Ch 10 Sec 1

Growth of industryMid 1700s inventors in Great Britain create

machines to perform work making textiles Mills built near rivers use water (hydro) power. People begin leaving farms and homes to work in

mills to earn wages. This is the birth of the industrial revolution.

When man and animal power are replaced by machine power.

Began in Great Britain and quickly spread to the U.S.

The Industrial Revolution in New England

Climate and soil in New England were not suitable for large scale agriculture.

People were willing to leave their farms and homes to seek wages elsewhere.

New England’s geography was an advantage.

It had many rivers to provide water (hydro) to run machinery in the new mills.

CapitalismStrong economic growth

relies on competition and lack of government interference.

When people invest their money (capital) into a company, they hope to make a profit. This is capitalism.

America’s free enterprise system allows people to buy, sell, and produce whatever they want and to own property.

America’s free enterprise system allows people to buy, sell, and produce whatever they want and to own property.

Elements of free enterprise are competition, profit, private property, and economic freedom.

The industrial revolution was spurred on by technology.Discoveries or inventions

that simplify work.

Eli WhitneyEli Whitney invented

the cotton gin in 1793It enabled one person

to process as much cotton as fast as 50 workers could do it by hand.

This invention actually contributed to the growth and expansion of slavery in the south.

Important people of the Industrial

Revolution Samuel Slater – memorized

plans for a machine invented by Richard Arkwright for spinning cotton threads and brought them to the US.

He duplicated the machines (the spinning ginny)in the US making thread that women at home would weave into cloth.

This was the birth of the industrial revolution in the US.

Francis C. Lowell started the factory system.

Took Slater’s plans further bringing all stages of cloth production under one roof.

Women working in his factories were referred to as Lowell’s girls.

Eli Whitney – invented the cotton ginAlso started the use of

interchangeable parts Identical parts that could

be quickly put together. Could be manufactured

using less skilled labor Made machine repair

easier Paved the way for mass

production of many types of goods – reducing prices of consumer goods.

Expansion of AgricultureOpening of the west

(Louisiana Purchase 1803) and displacement of Native Americans provided abundant new farm land.

The invention of the cotton gin made production of cotton using enslaved Africans much more profitable.

Growth of CitiesThe industrial

revolution had both positive and negative consequencesRapid urbanization

(moving from rural to city centers) was a negative consequence

Rapid increases in population led to overcrowding, poor sanitation, disease, and pollution.

Corporations began to emerge

Selling stock (shares of ownership in a company) became easier.

The 2nd Bank of the U.S. was chartered for 20 years in 1816. It was able to make large

loan to businesses State banks and frontier

people did not like it. They said it favored the

wealthy and was unconstitutional.

Sec 2 Westward ExpansionThe first census (official count of the population)

of the US came in 1790Revealed a population of nearly 4,000,000Most Americans lived east of the Appalachian Mts.By 1820 westward expansion was in full swing.Travel west was difficult and dangerous

The 363 mile trip from New York City to Buffalo N.Y. took 3 weeks

Pioneers faced many dangers and hardships along the way. In 1806 Congress approved funds for a National Road. It didn’t open until 1818 and stretched only from Maryland

to western Virginia

River TravelRiver travel was much

easier and economical than horse and wagon.You could travel faster

(down stream) You could carry more

goods on a barge than in a wagon.

However, most rivers in the eastern US flowed north and south, not east and west

Steam engines helped overcome one of these obstacles.

Robert Fulton developed a new steamboat that had a powerful engine, was 14 ft wide and 140 ft long. His ship shortened the 4 day

trip between New York to Albany to a mere 32 hours.

Robert Fulton’s Steamboat the “Clermont”

CanalsCanals were used to

overcome the geographic obstacle of southward flowing rivers.

Canals are artificial waterways built by man to connect other bodies of water.

De Witt Clinton devised a plan to connect New York City to the Great Lakes.

The Erie CanalConstruction began on

the 363 mile canal in 1817

Thousands of workers – many Irish immigrants worked on the canal.

Hours were long and the work difficult and dangerous.Gun powder was used

to blast through rock.

It opened up in 1825 and used a series of locks (compartments used to raise and lower water levels) to allow ships to travel from Lake Erie to the Hudson River (NY City to Buffalo NY)

Cities along the route would experience rapid growth as a result of increased travel.

Sec 3 Unity and SectionalismThe Era of Good Feelings

After the War of 1812 American nationalism grew. In the election of 1816 Republican James Monroe

faced little opposition The Federalist party was all but dead, weakened by

doubts of loyalty after their plans for secession failed. Many of their ideas lived on; however, in Republican

programs. Political differences seemed to fade away during this

period known as the Era of Good feelings. Monroe won re-election in 1820 receiving all but one

electoral vote

SectionalismGood feelings did not last long.

Sectionalism (loyalty to ones own region of origin – the north, south, or west) became more intense as differences on national policies grew. Slavery was an especially divisive issue between north

and south. The need for tariffs also multiplied differences between

the north and south. Westerners argued against the National Bank and the

need for internal improvements. Powerful spokesman emerged in the early 1800s

representing each of the regions

John C. CalhounA planter from S.

Carolina and one of the War Hawks represented the South

Originally a nationalist and supporter of strong central govt., the National Bank and internal improvements.

In the 1820s he became a strong supporter of states’ rights

He opposed tariffs that he felt made manufactured goods more expensive t0 consumers in the south.

He argued they protected inefficient manufacturers.

Daniel WebsterFrom New Hampshire

he Represented Massachusetts in the House and the Senate.

He was a supporter of free trade but also supported the Tariff of 1816 to protect American industries from foreign competition.

He opposed sectional interests

Henry ClayAnother of the War

Hawks, Clay was from Kentucky and represented western interests.

He was Speaker of the House in 1811

He became most well known for trying to solve sectional differences and disputes through compromise.

The Missouri CompromiseThe issue of slavery

became a problem when Missouri applied for statehood in 1820.

Southerners wanted it to be admitted as a slave state while northerners wanted it to be free of slavery.

At the same time Maine applied for statehood

Henry Clay worked out the “Missouri Compromise” that admitted Maine as a free state and Missouri as a slave state.

It also set the boundary for new slave states at the 36-30N parallel.

New states admitted north of the line would be free states while those south would be slave states.

Important Supreme Court Cases

McCulloch v. MarylandThe state of Maryland

imposed a tax on the 2nd National Bank branch in Baltimore.

The bank refused to pay stating the state could not tax a federal institution.

John Marshall ruled that states did not have the right to tax the federal government

Set the precedent that Congress could do more than what the Constitution specifically said it could

Gibbons v. OgdenEstablished that

federal law is supreme over state laws and that Congress had the right to control interstate commerce (trade between two states)

Adams-Onis TreatySigned in 1819 – Spain gave East Florida to

the US and gave up claims to West FloridaThe US gave up claims to Spanish Texas.A border between the US and Spanish

territory was agreed upon.The new border gave the US a large chunk of

territory in the Pacific Northwest making the US a transcontinental power.

The Monroe DoctrineDuring the 1800s many Latin Americans rebelled against

Spanish ruleLed by Miguel Hidalgo, Simon Bolivar, Jose de San Martin and

others, the present day countries of Mexico, Venezuela, Columbia, , Panama, Bolivia, and Ecuador won their independence.

1822 Spain, France, Austria, and Russia formed an alliance to fight against these rebellions.

Dec 1823 Pres. Monroe declared that while the US would not interfere with current European colonies in Latin America, but it would oppose any attempts to establish new ones.

This became known as the Monroe Doctrine.While the US did not have the military might to back up this

policy it would become an important centerpiece of foreign policy for the next 170 years.