of economic growth.• real GDP is the dollar amount of final output

for the whole economy• Real GDP per capita is the dollar amount of

real GDP produced per person

25

• 4 Explain why economic growth is important.• It raises the standard of living• Eases the burden of government• Helps solve domestic problems• Can boost the economies of foreign trade

partners

26

• 5 Identify the factors influencing economic growth.

• Land• Capital• Labor• entrepreneurs

27

• 6 Explain how productivity relates to economic growth.

• Productivity is essential for economic growth• When productivity increases…..– The prices of goods and services tend to stay low– Domestic employment expands

• When productivity decreases…..– Prices can rise– Unemployment in domestic industries can rise

28

EW Image, p. 358

• Which regions are expected to show a decrease in proportion of population?

• West North Central• East North Central• East South Central• New England• Middle Atlantic

29

EW Image, p. 359

• How many males and females were between the ages of 15 to 24 in the year 2002?

• Approximately 40 million

30

WE Image, p. 360

• Which ethnic components of the population are expected to make the largest gains? Which will incur the larges losses?

• Asians and Hispanics• Whites

31

WE Image, p. 361

• What is the Hispanic percentage of the population projected to be in the year 2050?

• 21.1

32

WE Image, p. 364

• How do real GDP and real GDP per capita differ?

• 364 Real GDP is the dollar amount of final output for the whole economy

• Real GDP per capita is the dollar amount of real GDP produced per person

33

WE Image, p. 365

• At what rate did real GDP per capita grow between 1965 and 1990?

• 2.2 percent

34

WE Image, p. 367

• How did the productivity index change between 1959 and 1973?

• Productivity grew at a compound annual rate of 3.2 percent

35

Quick Write

• How can modernized countries deal with the coming population shift?