cgtm 23 ira pohl translation from b5500 extended algol · translation from b5500 extended algol to...
TRANSCRIPT
Introduction
Translation from B5500 Extended Algol
to 08/360 Algol
CGTM # 23 Ira Pohl 8eptember, 1967
08/360 Algol is the IBM implementation of Algol 601/ for the
System/3602/. Extended Alg013/ for the Burroughs B5500 contains many
more capabilities than Algol 60 but is defined analogously. Therefore,
the translator from B5500 Algol to 08/360 Algol is a mapping from a
superset into a (approximately) proper subset. It is not a very hard
translation task for the elements contained in the intersection of the two
languages, and is very hard for some of the machine dependent extensions
of B5500 Algol. The translator was written to be a simple translator
dealing with translating the Algol 60 structures of B5500 Algol into
08/360 Algol.
The translation process handles simple translations which are
equivalent to finite state transformations. This level of translation
is the simplest possible. It would be harder to deal with Fortran to
PL/l which requires context free transformations, and harder still to
go from B5500 Algol to PL/l which would require dealing with problems
of semantic equivalence of similar syntactic form. The translator
described here for B5500 Algol to 08/360 Algol mostly does work akin to
the following production, <reserved word> ::= '<quoted reserved word>'.
A Fortran to PL/l 4/translator deals in harder syntactic transformations
where, for example, the Fortran <do statement> must be translated with
an END inserted at the place of the statement number that ends the
<do statement>. Harder stil15/ is to appropriately translate a B5500
Algol <for statement> into a PL/l <do statement> where the syntax does
not differ greatly but the meaning does. The Algol statement constantly
-2
re-evaluates its step size and upper bound, but the PL/l statement does
this only once. For reasonable translation here, it becomes necessary
to translate the Algol <for statement> into the corresponding conditional
and branching statements, or to check that the Algol statement being
executed in the for loop is not affecting the step size or bound.
Use
The translator is simple to use, and its output requires little
further modification. The translator takes as input a B5500 deck (extend
ed IBM 026 key punch code) and produces an OS/360 Algol translation6/;
this translation is produced as a sequenced deck (IBM 029 key punch code)
and for input to the OS/360 Algol compiler. The translator deletes
certain constructions which would cause the OS/360 Algol compiler undue
syntactic hardship. The translator produces a copy of these deletions
referencing the sequence numbers of the outputted deck, and the OS/360
Algol compiler produces its standard syntactic diagnostic messages.
Further translation by hand (see Appendix 1) is required in certain
areas, principally input/output. If stream procedures and bit manipu-
lation are extensively used the program should probably not be translated,
but reprogrammed and not necessarily in Algol. However, if the B5500
Algol program mainly uses the Algol 60 subset of Extended Algol, then
the hand translation will normally be limited to input/output. The
(human) translator should be familiar with both B5500 Algol and OS/360
Algol and should be sure to run a few test cases on the translated
program.
Organization
Paralleling the simple nature of the translation is the simple
organization of the translation. Abstractly it is a finite state recog-
nizer with left recursion, needing no backup in its left-to-right scan.
-3
The program is written in OS/360 Algol, which requires that string manipu-
lation be carried out as the manipulation of integer arrays. While this
is unnatural (as opposed to the natural handling of strings in PL/l)
the experience gained in using the OS/360 Algol system, and the excellent
compile time and especially run time diagnostic capability of OS/360
Algol were sufficiently compensatory.
The program translates a card at a time, reading each source card
into an integer array. This integer encoding is then scanned for one
of four basic elements -- identifier, reserved word, number or special
symbol (which includes blanks). Identifiers and numbers are directly
passed out in 029 card code form. Reserve words and special symbols
require a multiplicity of actions and each is done by a procedure having
the various relevant cases.
The special symbols are mapped into one or more output symbols.
The most complicated case is the quote mark (,) which initiates a scan
for a second quote mark, meanwhile directly emitting all characters
encountered. The reserved words are more diverse and complicated in their
requirements. The simplest action is to emit them quoted -- so BEGIN
becomes 'BEGIN'. Other reserved words initiate simple mappings into
special symbols, as is the case with OR, AND and N9T going respectively
to I , ,and.., Certain reserved words and the statement containing
them are deleted. Label declarations are unnecessary, while input/output
statements are intractable, so both are deleted. FIN¢FTRAN is considered
a reserved ',lord and its detection causes termination of the translation.
The translation is both punched on cards and passed to the OS/360 Algol
compiler. The compiler then complains about any text it cannot parse.
The translator is very simple in structure and is easily modified.
Extensions could be made in two manners, first as prepasses to this
-4
system or second as more cases in the handling of reserved words. A
prepass could be written to handle the expansion of DEFlNEtS, FILL'S
and the translation of the WHILE and FOR-STEP-WHILE which are not found in
OS/360 Algol. These constructions require keeping track of block struc
ture, tasks unsuitable'for the present translator. The second possibil
ity, extending the cases in handling the reserve words, could in a more
limited way than the above method, add scope to the translator. The
extensions could include the deletion of lower bounds lists from array
specifications. Nevertheless, the translator as it stands should
allow a programmer familiar with both B5500 Algol and OS/360 Algol to
translate and debug a 1000 card program in a day or two providing the
program is written principally in the Algol 60 subset of B5500 Algol.
Acknowledgements
I would like to thank John Welsch for his critical attention, advice
and moral support. Also, would I like to thank Miss Kathleen Maddern
for her excellent error detection and typing.
Footnotes and References
1. 'Revised Report on the Algorithmic Language ALGOL 60', CACM Vol. 6 (1963) p. 1.
2. 'IBM System/360 Operating System ALGOL Language', c28-6615-1.
3. 'Burroughs B5500 Extended Algol Reference Manual', 1964.
4. Lanse Leach, 'FORTRAN to PL/l Translator', Stanford CC, Aug, 1967', Document No. 33-78~2.
5. The key is that semantic equivalence is harder to achieve going from B5500 Algol to PL/l than it is going from Fortran to PL/l. One is misled by the syntactic differences in judging Fortran the harder translation. For the opposite view see reference 4.
6. The extended 59 character set is used instead of the ugly 48 character set. See appendix 2 of reference 2 (p. 94).
See also: Wayne Wilner, Algol to Fortran Translator, CGTM 15, June 1967
APPENDIX 1 HAND TRANSLATION TIPS
1) 'FOR' V:= AEI 'STEP' AE2 'WHILE' BE 'DO' statement;
Here AE stands for arithmetic expression, BE stands for Boolean expression, and V for variable.
In translating th~s c0nstuction a new variable is declared and used. New variables will be represented by Q, Ql, ~ • • •
Hand translation:
Q:= AE 1; 'FOR' V := Q 'WHIlE' BE 'DO' 'BEGIN' statement; Q . - Q + AE2 'END';
2) 'WHILE' BE 'DO' statement;
Hand translation:
'FOR' Q := 0 'WHIlE' BE 'DO' statement;
3) FILL A[i l , i2 ' •• ,*] WITH value 1, value 2, .•• value n;
Value i are the values in the value list, and in B5500 Algol these may be numbers, strings or octal numbers. In the case of strings or octal numbers a simple translation may not be possible.
Hand translation:
J := lower bound of row; 'FOR' I := value 1, value 2, •.• value n 'DO'
'BEGIN' A(/ iI' i 2, •• , J/) := I; J:= J+l 'END';
Note: A, I,and value 1, value 2, ••• should agree as to type.
4) X MOD Y
Hand translation:
X - Y * (SIGN(X/Y) * ENTlER (ABS(X/Y)))
5) CASE AE OF 'BEGIN'
Sl; S2;
Sn; 'END' ;
Sl through Sn represent statements. In the following translation each CASE statement must have its own switch list.
Hand translation:
'BEGIN' 'SWITCH' CASE:= CASE 1, CASE 2, ... , CASE n;
'GO TO' CASE (/AE/); CASE 1: Sl; 'GO TO' EXIT; CASE 2: S2; 'GO TO' EXIT;
CASE n: EXIT: 'END' ;
S " n'
6) 'IF' BE 'THEN' conditional statement;
Hand translation: 'IF' BE 'THEN' 'BEGIN' conditional statement 'END';
7) Own variables
These should be moved to the outer block, while consistently changing any conflicts between the scopes of identical identifiers.
8) ALPHA variables
The translator changes these to REAL, but normally this will not suffice. A simple translation may not be possible.
9) Lower bounds in array specifications must be removed. 'PROCEDURE' P(A);
'ARRAY' A(/O/);
Hand translation:
'PROCEDURE' P(A); 'ARRAY' A" ,
10) Double statements
If double precision is required the LONG option should be used when calling the OS/360 Algol compiler. Mixing LONG and SHORT is impossible in OS/360 Algol.
11) Machine dependent constructions - stream procedures, partial words etc.
These create difficult reprogramming problems.
12) Input/output
Read the relevant sections of the Algol manual.
If the above tips do not lead to a painless conversion, try going to Fortran or PL/l for real difficulty.
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, F r< C L t l.. L. r' l' L L. r I L t:~ ( L t i\ G I, 1 , • i c: "I I i '1/lllLt' LU,C1H; '!1\ILI. ... L'" Lt,."i'h; 'If\ltGlri' 'IHRAY' ITE!,;
'E~~If\' • if\lt~tK' I,J,L~;:'i
i\ v, C :
LIIS:= CUR.L~~~Th-l; J :=C;
'II'-' lA;:,>!i. 'Tfltf\' , '" L L. 11\ '
, F lJ k' I: =" ",;\ ';:, J L til 1 'u f\ TIL' 72 '0 C ' 'ctldf\' J:=J+l; 1..1'U"I~vl'IL.I'L<,I/I:=lrE:i'H/J/) 'ENe'; f\li~C~C:=~~~C~J.Li
L::\~:-=Lr-I\"Tt·.CL.r<-lj, L.cI":=l; 'CLlL' i~ ... C; , l,',C ' i
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CLi<:=lAS+l; 'Eci\L' GLTIC[f\i
, li~ f' poll i\ I ' L l.J 11', ... ,·1 L l. T P L. I;:, , • U I'll) t. " ::, *** :):*~***** , F 1< L. L L i.. L" t.' L Li r 1\ l.. ,v, (L t 1\ lJ j 1 1 , i r L ,'I J ;
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t(ll~ '~t;'d' ";lISYI' 1..1..ii'L.l" "(I'IOI.JL.> *****'*- );::~
, F" L C ;: L L. i< L' ,.lJ I ~ Htl :> y I"~ C ) • ' \i" L lJ t.' ::. Y I' d; '11\ H, " C K ' S Y II I; ;
'tfClI\' 'Ll l'I''tt:,i'd' I\<:tl, L"K"C ".j,'lut:k Ut- lASeS 'if' CL;K>7~ 'rt-:tl~' ·~~lil,.' ''1u,'I"KJ;=j\;UMCRl,;+l; L.UK:=l 'ENO' (~[(/I\LM"k~,LlJk/):=~Y~~; "u":=L.uk+l; , I:: f\ [' ~ li T:::' Y I' ;
, l L I' I' C 1\ I ' L 11 L if, L. '" r r' L i;, 1 I L ,'I 1.. LI ~ L t. I i L1, 1< ll.; T 11\ I: S ~, ,,,, * * ; , F " Lei:. L L " L' l 1 I l ,v ( ~ t i\ (; 'i 1- , L I ",'I J ; '''/iLl-t' LE:i\GTH; 'll\TlGlK' Lt:m,irl; '1,\oTI::GE:R' 'At<R/~Y' ITI::I",; 'EEUf\' '1f\ltGLr:' 1,J; 'FL,,' 1:=1 ':iltl-" 1 'ul\lL ... ' LCI\il..>ftl 'GU'
I TE~;
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LL.ISYi"uGLIl,' 1'0'2~~~~/o~AJCuL~GHIJ~L~NUP~kSTUVWXYLt--~/=<>"&11 :';t.I' .:f,h_'c'j',::,Y,'io-,l I;
~ Y 1" t: : -= 1\ X J ~ Y iv ;
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~~t~:=, r~LL';
't~L' S(A~~llL;
, LL ....... i .... i ... 1 1
fu' l.GNT::,(t>;\; "I:.LLl IUI\ jr.CLL.U~::' f lL
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l. Cl '>t Gll '>1: Cl.~CI
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l~ 11th A~O 11 R~TUk~~ l..uUCi INC PUSIIIL~ I~ TAtL~ IF fHE 1L.c,\ I if-1LK IS ,~ h[St::-'.,LU "n.J"U. ***~,*~,***
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, l::c G [,\ ' CLLEl:=,,;
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'f-Lk' J:=K 'SIl:~'
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L! =U; J. 'u,.fIL' LAsl 'CC'
[ f L t' ;
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kSI" ... CkU:= 'lkl;E', '"Glu' ",CUT; iIol" I L : ' E,\[.; ,
'Li\C' rlL l.. I :
r<.'::::\ti.CKL .- It"I4L;:.,L f
't./\L' r'.::;Vr.":r.-L;
'lLPMl~I' SP~C5YM ~~~fL",n~ H~~KuK1ATE lR~~SLATIL~ Sf THE SPELIAL Sr~BLLS. *** •••••
'F~LL~L~~t' ~PLCSY~(Crikli
I "oj tl L l. t.' .... 1- /{; I 1 i\ 1 t!,J t. t< I l. f11·~ ,
, i: L \.; 11\ I
'S~[ICh' l.."~t:= C~~ll'~~~LL,~~,JL~,CA~L4,CAS~~ILtSt6,CASl7,
CASE~ICASt9,CASLI0;
'GC IL' CASU/ ,"AP(/CriK/) /I, [ASE1: ~l..ISY~(~"tI; ~LI~YMI~J.j; .~~ IU' ~~ITEM; 'ClM~~~T' .,- , Li>St<:: Ll..lulLtTl{'(' k LI\LL"),.IL'dC,,, ,~tST Cf LtRlj I~LLtILG ')',O,ITc'l)
CF:=l~; 'GL lu' ~,,,1 ILl"; '\..u;·:,',c"f' Pi:r<Ct~T E::1"CLui\le~~Lc;
L A ~ t j : '" C 1 ~ Y ,~ ( <\ S I; '" '" I .:. Y i'I I .. u); ~ L T ::, Y i-J ( 't '1 ); S y ,.~ C : = ~ X T S Y i', ; ::CA~IILL(491;
",Cl~Y~(4SI; ",ul~Yi'i(4n; ",uf"YJ'd'r\i); 'GL TC' N",ITU"; , ell' IV t ~ I' CAS tC j ~ U elL ~ H "c) P i~ ~ ~ L S SIR I 1'. G S * * * * * * *
L'\:: t 't : ~ l.. I ;, Y J' ( 4 b); \; U 1 ::, Hil "J.j j 'u~ T G' I,", I I L ;'1; 'C L I< ,V l '\ T' L ,~ ~ c : : '~l.. I :0 Y ," ( ,,~ ); .,; LJ 1 ~ (n I .. 1 J; '1..>'-' fe' ,\ ... I I!:: i'; 'C l,~ r-' t 1\ T' < = L " :, to c : '" ~ I " Y,~ ( 4 v); .. J T S t "II ~ I j; , ~ u T u' \ " Ilt,~; I [G ,v ,"1 L :\ I • / ) C ,\ S l I : .. U r ~ ~ ,~ ( I. 6); i.; l.J 1 ~ Y I" I '~J) ; , I..> ~ T G' ~ hIT [[>',; 'C G M M [ NT' I / [AS[o: ,.UI;:,yl'(~Y'''i:l); 'GC lu' 1""iTL,1; 'C[rt~I::~T' SIM,OAi{C 1-1 MAP LA:'~S: ~UI~Y~(~~I; ",l.JISYM(j~), 'Gu Il' ~hlTE~; 'CU~MENT' **
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JuUo,,,,L r'i<.uuRAI" SC ~C~~Ct ~1~ltMl~1
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l.l(:'~,
CLib. CC,,(l. OlL-lit LJl~t~
CC"Lt CC<-tl.: U l.. '- t. l~
ac."tS CC~'1 OCd 1 (j C" -{:
(A~El~: ~LI~.~(~j) " LJ I .) t ,-I ( -t • j I·~C TL' ""drE,'; 'CCM~·,tl\I' >= 'c~[' ~~~C~~~;
'CLi'/tld' kr.URU.i 1;) 111t ,..""jL.t:uUkL "HICh CCES tof'PRLPKIATE ACTIuN ~uk C<cStk\itv ... uc<u;;. I r L)r, ... '~Lr1c;) uf'; CCGEl AHICi-1 IS THE TAtlLI: tl\I K . FLI< rl-L KL:::I:KVl:u ,.UI~J !''i !lUl • NCk"ALLY CCCE/j IS EXECUTED ",": 1 L r '" ~ C It:, r ' 1 L :< I: S t _\ V L o.J "U I, o.J ;
• f- "L '- t i. L " t' ,\.\ L K L ::> ( Lt .'", 1 '" t j ~ "1' "V J ~ • ) ;
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'~~IIC~' L~Sc:= CAS~1,L~Jci,L.~;)~J,LASl4,CASE~,CA~1:6,CASE7,CASE8, LASlS,Cl~tlJ,LAStll,LA.)cJ.L,'-AJE1J,CASI:14,CASl15;
, j i\ 1 :: u t !( I I; 'uL I~' LA;)L(/~~[(/L.LJc./j I);
, L l. I· ,v tI\ j' L ;. ::: (. I IS\; LIe ,- .• .) ~ .. n L ,~'- A I- T E ,.( G [ I ~ ~ i: C l.J G i'< i ll:: iJ A 5CAf\ f-I,\l..:i Iht i"t.xl l ~"J ,-,-o1f:, 'GUll'. ***************;
o ~ tl : I T l f" ( I 11 I : = (,. L. G t~ r< i\; 1 lui! I L I J : = u; I TE I" ( I j I I : = C ; LLJILlf\(3,ilt,~); SCA"JILLiL); ",LJT:iYo"(Cl; ("UTSYt~(r.;UCMkr<l;
, " l r L.' r\ ~ I I L ,', ;
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l.A:::lb: 'f-ul" 1:=Llf\Glri '::oILr" -l 'Uf\TIL' 1 'JU' I I l,V ( I I .. t / ) : = iTt /' ( I I I J; L L ,~'" I h : = L I: f\ G 1 r -+ 2. ; I r L" ( I 1 I ) : = 1 I l '"I ( ILL,,, '" II 1/ ) : = '" U U ",,, i\; U v I I L to f\ ( L [ ;\ v T H , I T L ,'1 ) ;
",LISY~(~LA~~I; ~LAf\llll(~~J I
I C L I" I ~ i: i\ I' SCI S .\; t' ,"\ L ~ : ~ 'i- A L .;, L '; , lJ eTC' N'-' I T l M ; LA!:ll: L.LJll..lLt:rt.l'('lht r';LLlJvd.,~U HAS t:tEI\ LELUEC FR[~ YCU" PROGRA
~')I,ltl\~lr,llc~); SCA~I\ILl(?u'; 'vu lu' N~I1EfV; 'CO~~t:I\T' Dt:lETIUN OF l il Ie L L , i. l f- 11\ L i, 1\ l~ F C" ;,,<r, v u L'- L '"' kAT Il~.;) • *" ~q",,, *~, * * *" ;
lD~l=: '~C~I 1:=LL~Glf- 'JIL~' -. 'uI\Tll' 'u l ' I I l ~ ( / I .. i I ) : = i I t: r' ( I I I ) ; L E 1\ i..o r r : = L u\ ~ I 10 -+': ; I h"'l I if ) : =! f to M ( I L t I\u I hI ) : =IJLJCMk 1\; 'e;(. I L ' t-.f;;"CKLlS; ',-lJI'io'ltl~l' :iIAI\CAI<D CI\St QULTE hESERVED
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L ~ ::: t l C: I 1 t " ( I.: / I : = L; I 10: ,'I ( I ~ / J : ~. J ; I r l.~ ( I:) I ) : .: V; L i." ,.) T h : = 5 ; '\;L IL' CI,SIC(j; 'Cu,~fwLI~f' l. ... V l:d:L.GM[:::; 'Eo,;;UIV'
Cp~ttl: Lt.I\lJII-:='t; Ilt"L/',/):=L£.; 'GO IL' CAStb; 'CL~~l~r' I~P Ul~u~t~ 'i~~L'
l P ~ t 1 <. : • l L I ,~, r L:-(,' 1",,\ I '- ;
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,.;,!iU'); 'll lU' '''',liLl'i, 'CCfVfVt:I\T' U\o.~, t;i::LETlui'<j C P ~ E 14 : u L I ,: l L tl I: ( , (. A L r' II... u l ~ L" r{ A IlL 1\ I S K t f'L A C u.; e Y REA l ' ) I ,
ll: 1\ G 1 h, ill: l' ) ; 1 T E '-0 ( I ! I J : = £. /) ; ITt: I' ( I 2 I ) : = 1 ') ; IrE N ( 131 ) : = 1 1 ; !It,'1/4/):=.:"; Lt:I\l..T: -I:=4; 'ul.J IU' CAS!:o;
PAGE OC7
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li: ::, i:. 1 ~ : L.. l 1 L- L t [ C ( , ( 'I tc L r...J .... L u" '" '"' H i\::' ,! t t 1\ t) l: LET I: lJ 1-" l;.' Y CU R P f\ U G [{ n~'I',ll~lll-,IIE~ ; ::,CA"~~CCr31~li '~L IL' "hllE~; 'Cu~~ t~ T' D[ LETILN
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'IF' I-'Kt:v 'ThtN' ~Yr·i3;.= .• AI3yj'i;
'IF' ~YM d=d lA~K 'THEf\' '~~Gll\' Le:f\GTI-:=l; CGUE:=~i lltM(/l/):=::'Y Vrl ; ~KEV:='T~UE' 'ENlJ'
'tl~t' 'If-' 'i:Jt"I,\ '
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, (iC: C 1 f\ ' I T bV, ( IL i I ; = 3 'r ,', 0 ; I N I [; t 1\ ( l t N \.i r H t 11 e: 1'1) ;
C. ~ '- t. : = '1 F' "';; V nut<. v" r t rl t l i: f\ G T 1-) '1 hE,',' t.: u '-' TIT' [ L S E ' 1 ut,,, ;
Ie j, ~ I
'tL:;'L' 't~ t'vll\' IrE: ,'. I / 1 / I : = .,) 'r '" tI ; 11\ ,\ V" t: ( l L " V r t-- , [ J [ I" ) ; Oc := ;\ l.. ,~ c; 'E i\ Ll '
, b\L ' 't:lSc' 'db,,ji\' U: '\l;,fr-,:=~; L...;l"E:=S~,IIClL; ITll"(fl/):=SYi~13;
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t,,,Ll II 16111 :=C; ".,u! 116'1) :=L;
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;{.v ell 2,21 ) : = E ;
I< " [ I I 1:; 41 ) : = L ; Rw[(/138/):=C; K ;~ L ( I 14 2 I ) : '" E i K"C1l14611 :=1';; " ., L I I 1 '. ' . ) : = [ ; <" L ( ,. 1 ~ " / ) : = K ; ",,[l/l .. J/) :=[);
R .. CII16211 :=C; ,~,roL (I It)ol): =k;
k ... LII1711J:=li KWLII1751J :=A;
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