cfia.or.crcfia.or.cr/cc_sostenible/descargas/libros/guia_prm_fires ing.pdf · vention and recycling...

centre catalàdel reciclatge

Generalitat de CatalunyaDepartament de Medi Ambienti Habitatge

EPHEMERAL STRUCTURES

PREVENTION AND RECYCLINGof TRADE FAIR

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VENTION AND RECYCLINGof TRADE FAIR

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ON AND RECYCLINGTRADE FAIR

ASTECATALONIAn

DE toOctober 2006

Editorial team

Institute of Environmental Science and Technology, Barcelona Autonomous University (ICTA – UAB):Joan Rieradevall, Sebastià Jódar and Montserrat Núñez

Catalan Recycling Centre, Catalan Waste Agency (CCR – ARC):Pilar Chiva and Maria Vidal

Catalan Fairs Federation (FEFIC):Ernest Marco

Graphic Design: Estudi Accent

Guia de prevenció i reciclatge dels residus de les fires de Catalunya :arquitectures efímeresI. Centre Català del Reciclatge II. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona III.Federació de Fires de Catalunya1. Fires _ Aspectes ambientals _ Catalunya _ Manuals, guies, etc. 2. Fires _Residus _ Eliminació _ Catalunya _ Manuals, guies, etc.061.4(467.1):504.064(036)

BIBLIOTECA DE CATALUNYA - DADES CIP



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0. Background and reasons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

1. Agents and stages in a trade fair’s lifecycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

1.1. Key stages in preventing and recycling waste . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71.2. Key agents in preventing and recycling trade fair waste . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101.3. Agents and stages in Catalan trade fairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

2. Characteristics of the fairs in Catalonia selected for environmental analysis . . . . . . . . . . 15

3. Diagnosis of the prevention and recycling of waste at fairs in Catalonia . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

3.1. Design stage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203.2. Organisation stage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213.3. Assembly stage. Stand structure & common area assembly sub-stage . . . . . . . . . . . 233.4. Assembly stage. Exhibition content assembly sub-stage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253.5. Celebration stage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273.6. Disassembly stage. Exhibition content and common area disassembly sub-stage . . . 293.7. Disassembly stage. Stand structure disassembly sub-stage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

4. Proposals for improving prevention and recycling of waste at Catalonia’s fairs . . . . . . . 35

4.1. Design stage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404.2. Organisation stage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 554.3. Assembly stage. Stand structure & common area assembly sub-stage . . . . . . . . . . . 894.4. Assembly stage. Exhibition content assembly sub-stage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 944.5. Celebration stage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1004.6. Disassembly stage. Exhibition content and common area disassembly sub-stage . . 1064.7. Disassembly stage. Stand structure disassembly sub-stage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110

5. Good Environmental Practices: practical cases of prevention and recycling of waste . . 1175.1. Design stage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1195.2. Organisation stage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1265.3. Assembly stage. Stand structure & common area assembly sub-stage . . . . . . . . . . 1345.4. Assembly stage. Exhibition content assembly sub-stage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1365.5. Celebration stage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1375.6. Disassembly stage. Exhibition content and common area disassembly sub-stage . . 1405.7. Disassembly stage. Stand structure disassembly sub-stage

6. Tools to monitor prevention and recycling of fair waste: environmental indicators . . . 145

6.1. Current situation of waste indicators at fairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1456.2. Proposal for waste indicators at fairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1466.2.1. Waste prevention indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1476.2.2. Waste recycling indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154

7. Trade fair self-assessment tools for environmental situation regarding waste: fair environmental analysis scorecard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161

8. Further information… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177

9. Acronyms and abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179

CONTENTS

0. BACKGROUND AND REASONS Trade fairs in Catalonia represent a complex service activity, involving a great number of stages andagents and generating a large amount of waste on a one-off basis. It has been seen that there is a lackof generalised knowledge on the types and amounts of waste generated during each stage and on theagents involved in its generation and management. Currently, most of this waste is collected en masseand destined for final disposal, ie, incineration or landfill, whilst actions designed to prevent or recycle itare still in their early stages.

With the aim of studying and improving this situation, the Centre Català del Reciclatge de l’Agència deResidus de Catalunya (CCR-ARC, Catalan Waste Agency’s Catalan Recycling Centre), the body which pro-motes the prevention and recycling of waste, has signed a collaboration agreement with the Federacióde Fires de Catalunya (FEFIC, Catalan Fairs Federation) and the UAB’s Institut de Ciència i TecnologiaAmbientals (ICTA-UAB, Barcelona Autonomous University’s Institute of Environmental Science andTechnology), so as to produce a guide focusing on preventing and recycling this waste.

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1. AGENTS AND STAGES IN A TRADE FAIR’S LIFECYCLE

1.1. Key stages in preventing and recycling waste

A trade fair is an economic services activity that has to be seen as a complex system in which socialaspects relate with material resources in a given time and space.

From an environmental point of view, this trade fair system involves input (materials and energy), con-sumption of goods and services, and output materials and waste (emissions into the atmosphere,waters and ground), which have an impact on the environment, as shown in the following figure:


Output materials

Recyclingand energyrecovery

Finaldisposal

Input materialsFAIR SYSTEM

Reuse

Waste

Consumption ofgoods and services

The complete lifecycle of the fair system is made up of successive stages and involves a before and afterwith regard to the fair itself. Five stages have been identified, in total, three of which are before the event(or use stage) and one after.

The stages identified in the development of a fair are those shown in the figure in chronological order.Likewise, the stages of assembly and disassembly involve two sub-stages. The outline on the followingpage shows the chronological order of the stages and sets out the activities carried out in each.

8 GUIDE TO PREVENTION AND RECYCLING OF TRADE FAIR WASTE IN CATALONIA

Design

Organisation

Assembly

Stands/other common areas

Exhibition contents

Celebration

Disassembly

Exhibition contents/common areas

Stands


Design:

the stage where the infrastructure to be used for the fair is planned(stands and stand accessories).

Organisation:

- Distribution and requirements for space at the fair and the infrastructures, including the wastecollection infrastructures.

- Definition of the contractual specifications for the agents involved.- Contracting of the agents involved during the stages of assembly, celebration and disassembly,

under the contractual conditions agreed to in this stage. The type of fair to be organised greatlyaffects the agents involved, and the guidelines for action.

Structural assembly of the stands and common areas:

a series of operations to assemble the pieces of fair infrastructure by fitters and decorators toproduce the stand structures and the rest of the planned installations (passageways and othercommon areas).

Assembly of exhibition contents:

a series of operations carried out by the bodies and companies exhibiting to install the productsto be promoted and sold on the stands.

Celebration:

stage of use of the fair. Public attendance to the fair arena to view the products exhibited.

Disassembly of the common areas and exhibition contents:

a series of operations carried out by the cleaning services, and bodies and companies exhibitingin order to remove the infrastructures for the common areas and the products exhibited.

Structural disassembly of the stands:

a series of operations to disassemble the pieces of fair infrastructure carried out by the assemblycompanies in order to remove the installations.

1.2. Key agents in preventing and recycling trade fair waste

A great number of agents are involved in the fair activities’ lifecycle, which highlights the complexity ofthese systems. Each stage brings together different agents and each carries out a specific role. Likewise,the role of each agent may vary from one stage to another.

The agents involved in the development of a fair are:

• Promoter• Organiser• Sponsorship, promotion and advertising companies• Retail and wholesale hostelry distribution companies (bars, restaurants, catering)• Stand accessory and customised stand design companies• Modular stand design companies• Stand hire and sale companies• Stand installation companies• Stand accessory hire, sale and installation companies• Cleaning companies• Waste management companies• Packaging storage companies• Exhibitors• Public• Megaphone services• Security services• Environment Department staff


1.3. Agents and stages in Catalan trade fairs

Not all fairs taking place in Catalonia bring together the same agents. These differences are defined by thespecific nature of each fair, including the size, the theme for the fair, the location of the exhibitors, etc. Thesimilarities and differences with regard to the agents involved in Catalan fairs are listed below.

• Common characteristics

The majority of agents identified take part in all fairs, regardless of their characteristics. For exam-ple, there are organising bodies, exhibitors (with or without stands), public, waste management com-panies (at least one), etc. involved at all fairs.

• Differentiating characteristics

There are differences with respect to the number and type of agents involved in developing fairs.These two variables are affected, respectively, by the size of the fair (large, medium or small) and thelocation of the exhibitors (on the street or in a hall).

The effects on the type and number of agents can be seen in the following figure, which shows that alarge indoor fair tends to be more complex, as it require more types and a greater number of agents.

The diagrams seen below show the different agents involved in indoor and outdoor fairs.


On the street (outdoors) In a hall (indoors)

+- Types of agents

LOCATION

Small Medium Large

+- Numbers of agents

SIZE


Promoter

Organiser (logistical services)

Sponsorship, promotion andadvertising companies

Retail and wholesale hostelrydistribution companies (bars,restaurants, catering)

Customised stand design andand stand accessorycompanies

Modular stand designcompanies

Stand hire and salecompanies

Stand installation companies

Stand accessory hire, sale andinstallation companies

Cleaning companies

Waste management companies

Packaging storagecompanies

Exhibitors

Public

Megaphone services

Security services

Environment Department staff

Key agents in each stage of an INDOOR FAIR’s lifecycle.

AGENTS

Exhibitioncontents

Disassembly

Commonareas andexhibitioncontents

Standstructure

Design Organisation Standstructure and

commonareas

Celebration

AssemblySTAGES


Key agents in each stage of an OUTDOOR FAIR’s lifecycle.

Promoter

Organiser (logistical services)



*





*


*

Exhibitors

Public

Megaphone services

Security services


AGENTS

* The agents in these boxes onlytake part in indoor fairs, notoutdoor ones. Exhibition

contents

Disassembly

Commonareas andexhibitioncontents

Standstructure

Design Organisation Standstructure and

commonareas

Celebration

AssemblySTAGES



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2. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE FAIRS IN CATALONIA SELECTED FOR ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS

In order to find out the current environmental situation in terms of waste at Catalonia’s trade fairs (withregard to prevention, reduction and recovery, management of the waste generated, application of pre-vention, reduction and recovery strategies, etc.), ten fairs have been selected for analysis, in conjunc-tion with the CCR-ARC and the FEFIC. These fairs, which have been chosen from all those held inCatalonia1, reflect the wide variety of fair events in Catalonia, the different scales of event (large,medium-sized and small), the different locations (inside and out) and the wide range of subject matters(general or specific in the area of food, textiles, technology, etc.). The characteristics of the fairs chosencan be seen in the following table:

1379 fairs in 2005.


Size Location Sector Type of visitor

Medium Outdoor Multi-sector* General

Medium Indoor Food technology Professional

Small Indoor Sailing federations, travel agents, etc. General

Medium Indoor Water, waste, recycling, etc. Professional

Medium Indoor Professional beauty industry Professional

Small Outdoor Multi-sector General

Large Indoor Building materials, systems, methods General

Small Outdoor Popular Andalusian festival General

Small Mixture Asparagus industry & trade fair General

Small Indoor Paper and pulp production industry Professional

* Above all, stands from the agricultural, food and general commercial sectors.


The environmental analysis of these fairs has been carried out through a detailed study of the genera-tion and management of waste at each. This task has been carried out using a survey designed specifi-cally for this end, which involves a wide-ranging analysis of the waste generated throughout the fair’slifecycle. In section 7, an example of this survey has been produced so that each fair could carry out self-assessment, identify the weak points in their waste management and select the most appropriate actionsto improve the situation from those proposed in this guide.



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3. DIAGNOSIS OF THE PREVENTION AND RECYCLING OF WASTE AT FAIRS IN CATALONIA

Based on the environmental analysis that has been carried out at the ten fairs listed above and on othercomplementary studies that have been produced at the same time, a diagnosis of the current state ofaffairs with regard to the prevention and recycling of waste at Catalan trade fairs has been produced.The results of this diagnosis are set out in the tables on the following pages, stressing the differencesbetween the different stages and sub-stages that make up the lifecycle of the fairs. It should be notedthat the results shown only come from the ten fairs analysed, but that they can be extrapolated for allthe fairs taking place in Catalonia.


DESIGN STAGE


3.1. Design stage

DEFINITIONThe stage where the infrastructures that make up the fairs are planned (stands and stand accessories)

AGENTS INVOLVED

STRONG POINTS+ High number of modular (reusable) stands, especially at outdoor fairs (where over 85% of stands are

modular)+ Use of single material, wood-based components, which aid reuse or recycling

WEAK POINTS- Eco-design2 (ecological design) concepts for stands and furniture are not present in Catalan fairs (only

present in 10% of the fairs analysed) - With the increased size of indoor fairs, there is an increase in customised stands that do not take into

account criteria for reuse (30% of the trade fair stands analysed are custom-designed inmedium/large-scale fairs)

- Single material, wood-based components are the most commonly used materials for customised stands,but they are not reused

- The tendency to increase the use of multi-material components in custom-designed stands (metal,plastic, glass, etc.) to meet the wishes of the exhibitor

Customised stand design and stand accessory companies

Modular stand design companies

Agent involved in this stage

Agent not involved in this stage

INDOOR FAIRS OUTDOOR FAIRS

2Eco-design in the design of a product, activity, etc., which takes into account its material and potential impact on the environment.Ecological design promotes the use of recycled material, reducing the volume and weight of products, reuse or recycling, and incre-asing useful life (Generalitat de Catalunya (the Catalan Government) - Department of the Environment, 2000).

ORGANISATION STAGE


3.2. Organisation stage

DEFINITIONThe stage where the following is carried out:- Distribution and requirements for the fairground and the infrastructure that makes up the fair, inclu-

ding the waste collection infrastructure- Definition of the contractual specifications for the agents involved- Contracting of the agents involved during the stages of assembly, celebration and disassembly, under

the contractual conditions agreed to in this stage

AGENTS INVOLVED

Promoter

Organiser

Sponsorship, promotion and advertising companies

Retail and wholesale hostelry distribution companies (bars, restaurants, catering)

Stand hire and sale companies

Stand accessory hire, sale and installation companies

Cleaning companies


Packaging storage companies

Exhibitors

Security services




ORGANISATION STAGE


STRONG POINTS+ The fairs plan the basic equipment (bins and skips) for mass waste collection in the different stages

of the fair+ The bodies organising the fairs produce an inventory of the waste collection equipment available

WEAK POINTS - Lack of scheduling between the assembly and disassembly stages, which makes it difficult to introdu-

ce measures for prevention and recycling

The organising bodies, key agents in contracting those involved in the fair, generally lack:- Clear protocols for the prevention and recycling of waste for the agents involved in the fairs (over 35%

of the fairs studies included environmental measures in the specifications, but they were very lax) - Requirements to promote stand design using environmental criteria in the contractual specifications

for exhibitors- Integration of environmental conditions in the technical specifications for the catering companies

(80% of the fairs analysed did not have this) and the cleaning and waste management companies - Correct provisions, when contracting, of waste collection equipment, mainly during the assembly and

disassembly stages (none of the fairs analysed increased the staff available during these stages)- Availability of protocols for communication (guides, posters, etc.) to promote prevention and recycling

of waste, aimed at the agents involved- A plan to monitor and control waste

ASSEMBLY STAGE

3.3. Assembly stage

Stand structure and common area assembly sub-stage

DEFINITIONThe series of operations to assemble pieces carried out by fitters and decorators in order to constructthe stands structures and the rest of the installations planned (passageways and other common areas)

AGENTS INVOLVED

STRONG POINTS+ The mass collection system is effective (100% of the fairs studied had refuse bins, which were emp-

tied regularly) + Experiences with selective collection of wood (in 40% of the fairs analysed): waste materials from

stand pallets + Experiences of selective collection of special waste: solvent and water-based paints, solvents, varnis-

hes, glues, etc. (in 50% of fairs analysed)


Organiser

Retail and wholesale hostelry distribution companies (bars, restaurant, catering)



Cleaning companies*


Exhibitors

Security services



* At outdoor fairs (on the street), waste is generally collected directly by the waste management company.


ASSEMBLY STAGE

WEAK POINTS - At indoor fairs, there was a tendency to generate a greater amount of waste per the floor space than

at outdoor fairs, due to custom-built stands (70% of the volume of wood and wood-based waste inthis stage is from indoor fairs)

- A great amount of non-recycled, heavyweight, low-density polyethylene (LDPE) plastic film is used toprotect the fair’s carpeting. This film is used at indoor fairs on stands and walkways (100% of the floorspace) and at outdoor fairs just on stands (approximately 25% of the floor space). This plastic has,furthermore, a very short useful life (at most one week).

- The number of refuse bins is insufficient to meet the needs for all the waste generated during thisstage (only in half of the fairs studied were the provisions adequate)

- Guidelines for selective collection and recycling are not followed (in 40% of the fairs analysed no mea-sures were employed)

- The waste generated in this stage generally goes for final disposal (incineration or controlled landfill;eg, all the waste made up of carpet, metal and plastic)

WASTE GENERATEDThe breakdown of waste produced(by volume) in this stage is:

Wood: pallets used once or damaged,stand croosbars, etc.

Carpeting: remnantsPlastic: stand structure packaging

Special: empty and semi-empty packaging,waste from stand decoration

Paper/cardboard: stand structure packagingMetal: stand structure

Others: lightweight packaging, glass, garden waste, etc.


23% Wood

21% Carpet

Plastic 19%

Special 16%

Paper/card 14%

Metal5%

2% Others

ASSEMBLY STAGE


3.4. Assembly stage

Exhibition content assembly sub-stage

DEFINITIONThe series of operations carried out by the exhibiting companies and bodies to install the products tobe promoted and sold on the stands

AGENTS INVOLVED

STRONG POINTS+ The mass collection system is effective (100% of the fairs studied had refuse bins, which were emp-

tied regularly) + Experiences with selective collection of wood (in 40% of the fairs analysed) + At indoor fairs, the service to store the store the packaging for exhibitors until the end of the fair redu-

ces the generation of packaging waste + Reuse of wooden packaging for exhibition contents

Organiser



Cleaning companies*



Exhibitors

Security services





ASSEMBLY STAGE


WEAK POINTS- Generation of a great amount of mass waste coming from the packaging of products to be exhibited

on the stands - Bin overflow; the number of refuse bins is insufficient to meet the needs for the waste generated in

this stage (at 50% of the fairs studied, the provisions were inadequate)- At fairs with some form of selective collection, the number of recycling bins is insufficient (70% of

the fairs analysed did not have enough bins) - Generation of a large amount of plastic waste (nearly 50% of the volume of waste in this sub-stage),

coming from the film protecting the carpeting and from the packaging for the exhibition contents,which is collected en masse

- The waste generated generally goes for final disposal: incineration or controlled landfill - Global guidelines for selective collection and recycling are not followed (at 40% of the fairs analysed

no measures are employed)

WASTE GENERATEDThe breakdown of waste produced (by volume)in this stage is:

Plastic: film to protect the carpeting, packaging for exhibition contents

Paper/cardboard: packaging for exhibition contentsWood: pallets used once or damagedOthers: polystyrene, lightweight packaging,

glass, etc.

47% Plastic

Paper/card 34%

Wood 17%

2% Others

CELEBRATION STAGE


3.5. Celebration stage

DEFINITIONThe stage where the fair is in progress and the public visits the fair arena to see the products on show

AGENTS INVOLVED

STRONG POINTS+ The efforts to prevent and recycle waste are focused on this stage (over 60% of the environmental

conditions in contractual specifications)+ The mass and selective collection services are effective and efficient+ The number of refuse bins is sufficient, both those destined for the public and those destined for the

fair services: cleaning, catering, exhibitors, etc. (in 90% of the fairs analysed the amount of equip-ment was adequate)

+ Occasional experiences with prevention of waste coming form the use of plastic tableware that could notbe reused, by replacing it for that which could be reused and/or composted (20% of the fairs studied)

+ Occasional experiences with selective waste collection (50% of the fairs studied)

Organiser

Sponsorship, promotion and advertising companies


Cleaning companies*


Exhibitors

Public

Megaphone services

Security services





CELEBRATION STAGE


WEAK POINTS- The public does not have bins for selective waste collection (60% of the fairs studied did not provide

them)- If the public does have selective collection bins, they were not available for all the types of waste gene-

rated (75% of the fairs analysed only offered selective collection for some types of waste) - Simultaneous use of packaging and tableware made of a wide range of different materials (biodegra-

dable material, plastic, cardboard, etc.), which makes it difficult to introduce and apply measures forprevention and recycling

- Waste management problems in bars, restaurants and other food and drink distribution points, due tothe wide range of materials used for packaging

- Experiences with the use of tableware that can be composted, but there are difficulties involved in selec-tive collection of tableware made of a range of materials

- Lack of staff whose job is to promote and control the correct application of the measures taken to pre-vent and recycle waste (just 20% of the fairs analysed)

- Lack of messages offering environmental information (audio and visual) addressed to the public anddealing with the correct management of waste. Of the 40% of fairs studied which did offer messages,3/4 of them were limited to stickers on the selective collection bins

WASTE GENERATEDThe waste from this stage generally comes from the tableware and food and drink packagingThe types of waste generated are characteristic of Municipal Waste (MW), in the following order, as seen inthe qualitative information gained from the fieldwork in this study:

Paper/cardboard:food and drink product packaging, cups, napkins, flyers, etc

Plastic and packaging:cups, plates, other food and drink packaging, multi-material packaging

Glass:drinks bottles

Organic material:food leftovers

Others:oil and refuse (butts, handkerchiefs, etc.)

DISASSEMBLY STAGE


3.6. Disassembly stage

Exhibition content and common area disassembly sub-stage

DEFINITIONThe series of operations carried out by the cleaning services and exhibiting companies and bodies inorder to remove the exhibition content and common area infrastructure

AGENTS INVOLVED

STRONG POINTS+ The mass collection system is effective (all the fairs analysed had refuse bins, which were emptied

regularly) + At those fairs where there was some selective collection (60% of those analysed), the collection ser-

vice was effective and efficient+ At all the indoor fairs analysed, there was selective collection or reuse and recycling of the passage-

way carpeting, which accounts for 55% of the floor space at indoor trade fairs + Pilot experience with giving leftover food from the event to associations and congregations (10% of

the cases analysed)

Organiser


Cleaning companies*



Exhibitors

Security services





DISASSEMBLY STAGE


WEAK POINTS- The number of refuse bins is insufficient to meet the needs for all the waste generated in this stage,

especially in medium/large-scale and indoor fairs (at 80% of the fairs analysed, the provisions wereinadequate)

- Indoor fairs account for more waste, in terms of carpeting, by floor space than outdoor fairs. This isdue to carpeting being used throughout (stands + passageways) at indoor fairs, whilst carpeting is notused for passageways at outdoor fairs (75% of the floor space at the outdoor fairs studied)

- Exhibitors throw away a large amount of the cardboard packaging used to transport the products tobe exhibited, which is collected en masse and taken for final disposal (at 90% of the fairs studied,there is no segregation of the cardboard in this stage)

- The waste generated in this stage generally goes for final disposal: incineration or controlled landfill

WASTE GENERATEDThe breakdown of the waste produced(by volume) in this stage is:

Carpet: passageway carpetingCardboard: exhibition content packaging

Paper: papers, stand advertising, magazines, etc.

Plastic: exhibition content packagingGlass: food and drink packaging

Others: food leftovers

28% Carpet

26% Card

Paper 20%

Plastic 18%

Glass 7%

1% Others

DISASSEMBLY STAGE


3.7. Disassembly stage

Stand structure disassembly sub-stage

DEFINITIONThe series of operations to disassemble the pieces of fair infrastructure carried out by the assembly com-panies in order to remove the installations

AGENTS INVOLVED

Organiser




Cleaning companies*


Exhibitors

Security services





DISASSEMBLY STAGE


STRONG POINTS+ The mass collection service is effective (all the fairs studied had refuse bins, which were emptied regu-

larly)+ Experiences with selective collection of the wood and wood-based structures (at 40% of the fairs

analysed)

WEAK POINTS- At indoor fairs, there is large amount of waste generated in terms of the floor space when compared

to outdoor fairs. This differential stems from the waste materials from the custom-built stand structu-res that do not incorporate reuse criteria (30% of stands are custom-designed, whereas virtually noneare at outdoor fairs)

- Problems with waste collection equipment: the number of refuse bins is insufficient to meet the needsfor all the waste generated in this stage (all the fairs studied)

- At the fairs where there is separation of the wood, the number of selective collection bins is insuffi-cient and the quality of the selective collection is very low (a large amount of inappropriate waste)

- The carpeting of stands, which represents 50% of the volume of the waste in this sub-stage, beco-mes waste once the fair ends. Unlike the waste carpeting from the passageways seen in the previousdisassembly sub-stage, there are no criteria for reuse or recycling (at all the fairs analysed, it was collec-ted en masse)

- The waste generated in this stage generally goes for final disposal: incineration or controlled landfill(as well as the carpeting, all the metal or paper and cardboard at the fairs studied)

DISASSEMBLY STAGE


WASTE GENERATEDThe breakdown for the waste produced (by volume) in this stage is:

Carpet: stand carpetingWood: stand dismantlingOthers: rubble, glass, etc. from the stand

structures, plastic packaging, etc.Metals: stand structures

Garden: stand & common area decorationPaper/cardboard: packaging

50% Carpet

Wood 30%

Others 10%

Metal 4%

2% Paper/cardGarden 4%



WASTECATALONIAin

GUIDE to

4

4. PROPOSALS FOR IMPROVING PREVENTION AND RECYCLING OF WASTE AT CATALONIA’S FAIRS

This section sets out the measures aimed to reduce the amount and dangers involved in the waste gene-rated by activities at Catalan trade fairs and proposes actions for selective collection of the waste gene-rated, in order to use it in recovery processes (reuse, recycling, composting and other forms of recovery)and thus reduce the use of final disposal (controlled landfill and incineration). The carrying out of thesestrategies proposed allows for the meeting of the principles of sustainable development and complian-ce with the requirements of the legislation in force, which establishes the following hierarchy for wastemanagement: prevention, material recovery (recycling, composting), energy recovery and, finally, refu-se disposal.

The proposals for improvements are structured into stages and sub-stages, as has been the case throug-hout the study. The presentation of each of the improvement proposals follows the same outline:

Proposal code: first letter (or letters) of the stage (or sub-stage) - Number of the proposal and theletter (or letters) P and/or R, depending on whether the environmental strategy for the proposal isPrevention and/or Recycling. For example, the first improvement proposal for the Design stagecorresponds to the Prevention strategy; thus, the code for the proposal is DE - 1P Environmental strategy: the aim of implementing the proposalDefinition: brief explanation of the proposalAgent/s involved: agents taking part in carrying out the proposal Description: detailed explanation of the proposal


So as to allow each agent taking part to easily identify the actions they are involved in, the tables onthe following pages show all the proposals (using the proposal code as explained above). The first tableshows the improvement proposals focusing on the strategies to prevent the generation of waste; thesecond focuses on recycling, and, finally, the third, on the proposals that involve both strategies: pre-vention and recycling.

Following these three tables, there is a detailed explanation of each of the improvement proposals,ordered in terms of stages and sub-stages, in chronological order with regard to the fair’s lifecycle:

• Design

• Organisation

• Assembly of the stands and common areas

• Assembly of the exhibition contents

• Celebration

• Disassembly of the exhibition contents and common areas

• Disassembly of the stands

These improvement proposals are aspects that have to be taken into consideration in the process to crea-te an environmental quality assurance seal for services focusing on fairs and fair events.



Improvement proposals focusing on the strategy to prevent waste by stage and agent involved

Promotor O-1P, O-5P, O-7P C-4P

Organitzador (serveis logístics) O-1P, O-5P, O-7P C-4P

Empreses de patrocini, promociói publicitat

Empreses distribuïdores O-7P, C-4Pd’hostaleria a l’engròs i aldetall (bars, restaurants, càtering)

Empreses de disseny d’estands DE-1P, DE-2P,personalitzats i de complements DE-3P, DE-4P,d’estands DE-5P

Empreses de disseny d’estands DE-1P, DE-2P,modulars DE-3P, DE-4P, DE-5P

Empreses de lloguer i venda O-5Pd’estands

Empreses d’instal·lació d’estands O-1P, O-5P

Empreses de lloguer, venda i AC-1Pinstal·lació d’accessoris d’estands

Empreses de neteja O-7P C-4P

Empreses de gestió de residus O-7P C-4P

Empreses d’emmagatzematge AC-1Pd’envasos i embalatges

Expositors O-1P, O-7P AC-1P C-4P

Públic

Serveis de megafonia O-7P C-4P

Serveis de seguretat

Professionals de Medi Ambient

AGENTS

Promoter

Organiser



Customised stand designand stand accessorycompanies





Cleaning companies



Exhibitors

Public

Megaphone services

Security services


Source: own elaboration P: PREVENTION

Assembly ofexhibitioncontents

(AC)

Disassembly (D)Disassemblyof exhibitioncontents and

common areas(DC)

Disassemblyof stands

(DS)

Design(DE)

Organisation(O)

Assembly ofstands andcommon

areas(AS)

Celebration(C)

Assembly(A)

STAGES


Improvement proposals focusing on the strategy to recycle waste by stage and agent involved

Promotor O-3R, O-9R

Organitzador (serveis logístics) O-3R, O-9R AS-2R AC-2R C-1R DC-1R, DC-2R DS-1R, DS-2R

Empreses de patrocini, promociói publicitat

Empreses distribuïdoresd’hostaleria a l’engròs i aldetall (bars, restaurants, càtering)

Empreses de disseny d’estandspersonalitzats i de complementsd’estands

Empreses de disseny d’estandsmodulars

Empreses de lloguer i vendad’estands

Empreses d’instal·lació d’estands AS-2R DS-2R

Empreses de lloguer, venda i AS-2R AC-2Rinstal·lació d’accessoris d’estands

Empreses de neteja O-3R, O-9R AS-2R AC-2R C-1R DC-1R, DC-2R DS-1R, DS-2R

Empreses de gestió de residus O-3R, O-9R AS-2R AC-2R C-1R DC-1R, DC-2R DS-1R, DS-2R

Empreses d’emmagatzematged’envasos i embalatges

Expositors AC-2R DC-2R

Públic C-1R

Serveis de megafonia C-1R

Serveis de seguretat O-3R

Professionals de Medi Ambient


(AC)


common areas(DC)


(DS)

Design(DE)

Organisation(O)


areas(AS)

Celebration(C)

Assembly(A)

STAGES

AGENTS

Promoter

Organiser








Cleaning companies



Exhibitors

Public

Megaphone services

Security services


Source: own elaboration R: RECYCLING


Improvement proposals relating to strategies involving prevention and recycling of waste by stageand agent involved

Promotor O-2PR, O-4PR, O-6PR AS-3PR C-3PRO-8PR, O-10PR

Organitzador (serveis logístics) O-2PR, O-4PR, O-6PR AS-1PR, AS-3PR C-2PR, C-3PRO-8PR, O-10PR

Empreses de patrocini, promoció O-2PR C-2PRi publicitat

Empreses distribuïdores O-2PR, O-6PR C-2PR, C-3PRd’hostaleria a l’engròs i aldetall (bars, restaurants, càtering)

Empreses de disseny d’estandspersonalitzats i de complementsd’estands

Empreses de disseny d’estandsmodulars

Empreses de lloguer i venda O-2PR AS-3PR C-2PRd’estands

Empreses d’instal·lació d’estands O-2PR AS-1PR, AS-3PR C-2PR

Empreses de lloguer, venda i O-2PR, O-8PR C-2PRinstal·lació d’accessoris d’estands

Empreses de neteja O-2PR, O-4PR, O-6PR AS-1PR C-2PR, C-3PR

Empreses de gestió de residus O-2PR, O-4PR, O-6PR AS-1PR C-2PR, C-3PR

Empreses d’emmagatzematge O-2PR C-2PRd’envasos i embalatges

Expositors O-2PR, O-6PR, O-8PR AS-1PR C-2PR, C-3PR

Públic O-6PR, O-8PR C-2PR, C-3PR

Serveis de megafonia O-6PR C-2PR, C-3PR

Serveis de seguretat O-2PR,O-4PR AS-1PR C-2PR

Professionals de Medi Ambient O-10PR


(AC)


common areas(DC)


(DS)

Design(DE)

Organisation(O)


areas(AS)

Celebration(C)

Assembly(A)

STAGES

AGENTS

Promoter

Organiser








Cleaning companies



Exhibitors

Public

Megaphone services

Security services


Source: own elaboration P: PREVENTION / R: RECYCLING

DESIGN STAGE


4.1. Design stage

PROPOSAL CODE: DE-1P

ENVIRONMENTAL STRATEGY: Prevention of waste from stands (structure and furniture) by incorporating eco-design criteria

DEFINITION: Application of eco-design (ecological design) criteria in the selection of materials for the stands’ structure and furniture

AGENT/S INVOLVED: Prescribing agentsCustomised stand design and stand accessory companiesModular stand design companies

DESCRIPTION:

CURRENT STATE OF AFFAIRS IN STAND FURNITURE AND ARCHITECTURE

Two different types of stand have been identified:

Modular: they can be assembled and disassembled easily, reused and usually generate only smallamounts of waste. This is the most commonly used type of stand at outdoor fairs (over 85%), and atindoor fairs, they are used alongside custom-designed stands. All the furniture used can be reused and,generally, made of metal, wood or plastic materials

Custom-designed: they are designed to meet the needs of the exhibitor. They are designed and builtwithout taking into account criteria for reuse and, in most cases, generate a great amount of waste.They are predominant at medium/large-scale indoor fairs (30% of stands). They often have furnituremade from wood panels that are only to be used once, which become waste together with the restof the stand once it is dismantled

DESIGN STAGE

ACTIONS TO BE IMPLEMENTED IN THE SELECTION OF MANUFACTURING MATERIALS WITH LESS IMPACT

General proposals

Action to apply Consequences of application of action1. Minimise weight of materials • Less material means lower costs and less waste, if

the stand is not to be reused

2. Reduce number of different materials • Aids recycling and lessens the chance that the productend up wholly in final disposal, an alternative to increasingly expensive waste management3

3. Avoid use of toxic or hazardous materials4 • Allows, if eliminated, for waste to be The following are particularly difficult: wood managed as not special, thus saving costs for with formaldehyde and paints, varnishes and companies and reducing the impact on the acrylic solvents, which can be substituted for environmentnatural or water-based products

4. Avoid multi-layer materials (mixing • The recycling process is made easier simply materials), ie, Formica, melamine, PVC or wood with additives

5. Use recycled or recyclable materials • Promotes the use of recycled products and increases the supply/demand• Closes the lifecycle of materials• Minimises the environmental effects of the material and the stand as a whole• Reduces costs (eco-efficiency)• Improves a company’s green image

6. Use renewable materials: wood, • Improves the stand’s sustainabilitybioplastics, natural fibres, etc. • Improves a company’s green image

Source: L. Lewis, J. Gertsakis (2001); ICTA-UAB (February 2004); Design Strategies; Barcelona Guild of Surveyors.

3Law 16/2003, June 13, on financing waste treatment infrastructures and taxing waste disposal, approved a new tax on the contro-lled disposal of municipal waste, in order to promote ecological aims and the recovery and recuperation of resources from waste.4You can consult the list of hazardous products in Royal Decree 363/1995, March 10, which approved the regulations on the notifi-cation of new substances, and the classification, packaging and labelling of hazardous substances.


DESIGN STAGE


Proposals for environmental improvement of the most commonly used materials in the cons-truction of stands and their furniture: WOOD, METAL and PLASTIC

The most commonly used materials in the building of stands are:• Wood and wood products• Metals • Plastics

WOOD AND WOOD PRODUCTS: the most commonly used material is chipboard

Chipboard is made from controlled sized shavings or particles from the trunks of beech, saws, urbanwaste from selective collection or refuse. The particles are glued together with synthetic formaldehyde-based resins or pressed together until they are polymerised. The properties of these boards depend onthe size of the particles, but, generally speaking, they are denser and less resistant that natural woodsand layered (sheet) wood. Nowadays, chipboard is produced that is water resistant, thanks to the useof special resins (ICTA – UAB, February 2004; Ogilvie S. M., 1992. A Review of the Environmental Impact of Recycling).

Chipboard is an environmentally-friendly product5, given that:

- The raw material is a renewable resource- There is a market opening up for boards made from sawdust, pallet waste, and urban waste, such as

furniture, etc.6

- The glue and volatile compound content is continually being reduced- It is reusable as it can be used again for the same function- It is recyclable and recoverable as a source of energy

5Agenda for Sustainable Construction. Available online via the Barcelona Guild of Surveyors website (http://www.apabcn.es).6ANFTA (Spanish National Association of Chipboard Manufacturers) http://www.anfta.es

DESIGN STAGE


The actions to take into account to minimise the environmental impact of stands and furni-ture in terms of the wood used are as follows:

Action to apply Consequences of application of action1. Buy wood from sustainably managed • Ensures a sustainable management of forests, forests, with a certified wood label7: with the consequent positive implications FSC8 and PEFC9 for society and the environment

2. Buy recycled wood, such as chipboard • Every m3 of chipboard represents 648 kg of CO2, which would enter the atmosphere should it be burned.The potential effects on global warming are reduced

3. Consider the use of non-toxic resins in • The generation of toxic waste is reduced if, the wood bought instead of formaldehyde resins, alternatives

are used, eg, soya-based

Source: ANFTA; Design Strategies.

7Currently, there are only these two certificates recognised: FSC and PEFC 8 FSC (Forest Stewardship Council): worldwide9 PEFC (Pan-European Forest Certification Council): Europe-wide

DESIGN STAGE


METALS: the most commonly used metal in stand structure construction is aluminium

Aluminium undergoes an electrochemical treatment to anodise it, to make it more resistant and durable.Production of the material produces an important impact on the environment: every kg of aluminiumrequires 7 kg of mineral, from bauxite, to be extracted from nature, and its manufacture requires highlevels of energy consumption (around 198 MJ/kg). Most of the bauxite reserves are to be found in deve-loping countries in the tropical and sub-tropical areas of South America, Africa and Australia, and itsextraction leads to important effects on the environment (changes to the landscape, contamination ofthe water by heavy metals such as cadmium, nickel or zinc and by the so-called red mud: a mixture ofiron, and titanium and silica oxides, particle and noise pollution and social effects: exploitation of theworkforce to mine the bauxite in the countries with reserves).(Draft 22 October 2002. Commission Decision of Establishing Ecological Criteria for the Award of the Community Eco-label to Furniture(annex 1)).

The actions to be taken into account when selecting the metals to be used in the constructionof a stand and its furniture are as follows:

Action to apply Consequences of application of action1. Use recycled aluminium and Energy saving, for example:other recycled metals • Aluminium: saving of 95%

• Steel: saving of 75%

2. Avoid combining different • Aids separation for subsequent recycling metals • Some metals have a very high market value

(eg, aluminium: > €0.70/kg.)

Source: ICTA-UAB (February 2004); S. M. Ogilvie (1992); Design Strategies, http://www.aluminio.org/.

DESIGN STAGE


PLASTICS: the most commonly used plastic in the construction of stands is PVC (polyvinyl chloride). Formodular stands, the frames to hold up the ceiling and the cover sheet, where the exhibitor’s name iswritten, are made from this material.

Plastic materials represent a wide range of materials derived from natural gas or oil. Their manufactureis very energy intensive (63 MJ/kg for PVC polymerised en masse10).A wide variety of dangerous and/or bioaccumulable additives are used (stabilisers such as lead; plasti-fiers, above all, from the phthalate family, and halogenated flame retardants) in the manufacture ofplastics (Draft 22 October 2002. Commission Decision of Establishing Ecological Criteria for the Award of the Community Eco-label

to Furniture (annex 1)). There are two types of plastic, depending on the possibilities for recycling: thermo-plastic, which are recyclable, such as methacrylate, polystyrene (PE) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC); andthermostable, which are not recyclable, such as melamine).

PVC is a plastic with a high chloride content. The most significant health and environmental riskscome from the production of hazardous compounds (vinyl chloride) during manufacture, generation ofdioxins and chloric acid should there be a fire on the stand, emissions of dioxins and furans during inci-neration and the problems for recycling due, in part, to the presence of heavy metals.

10Association of Plastic Manufacturers in Europe website, http://www.apme.org.

DESIGN STAGE


The actions proposed to reduce the environmental impact of the stands, whether their struc-ture or furniture, in terms of the plastics used are as follows:

Action to apply Consequences of application of action1. Avoid use of melamine and other • Minimises the amount of waste disposed thermostable plastics as materials of in controlled landfill or incinerated

2. Reduce the use of virgin plastics • They use non-renewable resources (natural gas and oil), currently over-exploited

3. Substitute plastic for materials with • Use of other renewable resources, such as similar properties bioplastics (derived from plants and other renewable

materials) minimises the pressures to use natural gas and oil, resources that are increasingly expensive

4. Use recycled and recyclable plastics, • Reduces landfill or incineration of plastic waste with low levels of additives and the generation of toxic waste

• Leads to cost savings (eco-efficiency) of around 30% (ANARPLA, 2004)

5. Identify the plastics used with labels • Aids recycling, as each polymer requires different for the materials waste treatment

Source: ICTA-UAB (February 2004); Design Strategies; Interactive Encyclopaedia of Natural & Social Sciences, SpanishNational Association of Plastic Recyclers (ANARPLA).

DESIGN STAGE



ENVIRONMENTAL STRATEGY: Prevention of waste from stands (structure and furniture) through theincorporation of eco-design criteria

DEFINITION: Application of eco-design (ecological design) criteria for stand structures and furniture, in order to aid assembly and disassembly. Prevention of waste.


DESCRIPTION:

Once the materials have been selected, the stand can be built. Stands can be modular or custom-desig-ned. This proposal offers a series of strategies and actions to be applied in the design of the stand’sstructural components and furniture in order to aid assembly and disassembly tasks from the point ofview of reducing the environmental impact.

ECO-DESIGN ACTIONS TO BE IMPLEMENTED

The main aim has to be to promote increased durability, reuse and maintenance; when these optionsare not available, it has to be ensured that the waste can be recycled. For these strategies to take shape,the following actions proposed need to be put into practice. These actions are applicable, above all, forcustom-designed stands, which are currently designed and used without taking into account the possi-bilities for reuse.

Action to apply Consequences of application of action1. Modular designs, which can be • Modular design aids addition and updated and adapted to new needs replacement of parts and, thus, reuse and repairs

• Increases durability of the stand and furniture• Eco-efficiency (reducing costs and environmental impact)

2. Build resistant stands and furniture • SIncreases durability

3. Design foldable/stackable furniture • When transported folded/stacked, they take up lessspace, which reduces costs and emissions of gases into the atmosphere from transportation

4. Design multifunctional furniture • Avoids having to buy furniture and reduces the waste generated, which has to be managed

5. Minimise the number of joints • Aids disassembly

6. Use separable or reversible joints • Clip-type joints, instead of glue or soldering, aids reuse and separation for recycling• Reduces costs and installation times

7. Aid access to joints, and openings • Aids assembly and disassembly, and, and enclosures thus, reuse

8. Aid access to vulnerable components • Aids repairs and reuse

9. Use standard parts • Can be replaced at a reasonable cost, thus promoting reuse

10. Make fixed enclosures from • Aids recyclingcompatible recycling materials

Source: L. Lewis, J. Gertsakis J. (2001); ICTA-UAB (February 2004); Design Strategies.

DESIGN STAGE


DESIGN STAGE



ENVIRONMENTAL STRATEGY: Prevention of waste from stands (structure and furniture) through the incorporation of eco-design criteria

DEFINITION: Application of eco-design (ecological design) criteria in reusable stands and furniture in order to minimise the impact of maintenancerelated to cleaning tasks

AGENT/S INVOLVED: Prescribing agentsCustomised stand design and stand accessory companies Modular stand design companies

DESCRIPTION:

CURRENT CLEANING OF STANDS

The structure of custom-designed stands is often not reusable. Only in isolated cases do some com-panies dismantle the stand, package it and transport it to their warehouses, where they select the partsthat are in good enough condition to be used in the construction of new stands.

The structure of modular stands can be reused a number of times. Once a fair is over and followingthe assembly and disassembly stages, the modular structures may have been damaged, damage whichhas to be repaired (replacement of worn or defective wood panels, refitting of certain elements, repla-cement of the aluminium profiles, etc.). Furthermore, before being reused, the aluminium profiles haveto be cleaned with water and soap products, which, depending on their chemical make-up, may beharmful to the environment or people’s health.

DESIGN STAGE


ACTIONS TO BE IMPLEMENTED

Action to apply Consequences of application of action1. Design structures with easy-to-clean • Reduces use of cleaning products, many forms and materials of which are toxic or hazardous

2. Use materials (dyes, varnishes, etc.) • Use of natural dyes and paints saves on the usethat do not require toxic or hazardous of aggressive organic solvents for cleaningcleaning products

3. Provide specific information on the • Increases useful life and, thus, reusemaintenance of each element of the stand and furniture

Source: Design Strategies; J. Rieradevall et al. (2003).

DESIGN STAGE



ENVIRONMENTAL STRATEGY: Prevention of waste from stands (structure and furniture) through the incorporation of eco-design criteria

DEFINITION: Application of eco-design (ecological design) criteria in stands and furniture in order to minimise the impact of transportation and storage


DESCRIPTION:

CURRENT TRANSPORTATION OF STANDS

The structure of custom-designed stands is usually transported once (assembly of the fair) beforebeing managed as waste, as they are not normally reused.

The structure of modular stands is transported a great number of times from the hire company’s ware-houses to the fairgrounds and back again. Modular stands can travel a great many miles before beingmanaged as waste. For this reason, it is important to bear in mind that actions can be implemented inthe field of eco-efficiency and in terms of saving economic and environmental costs, if the companiescontracted are located near to the fair.

USE OF PACKAGING AND PALLETS FOR TRANSPORTATION AND STORAGE OF STANDS ANDSTAND FURNITURE

• Primary, secondary and tertiary packaging used• The aim of packaging is to protect the elements transported and aid their handling• The most commonly used materials are plastic, cardboard and wood. Whilst the first two are notnormally reused or only reused very rarely, wood packaging has a long useful life and can be reuseddozens of times

DESIGN STAGE


• Pallets, normally made out of wood, are used for loading and unloading operations, and may beused once or reused, depending on their quality. In Spain, the number of pallets in circulation each yearis around 45 million, of which some 20 million are reusable (Spanish Federation of Wood Packaging andComponents, FEDEMCO)


Action to apply Consequences of application of action1. Minimise the volume of the packaging, • Making the most of the capacity of the means in order to reduce the number of transport used (authorised weight or volume) of journeys for the stands and furniture allows for cost savings and the reduction

of fuel emissions

2. Minimise the amount of packaging • Avoids generating waste and increases the material, without affecting its function space available for transportation and storage

3. Use folding and/or reusable packaging • Reusable materials reduce the amount of (wood, cardboard, plastic) for the waste generatedtransportation • Folding packaging takes up less pace when empty,

aiding storage and reducing the impact of the transportation

4. Replace pallets used once with those • Increases the useful life of the product: reusable that can be reusedr, made of wood, wood pallets can be used 3 times a year for 10 years,plastic or cardboard whereas those that can only be used once are not

reusable. <1% of reusable wooden pallets in circulation in Spain are destroyed each year, comparedwith 44.4% of non-reusable pallets (FEDEMCO)

5. Use recycled and recyclable wooden, • Closes the material’s lifecycleplastic or corrugated cardboard pallets • Lessens environmental impact and reduces

per unit cost

Source: Design Strategies; online journal on fairs, products, materials, companies, etc. (http://www.abc-pack.com);Recupera journal, no. 37 (December 2004), FEDEMCO.

DESIGN STAGE



ENVIRONMENTAL STRATEGY: Prevention of waste from the stand structures through the incorporation of eco-design criteria

DEFINITION: Application of eco-design (ecological design) criteria for stand flooring


DESCRIPTION:

CURRENT SYSTEM APPLIED FOR STAND FLOORING

The wooden platform that acts as the base for the stand structure, both in modular and custom-desig-ned stands, has, in most cases, a carpet covering

These carpets are made from polypropylene fibres (PP) are sold in rolls of different sizes, colours andthicknesses (315 – 520 g/m2)11 (ICTA - UAB, February 2004; Alcodori carpets)

The carpeting is only used once (it is laid and removed for each fair)

To avoid its getting dirty before the fair, it is protected with a plastic low-density polyethylene film whichrequires virgin raw materials, and which is removed at the end of the assembly stage and disposed inbins en masse

ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS WITH THE CURRENT STAND FLOORING SYSTEM

Generation of a large amount of carpet and plastic waste at each fair

At the majority of fairs, this waste is collected en masse and goes for final disposal (landfill or incineration)

11The density varies depending on the quality of the carpeting. Normally, that used for the passageways is of a higher quality (hig-her density) and that on the stands is of a lower quality (lower density).

DESIGN STAGE


ACTIONS A IMPLEMENTED

Action to apply Consequences of application of action1. Get rid of the platform and carpet • Reduces the costs for purchasing the (at indoor fairs) or the carpet12 stand and aids the reduction of waste, (at outdoor fairs) whether wood, carpeting or plastic

2. Substitute conventional carpeting for • 75% of CO2 emissions related to plastic flooringalternative flooring systems: come from the oil extraction and processing • Flooring of cellulose, coconut fibre, etc. stages. Replacing plastic for other non-plastic materials,• Tiles of reusable recycled PVC , with less of an impact, reduces the impact ofrecycled rubber, polylactic acid (PLA)13, etc. these stages (Interface Research Corporation)

3. Use carpeting with a high percentage • Aids the closing of the carpet’s lifecycleof recycled and recyclable plastic fibres • Reduces landfill or incineration of plastic

carpeting waste

4. Do not use adhesive systems for • Aids separation for recycling and reducesnon-reversible carpeting (such as glues) the generation of toxic waste

5. Use recycled plastic film • Leads to cost savings (around 30%) to protect the carpeting (ANARPLA, 2004).

• Aids use of recycled materials• Reduces final disposal of plastic waste (landfill or incineration)

Source: ANARPLA; Interface Research Corporation; The Sustainable Exhibition Industry Project (SEXI). Business Councilfor Sustainable Development, UK.

12 The platform cannot be removed; as the weather may damage the stand.13 Polylactic acid (PLA) is a thermoplastic biopolymer, derived from lactic acid. It is biodegradable and offers a wide range of pro-perties, which has seen it used in numerous applications (F. Albán et al., 2003).

ORGANISATION STAGE



PROPOSAL CODE: O-1P

ENVIRONMENTAL STRATEGY: Prevention of the generation of waste from stand structures (wood and other materials)

DEFINITION: Introduction of fees to cover waste management in the organiser’s contractual specifications with exhibitors in order to promote eco-design of stands

AGENT/S INVOLVED: Prescribing agentsPromoter OrganiserReceiving agentsStand installation companies Exhibitors

DESCRIPTION:

Alongside introduction of this action to prevent the generation of waste and promote selective wastecollection, motivational elements are required to encourage correct participation and dissuade againstundesirable actions, which could affect the effectiveness and efficiency of the system.

Making the regulations more environmentally friendly, including a section that sets fees for wastemanagement, aims to reduce the generation of waste and provide incentives for the use of reu-sable stands.

ORGANISATION STAGE


AIMS

• To prevent generation of waste • To encourage the design of reusable stands using environmental criteria • To promote exhibitor’s contracting the services of reusable modular stand hire companies rather than

custom-designed stands that are only used once, by introducing an economic cost, ie, an environ-mental tax

• To improve the management of non-reusable stands, introducing selective waste collection and recy-cling of the waste generated

FEE PROPOSAL

To charge exhibitors a fee during the organisation stage, when they register and sign the technical spe-cification conditions for participating with the organisation. The amount for the fee should be relatedto the potential volume of waste generated in the disassembly stage by the stand structure used. Belowis an example of this fee14:

Example fee. Modular reusable stands:Payment of €6/m2 on signing the contract. Once the fair is over, there are two different cases:

• Stand removed and recovered by the owner: the €6/m2 are returned• Stand not removed: the €6/m2 are not returned

Example fee. One-off custom-designed stands:Payment of €12/m2 on signing the contract. Once the fair is over, there are three different cases:

• Stand removed and recovered by the owner: the €12/m2 are returned• Stand not removed, but waste separated correctly, thus collaborating with the selective waste collection: €6/m2 are returned• Stand not dismantled, waste not removed or not separated correctly: no return is made

Source: own elaboration, based on ICTA-UAB (February 2004).

14 The fee proposed for custom-designed stands needs to be revised in future studies and the use of custom-designed stands shouldalways be penalised economically (for example, returning less than that paid when signing the contract). This is the case because thefieldwork has shown that this type of stand, even when removed by the exhibiting company, in most cases, is not reused and the wasteis not collected selectively for recycling.

ORGANISATION STAGE


INSPECTION AND CONTROL FOR FEE PAYMENT

Inspection staff: requires staff (“The Green Team”, see proposal C-2PR) in charge of supervising thedismantling of the stands (observing the disassembly process for all the stands and registering the des-tination for materials):

• Collection and transportation of the stand structure by the exhibitor• Selective waste collection: correct separation • Incorrect separation: the waste could not be used for recycling

Control scorecard: a sample control scorecard is proposed to be used by the inspection staff, whichincludes the data on the stand, the deposit amount and how the disassembly has been carried out:

Stand no. Type of Deposit Result of Deposit or exhibiting stand (€/m2) disassembly returned Commentscompany name (€/m2)

30 Modular 6 Removed 6 Only the carpeting left

31 Modular 6 Not removed 0 Wood not removed

32 Custom- 12 Not removed 0 All left designed in a pile

33 Custom- 12 Removed 12 All removed designed correctly

Source: own elaboration, based on ICTA - UAB (February 2004).

Control images: to support the control scorecard, it is proposed that the inspectors photograph thedismantled stands.

ORGANISATION STAGE


PROPOSAL CODE: O-2PR

ENVIRONMENTAL Prevention and recycling of all waste STRATEGY:

DEFINITION: Environmental communication and training programme aimed at all those involved in preventing and recycling fair waste

AGENT/S INVOLVED: Prescribing agents PromoterOrganiserReceiving agentsSponsorship, promotion and advertising companiesRetail and wholesale hostelry distribution companies (bars, restaurants, catering)Stand hire and sale companiesStand installation companiesStand accessory hire, sale & installation companies Cleaning companiesWaste management companiesPackaging storage companiesExhibitorsSecurity services

DESCRIPTION:

AIMS

• To promote environmental knowledge amongst those involved in fairs, informing them on the environ-mental problems of waste from fair activities and on how they can contribute, vitally, in lessening theimpact by improving their activities

• To raise awareness on the need to reduce the waste generated by each and every agent taking part in fairs

• To aid the introduction or improve efficiency of selective waste collection at fairs

GENERAL PROPOSAL FOR THE COMMUNICATION PROGRAMME

The fair’s organising body has to carry out an environmental communication and training campaign onwaste for all those involved in the development of the fair. One of the systems to be used is the distributionof information media to each agent when contracting, which has to include the following environmentalinformation:

What waste do they generate in their activities at the fair

What environmental problems are caused by the generation of this waste

What they can do to reduce the environmental impact of their activities. They need to be informed aboutthe actions they can carry out in order to prevent the generation of waste and the actions to correctly mana-ge the waste they produce

Source: own elaboration

This guide aids the tasks of the organising bodies in designing the communication media, identifying the typesof waste generated by each agent and the prevention and recycling actions that each should carry out.

Characteristics of the information media:

Specific for each agent: format and content depending on the activity

Concise content: avoid providing too much information which may lead to the information offered beingignored

ORGANISATION STAGE


ORGANISATION STAGE


PROPOSAL CODE: O-3R

ENVIRONMENTAL STRATEGY: In all stages, improve current waste management, both mass and selective waste collection

DEFINITION: Introduce selective waste collection

Correctly estimate the contracting of mass and selective waste collection equipment (skips and bins)

AGENT/S INVOLVED: Prescribing agentsPromoterOrganiserReceiving agentsCleaning companiesWaste management companies Security services

DESCRIPTION:

CURRENT SITUATION OF MASS AND SELECTIVE WASTE COLLECTION

Many fairs, whether on the street or indoors, have bins for the collection of waste en masse that havenot been planned correctly in terms of numbers, especially during the assembly and disassembly stages.Faced with this situation, waste can end up overflowing from the bins provided, which reduces the effi-ciency of the cleaning and waste collection tasks at the fair, whilst also affecting the quality of the selec-tive collection, should such a system be in place.

The few Catalan fairs that carry out selective waste collection use bins for certain types of waste (theseare normally outdoor fairs that selectively collect paper/cardboard, plastic or glass15 ), the number andvolume of bins is not enough to meet the needs of the waste that is to be recycled. This leads to largeamounts of waste that could have been collected selectively ending up in the refuse bins and, thus, forincineration or controlled landfill.

15Separated Urban Waste (UW), alongside OMW (Organic Municipal Waste), has to be collected selectively by municipal services intowns of over 5,000 inhabitants, in line with Law 15/2003, June 13, and the modification of Law 6/1993, July 15, regulating waste.

ORGANISATION STAGE



Actions to apply

1. Organiser:

Mass collection:

Correctly set the equipment needed for mass waste collection, taking into account that,on introducing selective collection, the mass collection bins already provided may be sufficient.This provision can be established in two ways:

• Increase the amount of equipment (skips and bins) and/or their volume, or• Increase the frequency of collection from the existing equipment

To ensure the effectiveness of mass collection:

• Spread the bins out equally throughout the fair arena• Increase the numbers, especially in the busiest areas• Locate them in easily visible and well signposted places

Selective collection:

Indoor fairs: (waste management is indirect and delegated wholly to a third-party company).The technical conditions for contracting the cleaning and waste management servicesneed to include a clause to regulate the terms of the selective collection:

• Installation (or increase if overflowing) of selective collection equipment and/or increase in their volume, or• Increased frequency of collection from existing equipment

Outdoor fairs: (normally organised by town councils. The terms for waste collection are agre-ed to by the council and the management company). Agreement needs to be reached withthe waste management company that, on the days for assembly, celebration and disas-sembly of the fair, the following take place in the fair arena

• Installation (or increase if overflowing) of selective collection equipment and/or increase in their volume, or• Increased frequency of collection from existing equipment

ORGANISATION STAGE


2. Cleaning and waste management companies:

• Providing bins (number and volume) for refuse and the different types of selective collection, asrequired by the organiser• Increase the frequency of emptying at the times when most waste is generated


With regard to the introduction of selective collection, it is very important that the types of waste gene-rated during each stage are taken into account, in order to avoid providing unnecessary bins. In theimprovement proposals set out for the assembly, celebration and disassembly stages, those types ofwaste that should be collected selectively are suggested, as are the procedures and agents involved intheir introduction.

INSPECTION AND CONTROL OF THE WASTE COLLECTION EQUIPMENT

Inspection staff: staff in charge of supervising the correct provision, in terms of number, volume andfrequency of bin collection. This staff could be the “Green Team” (see proposal C-2PR)

Control scorecard: a sample control scorecard is proposed to be used by inspection staff, which inclu-des the following information for each stage:

- Number and volume of bins by floor space area- Frequency of emptying/collection - Existence and amount of overflowing (where applicable) - Distribution of the equipment (spread out or focused in one place)

The inspection staff has to continually control the equipment system and update the scorecard whennecessary in order to ensure the highest levels of effectiveness for the waste collection service. The fair’ssecurity services have to cooperate with the inspection staff, offering any help they may need (alertingthem of overflows, forbidding stand fitters from moving the bins, etc.).

ORGANISATION STAGE


Sample inspection staff scorecard for mass and selective waste collection equipment

Net m2 No. large bins No. bins Frequency Stage floor Refuse Selective Refuse Selective emptied/ Overflows Distribution

space collected

Assembly of 10,000 15, 0 0 0 Daily No Stand fitters stands and 1,000 l. moved them walkways and left areas

without any

Assembly of 10,000 15, Card: 0 0 Once during Yes, in the 5 Well exhibition 1,000 l. 5, de assembly for cardboard distributedcontents 2.400 l. and once throughout

during the area disassembly

Celebration 10,000 15, 0 35 0 Daily Yes, approx. Uniform1,000 l. 50% of bins


Control images: as support for this control scorecard, it is proposed that inspectors take photographs.

ORGANISATION STAGE



ENVIRONMENTAL STRATEGY: Reduction and recycling of special waste

DEFINITION: Making the cleaning service more environmentally friendly, incorporating green criteria in the prevention and recycling of wastegenerated in the fair’s cleaning activities

AGENT/S INVOLVED: Prescribing agentsPromoterOrganiserReceiving agentsCleaning companiesWaste management companies

DESCRIPTION:

CURRENT SITUATION

The practice of including environmental clauses in tenders for cleaning services is designed to promoteprevention, reuse, recycling and other forms of recovery for the waste generated during cleaningand waste collection tasks at fairs (especially for waste labelled as toxic or hazardous) is not wides-pread at fairs in Catalonia. Whereas, it is common to demand that bidding cleaning service companiesuse products that meet certain requirements in terms of occupational and environmental hazards (forexample, using products that clearly show the correct safety conditions, storage and handling required,requiring control registers, and monitoring of hazardous waste, etc.).

ORGANISATION STAGE



Action to apply Consequences of application of action1. Selective collection of waste generated in • Reduces amount of fair waste going for cleaning activities (bags, cleaning products final disposalpackaging, etc.)

2. Collect special waste from cleaning • Correct management of environmentally activities and take it to a tip, together hazardous and toxic waste, which would with that coming from fair activities otherwise end up as controlled landfill

• Avoids treating special waste as non-special waste (equivalent to urban waste), due to themixing of both• Reduces final disposal costs

3. Use environmentally friendly cleaning • Minimises generation of toxic and hazardous products: waste • Biodegradable • Improves the green image of companies • Low content of phosphates and phosphonates that work with these products• No hazardous products16, which can affect the ozone layer or exceed limits on volatile organic compounds (VOC)

4. Prioritise use of cleaning products with • Products with eco-labels ensure greater ecological labelling. European eco-label (a) respect for the environment and/or environmental quality assurance seal (b)17

5. Train staff in environmental issues • Promotes prevention in number and (conditions for handling certain hazardous seriousness of accidents due to the incorrect cleaning products, selective collection, etc.) use of hazardous products; improves the

quality of selective collection

Source: own elaboration, based on UAB. Logistics and Environment Area; ICTA-UAB (December 2004); Generalitat deCatalunya (the Catalan Government) - Environment Department (2000).

16The list of hazardous products can be consulted in Royal Decree 363/1995, March 10, which approved regulations on notificationof new substances and classification, packaging and labelling of hazardous substances.17More information on ecological labelling of products: www.mediambient.gencat.net (the Generalitat’s Environment Department);www.europa.eu.int/comm/environment/ecolabel/ (European Union).

a b

ORGANISATION STAGE

ASSEMBLY STAGE

PROPOSAL CODE: O-5PAS- 3PR

ENVIRONMENTAL STRATEGY: Prevention and recycling of plastic waste

DEFINITION: Incorporating the “use of recycled and recyclable plastic covering for fair carpeting” clause into the contract specifications for stand accessory hire, sale and installation companies, to aid easy separation and selective waste collection

AGENT/S INVOLVED: Prescribing agentsPromoterOrganiserReceiving agentsStand hire and sale companiesStand installation companies

DESCRIPTION:

CURRENT SITUATION

The carpeting used to cover the stand floor and passageways at fairs is covered with low-density pol-yethylene virgin plastic film during assembly in order to avoid the carpet’s getting dirty or damaged.Once assembly is complete, the plastic is removed and thrown away to be collected en masse.

JUSTIFICATION FOR THE ACTION

Given that the plastic is merely used to offer a layer of temporary protection for a very short period oftime, virgin plastic is not essential, and recycled plastic, which can be separated easily from the carpetand recycled again, can be used.


ORGANISATION STAGE

ASSEMBLY STAGE

LDPE is the most frequently recycled plastic in Spain. Recycled LDPE comes from the recycling of pro-ducts made with the same kind of plastic, such as supermarket bags or used in cooking. The productobtained from recycling is a dark colour and of lower quality than the original, due to the deteriorationsuffered during use or due to the presence of alien substances from the products it may have contai-

ned. Despite this, it is perfectly usable as a cover layer for a fair’s carpeting(FIDA).

Recycled plastic bagSource: http://www.cicloplast.com/


Actions to apply1. Organisers: Include as a condition in the contract specifications for suppliers of the carpet and plastic carpet coverthat they use recycled and recyclable plastic.

2. Stand installation companies:Use recycled plastic to protect the carpet in the stands and passageways and fit it in such a way that itis easy to remove for selective waste collection.


Identification of plastics made from recycled materials is made easier if the product has eco-labelling.Thus, the criteria to be met can be seen to be the obtaining of eco-labelling for the recycled polyethy-lene plastic, which should coincide with that established for recycled polyethylene rubbish bags, as bothproducts are very similar18.

18 The environmental criteria for granting the Generalitat’s Environmental Quality Assurance Seal for rubbish bags are set out inResolution MAH/1332/2005, April 6; which can be consulted online: http://mediambient.gencat.net/cat/el_departament/actua-cions_i_serveis/legislacio/ecoprod/RESOLUCI__MAH_1332_2005.jsp?ComponentID=59573&SourcePageID=3872 ODI de PRO-POSTA: O-6P


ORGANISATION STAGE

CELEBRATION STAGE

PROPOSAL CODE: O-6PRC-3PR

ENVIRONMENTAL Prevention of tableware waste (plates, cups, cutlery) STRATEGY: and recycling of waste from other packaging supplied at food and

drink distribution points

DEFINITION: Include in the technical specifications for food and drink companies that they only use reusable or compostable tableware and recyclable packaging to aid selective waste collection

AGENT/S INVOLVED: Prescribing agentsPromoterOrganiserReceiving agentsRetail and wholesale hostelry distribution companies (bars, restaurants, catering) - Exhibitors with catering services - Public Megaphone services - Cleaning companies Waste management companies

DESCRIPTION:

CURRENT SITUATION19

The tableware and packaging for food and drinks are one of the sources of most waste at fairs, espe-cially in those related to the food industry which involve large-scale meals. For example, at a non-food-related fair, such as Barcelona’s Nautical Fair, some 17 tons of hostelry waste are produced (around100g/visitor), and everything is handled en masse, mixing organic material with the different kinds ofpackaging which is only used once (plastic, cardboard, etc.). The main problem with packaging wasteis its great volume, which increases the costs for the environment and transportation.

19 This proposal is also applicable in any other stage involving bars, restaurants and other food and drink distribution services.


ORGANISATION STAGE

CELEBRATION STAGE


Wide variety of packaging and materials usedAt the moment, Catalan fairs use a wide variety of packaging made from a great number of differentmaterials, most of which are only used once, including:

- Plastic (most common material): polyethylene terephthalate (PET), expanded polystyrene (EPS), etc.- Cardboard, plasticised cardboard- Bioplastics- Cartons, multi-layer materials


If there is no separation in the collection of packaging and organic material, then it is not possible torecycle the packaging or compost the organic material from the food leftovers. Both types of waste aremixed together and sent for final disposal (controlled landfill or incineration), as is the case with wastecollected en masse.

AIM

To reduce the environmental impact produced by waste from food and drink packaging (bottles, boxes,etc.) and tableware (cups, plates, forks, etc.) by:

• Using reusable or compostable tableware and recyclable packaging• Selectively collecting the waste from the packaging and tableware

Reusable tableware is lent to consumers and is normally made of hard plastic, to avoid the risk of acci-dents. A deposit system is used to ensure that users return the packaging:

Users are given their money back when they return the empty packaging

Compostable tableware is made of bioplastic, a resin obtained from corn, sweet corn, potato starch,polycaprolactone and glycerine (the Generalitat’s Catalan Recycling Centre, Environment for EnvironmentDepartment, 2003). Bioplastics aid selective collection of organic material as the food leftovers can becollected together with the plates quickly and easily. Tableware made from paperboard and paper nap-kins can also be placed in the organic material bins for composting.

ORGANISATION STAGE

CELEBRATION STAGE


Obstacles detected in experiences introducing biodegradable or reusable tableware: to date,the experiences seen at Catalan fairs in the use of environmentally friendly packaging and tablewarehave not been very successful. The main cause of these problems has been that compostable or reusa-ble packaging and tableware has been acquired, but that other, one-off materials have also continuedto be used, which has led to the following consequences:

• Difficulty in identifying the materials used in each item and thus the appropriate bin for selective collection, as a range of different packaging is used

• Complexity of the selective collection for visitors, as there is a wide variety of different bins,which also take up more space

• A higher percentage of misplaced waste in the selective collection (lower quality), given thatidentifying the bins is harder for user

The following actions are proposed to overcome these obstacles:

Actions to apply1. Organiser:

Include the following clauses in the contractual specifications for food and drink and table-ware distributors (bars, restaurants, stands, etc.):

• Exclusive use by visitors and consumers of these services of reusable (as a priority toreduce the generation of waste) or compostable tableware (to aid recycling, as this table-ware can be collected together with the food leftovers)

• Recycling of packaging waste, of a wide range of materials, generated behind the closeddoors of the food and drink establishments (see figure below table). This packaging shouldnot be served to consumers of the services

Reusable tableware:

• Provide the points distributing food and drink with the possibility to hire those unitsrequired for each element of tableware


ORGANISATION STAGE

CELEBRATION STAGE

• Inform visitors of the distribution and functioning of the lending system for each element(deposit and return)

Biodegradable (compostable) tableware:

• Provide the points distributing food and drink with the possibility to buy those unitsrequired for each element of compostable tableware

• Bins need to be located in areas with food and drink (bars, restaurants, stands distri-buting food and drink or other similar areas) for selective collection of organic material(BROWN in colour, 60, 120 or 240 litres, and on 2 wheels), for the biodegradable table-ware (bioplastics, paperboard, etc.) and food leftovers, requiring:

Purchase of new brown-coloured selective collection bins

Adaptation or new signs in brown for parts of the existing refuse bins (where applicable) in order to help their identification by users, and cleaning and waste management services

• Acquire biodegradable bags for the organic material bins (conventional plastic bags makecomposting more difficult)

• Inform visitors of the distribution of compostable tableware and the fact that the wastefrom meals (plates, cups, cutlery, napkins and food leftovers) should be disposed of in theBROWN bins

Selective collection of packaging:

• Acquire bins for the selective collection of glass (GREEN in colour), plastic (YELLOW incolour), and paper and cardboard (BLUE in colour) and bins for refuse (DARK GREEN,GREY or BLACK in colour), that hold between 80 and 120 litres. These bins can be bought oradapted from those already existing at the points offering food and drink for selective collec-tion and should be easy to identify and use

• Inform the catering services and other points offering food and drink that they have toselectively collect the waste they generate


ORGANISATION STAGE

CELEBRATION STAGE

2. Hostelry distribution companies and exhibitors with catering services:

Reusable tableware:

• Plan a deposit and return system in order to ensure that packaging is returned by visitors(for example, €5/unit)

Biodegradable (compostable) tableware:

• External area (consumer area): reserve somewhere for the organic material selectivecollection bins (BROWN in colour)

• Internal area (service staff area): reserve somewhere for the organic material selectivecollection bins (BROWN in colour)

• Dispose of leftovers and tableware waste

Selective collection of packaging:

•Set aside somewhere in the area reserved for the service staff (eg, under the bar), bythe organic material bin (BROWN), for the selective collection of packaging made of glass (GREEN),and paper and cardboard (BLUE), as well as a bin for refuse (DARK GREEN, GREY or BLACK)

• Deposit each type of waste in the corresponding bin for selective collection

3. Megaphone service:

• Provide information to those attending on the measures adopted to reduce the envi-ronmental impact of the fair: use of reusable or compostable tableware, recycling of packagingfrom the bars, restaurants and stands with catering services, etc.

4. Public:

• Should compostable tableware be used, a BROWN bin is required for organic materials,the food leftovers and compostable tableware (plates, cups, cutlery, napkins and leftovers)


ORGANISATION STAGE

CELEBRATION STAGE


• Use the same bins to transfer visitors’ waste (see proposal C-1R) for types of waste coming fromthe restaurants and hostelry distributors, as shown:

• Organic material: BROWN 1,100 l bins• Paper and cardboard: BLUE 1,100 l bins• Refuse: DARK GREEN OR GREY 1,100 l bins

• Use selective collection bins for plastic (YELLOW) from the exhibition assembly sub-stage (seeproposal AC-2R) to transfer the waste from the plastic film protecting the carpeting

• Use adapted refuse bins, GREEN, 1,100 l and adequately labelled, to transfer glass

• Transport each type of waste to the nearest pertinent recycling plants


The following figure shows the limits for the different areas at fairs, in terms of the packaging and table-ware distributed, as proposed in the above table.

CONSUMER AREA (used by fair visitors)- Reusable tableware (plastic, ceramic, etc.) or- Compostable tableware and selective waste collection of organic material at the distribution points(bars, restaurants, stands with catering, etc.), and in the vicinity

INTERNAL AREA (reserved for food & drink services)- Bins for the selective collection of each type of waste generated (plastic, cardboard, glass, organicmaterial)



ORGANISATION STAGE

CELEBRATION STAGE

The figure below shows the bins used for the selective waste collection from hostelry activities. Despitethis, if the fair does not have this kind of bin or space available to provide enough of them, then othersof different colours and sizes can be used. The only vital aspect is that they clearly show the type of wasteto be deposited and all users should be informed about the different colours in order to avoid confusionin their use and, thus, achieve a better quality of separated waste.

The bins that have to be located at the points where food and drink are distributed.a) 80 litres, for refuse; b) 100 litres, for the four types of separated waste from bars, restau-rants and stands with catering services.

Source: http://reysan.com and “Distribuidora Joan”

According to this proposal, there should be different types of waste collection equipment for the pas-sageways, and for the internal and external areas in the food and drink establishments: the passage-ways should have equipment for the collection of two types of waste, the external areas in food anddrink establishments (the areas for consumers) should have bins for one or two types of waste (depen-ding on whether reusable or compostable tableware is used) and the internal areas at food and drinkestablishments should have bins for five different kinds of waste. The type of bin for each area is shownin the following table.


a b

ORGANISATION STAGE

CELEBRATION STAGE

Food and drink distribution points and establishments

Type Passageways External area Internal area (consumers) (service staff)

Organic material (OMW*) x** xPaper&cardboard x xPlastic xGlass xRefuse x x x

Source: own elaboration* Organic Municipal Waste** Only in the case where compostable tableware is used (bioplastics, paperboard, etc.)


ORGANISATION STAGE

CELEBRATION STAGE

PROPOSAL CODE: O-7PC-4P

ENVIRONMENTAL Prevention of waste from hostelry packaging STRATEGY:

DEFINITION: Inclusion in the technical specifications agreed to with the food and drink distributors that large volume packaging be used that can subsequently be reused (as a priority) or recycled

AGENT/S INVOLVED: Prescribing agentsPromoterOrganiserReceiving agentsRetail and wholesale hostelry distribution companies (bars, restaurants, catering)Exhibitors with catering servicesMegaphone servicesCleaning companiesWaste management companies

DESCRIPTION:

CURRENT SITUATION

Currently, the distribution of drinks at Catalan fairs is generally carried out using the same packagingacquired by the catering services from their suppliers. This packaging is small in size (normally 0.33 or0.5 l), made of a range of materials (above all, plastic, glass and cartons) and only used once, whichmeans that a lot of waste is generated and it is difficult for visitors to aid selective collection as there isa great number of different materials to separate between20

20This proposal is also applicable in any other stage involving bars, restaurants and other food and drink distribution services.


ORGANISATION STAGE

CELEBRATION STAGE

AIMS

• To make the technical specifications agreed to with food and drinks retail suppliers at fairs (bars, res-taurants, stands, etc.) more environmentally friendly

• To indirectly encourage wholesale suppliers to increase the range of products aimed at reducing waste

• To prevent the generation of waste from drinks packaging, by replacing small-sized packaging usedonce with reusable packaging (barrels or glass bottles), provided suppliers have the drinks in these for-mats for sale. Products sold in large-size packaging are, often, cheaper

• To promote the use of reusable packaging, which allows for the closing of the product’s lifecycle andreduction in the amount of waste going for incineration or controlled landfill


The actions that have to be carried out to reduce the generation of waste from hostelry activities are asfollows:


Include in the contracts with catering services and other food and drinks distribution pointsthat they have to prioritise, in the following order:

• Purchase of drinks in large-size reusable packaging (barrels)

• Other smaller reusable packaging (glass bottles that, once used, can be recovered by the supplier and refilled)

• Recyclable packaging, which should be recycled after becoming waste

2. Hostelry distribution companies and exhibitors with catering services:

Set aside an area of the bar for the barrels and taps for the drinks to be sold in this format

For the rest of the drinks, reusable (priority) or recyclable, to be recycled after use, packagingneeds to be used


ORGANISATION STAGE

CELEBRATION STAGE

Serve visitors drinks in reusable or compostable cups (proposal O-6PR + C-3PR)

Deposit each type of packaging in the corresponding selective collection bin:

• Plastic, cartons: YELLOW colour

• Glass for recycling: GREEN colour

Return barrels and bottles after use so that they can be reused by the distributor

3. Megaphone services:

Provide visitors with information on the measures adopted, which lead to a reduction in the waste produced at the fair


Use waste transfer bins:

• Plastic and cartons: YELLOW bin

• Glass for recycling: GREEN bin

Transport each type of waste to the nearest pertinent recycling plants

Source: own elaboration, based on the Generalitat’s Environment and Housing Department, ARC; Barcelona City Council

(2001); Barcelona City Council (2004).


ORGANISATION STAGE

CELEBRATION STAGE

To supply 10,000 litres of drink (for example, beer), the following is required:30,030 33-cc aluminium cans10,000 1-litre glass bottles30,030 33-cc glass bottles200 reusable 50-litre barrels

Reuse consists of using waste again in its original form for the same or a different use (TERMCAT,

Terminological Centre, 1997. Dictionary of Environmental Management). Reusable packaging, normally glass, is bestand an alternative to packaging products that can only be used once. For reusable packaging to be usedagain, it has to return to the recovery circuits (the bar or restaurant at the fair has to return it to the dis-tribution company). In order to ensure that this happens, the organiser can agree with the bars, res-taurants, etc. that instead to depositing the glass (eg, beer or soft drinks bottles) in the selective wastebins for glass, that they keep them and return them to the distributors, so that they can be used again.


ORGANISATION STAGE



ENVIRONMENTAL Prevention and recycling of office waste STRATEGY:

DEFINITION: Incorporation of environmentally friendly buying for office material

AGENT/S INVOLVED: Prescribing agentsPromoterOrganiserReceiving agentsStand accessory hire, sale and installation companiesExhibitorsPublic

DESCRIPTION:

At fairs, office material is used both for administrative tasks by the organisers and on the stands, whereexhibitors usually hand out a large amount of office material as merchandising.


In order to reduce the office waste generated at fairs and to correctly manage that generated:

In buying: environmental criteria need to be taken into account during buying management, ie, ensuringenvironmentally friendly (or green) buying

In use: follow the instructions for use and maintenance of products bought

In waste management: reuse, selectively collect and recycle waste

ORGANISATION STAGE


Green Buying means acquiring products and services that respect the environment, ie, acquiring pro-ducts that offer the levels of quality and service required, but which also have a reduced global effecton the environment.For further information about buying green products and managing office waste:- Barcelona City Council, 2001. Green Office Guide. Environmental Education Guides, no. 5.

Barcelona City Council. Maintenance and Services Sector. Environmental Education and ParticipationServices Department.

- Generalitat de Catalunya, 2000. Environmentally Friendly Public Purchases Guide. EnvironmentDepartment. Barcelona.

- ICTA - UAB, December 2004. “Environmentally Friendly Public Purchases (EFPP) in a UniversityFramework; Plan to Introduce an EFPP System at the UAB”.

The environmental criteria to be taken into account when buying, using or managing office waste, inorder to minimise the generation of waste and correctly manage it, are detailed in the table on the follo-wing page.

ORGANISATION STAGE


Article ActionPaper Buy recycled paper or that bleached without chloride and in large packs

Use both sides

Aid selective waste collection by providing wastepaper bins beside printers, photocopiers, etc.

Toners/ink Buy: cartridges • Refilled or recycled toners and ink cartridges

• Toners and ink cartridges that do not contain heavy metals (mercury, lead,cadmium and chromium VI)

Take empty toners/cartridges to companies who handle the maintenance of printersand/or photocopiers, so that they can take charge of refilling or recycling them

Files, plastic Buy:covers and • Files and folders made from recycled cardboard, instead of the alternatives,folders such as PVC, PP or PE

• Lightweight plastic and PP covers, instead of PVCReuse the material when it becomes empty againAid recycling, the metal parts should be removed before they are deposited in paper or plastic recycling bins

Pens, pencils, Buy: markers, etc. • Products that can be refilled

• Refills for these products, and in large packs, where possible• Pens and markers with recycled plastic bodies, with inks free from heavymetals• Water-based markfiers

CDs and disks Buy:• Spindles of re-recordable CDs• Paper/cardboard covers instead of plastic ones

ORGANISATION STAGE


Computers and Buy:printers • Computers that can be upgraded, in order to increase their useful life

• Multifunctional printers that can also be used as photocopiers, faxes andscanners• Printers that can print on both sides and on recycled paper

Once they are no longer used take them to the distributor or tip so that they can be reused or recycled

Source: own elaboration, based on ICTA-UAB (December 2004), Barcelona City Council (2001) [2].

ORGANISATION STAGE


PROPOSAL CODE: O-9R

ENVIRONMENTAL STRATEGY: Control and monitoring recycling

DEFINITION: Verify the transportation of waste selectively collected at fairs to recycling plants

AGENT/S INVOLVED: Prescribing agentsPromoter OrganiserReceiving agentsCleaning companiesWaste management companies

DESCRIPTION:

SELECTIVE WASTE COLLECTION AND RECYCLING

The meaning of these two terms needs to be established:

Selective waste collection is the separate collection of different types of waste, such as paper, plas-tic, carpet, wood, paint, etc. Selective collection makes it easier to take advantage of waste and redu-ce costs.

Whereas recycling is recovery made possible by reusing waste in the process to manufacture the sameproduct or a product with a similar function (TERMCAT, 1997).

Selective collection is the first step towards recycling, but on its own it is not enough. The wastegenerated has to be separated at origin before being sent to recycling plants, and not to controlled land-fills or incinerators.

ORGANISATION STAGE


CURRENT SITUATION

It has been seen that some Catalan fairs carry out selective collection of certain types of waste (specialwaste, plastic, paper, etc.), but that this does not subsequently go for recycling: when the lorries come toempty the refuse bins, they also empty the selective collection bins, which leads to the mixing of all thewaste. By not transporting them separately, any possibility of recovery is lost and the waste has to go forfinal disposal (controlled landfill or incineration).It is possible that the waste that has been separated for collection and transportation may also go for finaldisposal, if the company managing the waste is not authorised to carry out waste recycling activities.

ACTION TO BE IMPLEMENTED

The fair’s organising body, represented by a member of the “Green Team” (see proposal C-2PR), hasto take responsibility for:

• Contracting an authorised transport firm for each type of waste generated and separatedat the fair• Contracting an authorised management firm21 to recycle each type of waste generatedand separated

21 Waste transport and management firms have to be appropriately authorised by the competent bodies. Details on the authorisedwaste transport and management firms in Catalonia can be consulted on the Catalan Waste Agency’s website: http://www.arc-cat.net/.

ORGANISATION STAGE



ENVIRONMENTAL STRATEGY: Control & monitoring of the generation & management of waste to encourage prevention and recycling

DEFINITION: Design and application of environmental indicators for the preventionand recycling of fair waste

AGENT/S INVOLVED: Prescribing agentsPromoterOrganiserEnvironmental professionals (“Green Team”)

DESCRIPTION:

DEFINITION OF THE INDICATORS

An indicator is a variable or estimate that offers summarised aggregate data on a phenomenon, goingbeyond that which it represents in itself (Local Governments for Sustainability, ICLEI).

Environmental indicators are all those variables that are given an added social meaning derived fromtheir scientific configuration, designed to reflect a summary of the social concerns with regard to theenvironment and to form part of the decision-making process (Organisation for Economic Cooperation& Development, OECD).For example:• Waste prevention indicator: the amount of waste generated per visitor at a given fair • Waste recycling indicator: the amount of waste recycled per visitor at a given fair

ORGANISATION STAGE


REQUIREMENTS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL INDICATORS22

Quantifiable

Comparable: have to measure in such a way as to allow for comparison with the aims established anddata from other areas

Representative of that being measured

Data that is easy to collect

Economical

Easy to interpret

THE FUNCTION OF ENVIRONMENTAL INDICATORS AT FAIRS

In line with the above requirements, the waste prevention and recycling indicators from fair activities:

• Provide information on the evolution of the amount of waste that the fair generates and recycles • Measure the level of effectiveness of the actions to prevent and/or recycle waste introduced• Allow for comparisons between different fairs. The data from the same indicator measuringall fairs provides a range of values for each, providing information on the average value and theminimum and maximum values

AGENTS RECEIVING THE INDICATORS

Internal agents at fairs: the results offer useful information for the fair’s organising body and the cle-aning and waste management companies to aid the correct structuring of the logistics for the cleaningand collection of the waste generated

External agents at fairs (society): as a tool for communication, offering information clearly and simplyon the aspect being quantified

22Taken from: Barcelona City Council, Institute of Environmental Science and Technology (UAB), 2005.

ORGANISATION STAGE


PROPOSAL FOR ENVIRONMENTAL INDICATORS FOR FAIR WASTE

Requirements:

• Simple

• Easy to calculate

• Valid for informing fair organising bodies, the administration and society in general

• They have to be calculated systematically by fair staff

• To obtain the data, process and evaluate the results of the indicators, staff with environmental trai-ning have to be contracted (environmental technicians or specialists). At small fairs, which do nothave great economic resources, these tasks can be delegated to volunteers, especially the datacollection.

• Cooperation of fair staff with the cleaning and waste management companies to obtain thenecessary information

Presentation format for the proposed indicators: the indicators are presented as scorecards, struc-tured as follows:

• Presentation and calculation of the indicator: title and definition, evolution graph and results

• Method for the calculation and sources of data: the process to determine the variables, agentsinvolved and data required from each

Proposed indicators: these are described at length in section 6 (Environmental indicators for wasteprevention and recycling at fairs). The proposed indicators are as follows:

PREVENTION INDICATORS Production of waste per fair visitorProduction of waste per unit of fair floor spaceProduction of special waste

RECYCLING INDICATORS Percentage of selective collection at a fairSelective collection per fair visitorSelective collection per unit of fair floor space


ASSEMBLY STAGE


4.3. Assembly stage. Stand structure and common areaassembly sub-stage

PROPOSAL CODE: AS-1PR

ENVIRONMENTAL STRATEGY: Prevention, selective collection and recycling of special waste

DEFINITION: Adequately manage special waste (paint, solvents, glues, etc. and their packaging) through their selective collection and subsequent reuse or recycling

AGENT/S INVOLVED: Prescribing agentOrganiser Receiving agentsStand installation companiesCleaning companiesWaste management companiesExhibitors Security services

DESCRIPTION:


Special waste is that which, due to its physicochemical characteristics, is particularly harmful to people’shealth and the environment. Those produced at fairs during the stand and common area assembly stageinclude paints, solvents, varnishes, glues and adhesives or cleaning products, as well as their packaging.Separation of special waste from non-special waste offers benefits for the environment and allows forthe reduction of costs in treatments, as if both kinds of waste become mixed together, it all has to betreated as special.

ASSEMBLY STAGE


ACTIVITIES GENERATING SPECIAL WASTE

At fairs, there are a number of activities that generate special waste, such as:

• Cleaning and disinfecting of the fair arena (cleaning products and disinfectants)• Operations involving painting the stand structures• Screen-printing exhibitors’ names• Gluing the carpeting to the floor of stands and passageways

AIMS

To promote recovery treatments (reuse and recycling) of special waste, instead of inertisation or incine-rationTo minimise the risks to people’s health and the environment in operations involving special waste inthe fair arena (use, transportation, storage)

LABELLING AND INCOMPATIBILITY OF SPECIAL PRODUCTS

Packaging of special products has to label clearly, legibly and indelibly the symbols and indications oftheir hazardous nature, as established in Royal Decree 363/1995, which regulates notification of newsubstances and classification, packaging and labelling of hazardous substances.

Incompatibility amongst special products:

Flammable (F) + - - - +

Explosive (E) - + - - -

Toxic (T) - - + - +

Oxidising (O) - - - + o

Harmful (Xn) + - + o +

Source: F. Solé et al. (2004)

- These products cannot be stored together

+ These products can be stored together

o These products can be stored together with certain

precautions

ASSEMBLY STAGE



Special waste has to be managed in accordance with the following:

Actions to apply1. Agents producing special waste (stand painters, carpet fitters using glues, etc.):

Take responsibility for their own waste: they have to take it with them and manage it as esta-blished in the Catalan legislation in force (Decree 34/1996 and Decree 92/1999 which approved and modified the

Catalan Waste Register, CWC), and they have to take it to the local tip (if produced in small quanti-ties) or authorised companies (if produced in large quantities)

Transport and store special waste respecting the minimum distances between incompatible pro-ducts (see “Incompatibility amongst special products” figure)


Collect special waste that those producing leave behind and manage it adequately (as establis-hed by the CWC), disposing of it at the local tip (if produced in small quantities) or with autho-rised companies (if produced in large quantities)

Transport and store special waste respecting the minimum distances between incompatible products(see “Incompatibility amongst special products” figure)


INSPECTION AND CONTROL OF SPECIAL WASTE MANAGEMENT

Inspection staff: staff from the ”Green Team” (see proposal C-2PR) have to ensure compliance withthe aforementioned stipulations, in particular ensuring that the agents involved take any special wastethey produce at the fair away with them.

Control scorecard: should the inspection staff detect that special waste has been left, then they needto inform the fair organisers of the details of those producing it.

ASSEMBLY STAGE


PROPOSAL CODE: AS-2R

ENVIRONMENTAL STRATEGY: Selective collection and recycling of wood at indoor fair

DEFINITION: Selective collection of wood (and wood products) coming from palletsand custom-designed stand structures

AGENT/S INVOLVED: Prescribing agentsOrganiserReceiving agentsStand installation companiesStand accessory hire, sale and installation companies Cleaning companiesWaste management companies

DESCRIPTION:

At medium and large-sized indoor fairs, when there is a great number of custom-designedstands, there is also a large amount of wood waste coming from their construction (planks, boards,etc.), and, to a lesser degree, from pallets that cannot be reused. Indoor fairs are responsible for 70%of wood waste generated in this stage, according to the results from the fieldwork carried out at tenCatalan fairs.

• AIMS

To selectively collect and recycle wood and wood products, which constitute 23% of the volume ofwaste generated in this stage; data obtained from the fieldwork at ten Catalan fairs

To reduce the waste sent for controlled landfill or incineration

ASSEMBLY STAGE



The actions that each agent has to carry out to introduce selective collection and recycling of wood areas follows:


Maintain or increase, depending on the needs of the fair, the 1,100-litre refuse bins (GREEN orGREY in colour) for mass collection available for this stage

Add bins of this same kind (for example, 1,100 l and GREEN or GREY in colour) for disposal ofwood waste: it should be indicated clearly and precisely that these bins are for wood only

Inform stand assembly companies of the mandatory separation of wood waste, which has tobe incorporated as a clause in the contract specifications

2. Stand installation companies:

Separate the wood waste and deposit it in the bins provided for this end


Selectively collect and transport the bins with wood waste to the nearest recovery plants


The bins for the separation of wood (and wood products) are standard 1,100-litre green or greybins (the same used for collection of refuse), adequately labelled with text and images to show thetype of waste to be deposited

ASSEMBLY STAGE


4.4. Assembly stage. Exhibition content assembly sub-stage

PROPOSAL CODE: AC-1P

ENVIRONMENTAL STRATEGY: Prevention of the generation of waste from packaging of stand exhibition contents and the use of new packaging during disassembly

DEFINITION: Consolidating a packaging storage service, which keeps it until the exhibition contents are dismantled

AGENT/S INVOLVED: Prescribing agentsPackaging storage companies Receiving agentsExhibitorsStand accessory hire, sale and installation companies

DESCRIPTION:

CURRENT SITUATION

A voluntary service is normally available to exhibitors at indoor fairs that will look after the packagingused to transport the goods on show at the fair. This service, which may be free or paid for, allows exhi-bitors to store their packaging until they need it again to repackage the products on show.

This service does not exist at outdoor fairs. Should exhibitors want to reuse the packaging once thefair is over, they have to store it on their own stand or off-site, (normally on their own premises).

ASSEMBLY STAGE


AIMS

The packaging storage service leads to a number of positive consequences:

• It avoids generation of packaging waste

• It aids use of reusable packaging

• It reduces use of resources, energy and emissions in the manufacture of new packaging

• It increases the useful life of packaging: as a result, it reduces costs for the exhibiting company and minimises the environmental impact (eco-efficiency of packaging)

Eco-efficient products and services are those which are competitively priced and which meet the needsof users, whilst increasing quality of life and, likewise, reducing the environmental impact throughout thelifecycle progressivament l’impacte mediambiental and the use of resources, at least, in terms of the pla-net’s capacity.

It is a balance between a company’s economic profits, the service provided in terms of users’ quality of lifeand a reduced environmental impact (S. Capuz et al., 2002).


To promote use of this packaging storage service and reduce generation of this type of waste, the follo-wing actions need to be carried out:

Actions to apply1. Packaging storage companies:

Should there not be a storage service, one needs to be created

Inform exhibitors of the existence of the service and of the economic and environmentalbenefits represented by its use

Allow other agents (such as stand accessory hire, sale and installation companies) to make use ofthe service

2. Exhibitors and other agents making use of the service:

Use packaging with a low environmental impact (reusable, easy to fold and stack, made fromrecycled and recyclable materials)


This figure shows some examples of packaging made from different materials which are recommendedfor transporting and storing exhibition contents. ”a” shows wooden packaging, “b” plastic and “c”cardboard

Source: a) and b) http://www.ratioform.es and c) Joan Rieradevall (2003)

To create somewhere to store the packaging, all that is required is a covered area within the fair arenaitself or nearby, which can be adapted to this end (aiding access and placing security staff for the ware-house and to control the exhibitors using the service)

a b c

ASSEMBLY STAGE


ASSEMBLY STAGE


PROPOSAL CODE: AC-2R

ENVIRONMENTAL STRATEGY: Selective collection and recycling of plastic, paper and cardboard

DEFINITION: To promote selective collection and recycling of the two main types of waste from this stage: plastic, and paper and cardboard

AGENT/S INVOLVED: Prescribing agentsOrganiserReceiving agentsExhibitorsStand accessory hire, sale and installation companiesCleaning companies Waste management companies

DESCRIPTION:

CURRENT SITUATION

Paper, cardboard and plastic represent, according to the fieldwork carried out at ten fairs in Catalonia,80% of the volume of waste generated in this stage of Catalan fairs. This waste comes from:

• Paper and cardboard: exhibition content packaging• Plastic: exhibition content packaging and, above all, the protective film covering the carpeting,which is removed just before the fair begins

This waste is generally collected en masse and sent for final disposal (controlled landfill or incineration)

ASSEMBLY STAGE


• AIMS

To aid recycling of these two types of waste, which represent 80% of the volume of waste generatedduring this stage

To reduce the waste from fairs sent for final disposal (controlled landfill or incineration)

To reduce the environmental impact derived from transporting paper/cardboard and plastic waste bycompacting it


The actions that each agent has to carry out to introduce this measure are as follows:


Maintain or increase, depending on the needs at the fair, the number of refuse bins availableduring this stage

Add to these refuse bins, bins for the selective collection of the two different types of waste:

• Plastic (YELLOW): ONLY clean film from the carpet covering or packaging for the productson show should be deposited here

• Paper and cardboard (BLUE)

Acquisition of these bins can be made by:

• Buying or hiring selective collection bins from the waste management or cleaning company(1,100 litres, on 4 wheels, blue for the paper/cardboard and yellow for the plastic)

• Adaptation of part of the refuse bins already available: colouring the refuse bin lid to matchthe colour of the specific selective collection (blue for paper/cardboard and yellow for plastic),in order to aid identification by users, and cleaning and waste management services

ASSEMBLY STAGE


Consider the option of hiring or buying a compactor to reduce the volume of the plastic, paperand cardboard waste. These compactors compress packaging, cans, boxes, etc. into bales, whichreduces the space the waste takes up

Alongside the environmental benefits, this also offers economic benefits for the fair

Inform the agents involved in this stage that they have to separate out these two types of wastefor selective waste collection

2. Exhibitors and stand accessory installation companies:

Separate the two types of waste generated on the stand itself from the rest of the wastecollected en masse and dispose of it in the corresponding bin:

• Paper and cardboard: BLUE bin• Clean plastic film: YELLOW bin, adequately labelled with signs• Rest: GREEN or GREY bin

3. Cleaning and waste management companies; as well as exhibitors at outdoor fairs:

For the collection of the protective plastic film on carpets in stands (removed by exhibitors themselves at outdoor fairs) and fair passageways:

• Separate the inappropriate elements (non-plastics) from the protective film and deposit in therefuse bin (green colour)

• Remove the protective plastic and deposit it in the yellow clean plastic film bins

Collect and empty selective collection bins and transport the waste to the nearest pertinentrecycling plants


It is important to stress that it does not matter what type of bin is used in order to differentiate the dif-ferent types of waste, as long as a good quality selective collection is achieved. Thus, the following twoaspects are vital:

• Clearly and adequately label the bins with the type of waste to be deposited• Carry out an informative campaign on the introduction of selective collection aimed at the agentsinvolved

CELEBRATION STAGE



PROPOSAL CODE: C-1R

ENVIRONMENTAL STRATEGY: Selective collection and recycling of waste generated by fair visitors

DEFINITION: Introduce a selective collection bin system for paper and cardboard for use by fair visitors

AGENT/S INVOLVED: Prescribing agentOrganiserReceiving agentsPublicMegaphone servicesCleaning companiesWaste management companies

DESCRIPTION:

CURRENT SITUATION

Most Catalan fairs do not have selective collection bins. Given this lack of bins, visitors currently cannotparticipate in the selective collection of waste generated and have to throw it away in the bins forcollection en masse, the contents of which go for final disposal (controlled landfill or incineration).Despite this, the introduction of selective collection of this waste is simple, given that the fieldwork atthe ten fairs studied has shown that, fundamentally, there are only two kinds of waste:

• Plastic from food and drink packaging

• Paper and paperboard from food and drink packaging, newspapers, magazines, flyers, etc.

CELEBRATION STAGE


Most plastic waste currently comes from the packaging and tableware distributed at bars, restaurantsand stands. In the future, with the introduction of proposal O-6PR + C-3PR, which regulates use of reu-sable or compostable tableware (made, for example, from bioplastics or paperboard), selective collec-tion of compostable tableware in organic material bins and no longer having to distribute packagingmade from other materials (such as plastic or glass) would allow for the removal of bins for plastic, andall that would be required would be a selective collection system for the paper coming from the flyers,newspapers and magazines distributed from the stands or brought by visitors to the fair.

• AIMS

To involve the public attending the fair in environmentally friendly improvements in fair activities,through selective collection of the waste produced during the fair

To send the waste collected selectively for recycling

To reduce the volume of waste sent for controlled landfill or incineration


The actions that each agent involved in this environmental improvement has to carry out are as follows:


Maintain the number of refuse bins available for this stage

Add specific bins for the selective collection of paper and cardboard (BLUE in colour), by:

• Acquiring eco-designed bins for selective collection (reduced weight, renewable materials,recycled and recyclable)

• Adaptation of part of the refuse bins available, where deemed apt, by repainting them BLUE,in order to aid their identification by users and the cleaning and waste management services

Locate selective collection bins for paper and cardboard throughout the fair arena, ensuringthat they are visible and easily accessible

CELEBRATION STAGE


2. Megaphone services:

Provide visitors with information on the existence of recycling bins

3. Public:

Separate the paper and cardboard from the rest of the waste and deposit it in the BLUEselective collection bins


Use the large paper and cardboard selective collection bins used in the exhibition contentassembly sub-stage to transfer the waste from these bins for the same types of waste, so that:

• The big BLUE bins hold the waste from the paper and cardboard bins

• The big DARK GREEN or GREY (refuse) bins hold the waste from the refuse bins

Selectively collect and transport the paper and cardboard to the nearest recycling plant


We find different kinds of wastepaper bins (both new and adapted), which can be used by visitors forselective collection of waste in the fair arena. In order to achieve a good quality selective collection, witha low amount of inappropriate waste, it is vital that:

• The bins be clearly and adequately labelled with the type of waste to be deposited

• The public be informed of the introduction of selective collection and the importance of theircooperation if the measure is to succeed

• Emptying of wastepaper bins be organised in such a way as to avoid overflows

CELEBRATION STAGE


PROPOSAL CODE: C-2PR

ENVIRONMENTAL STRATEGY: Monitoring and control: distribution of information to all the agents involved and control of the correct application of the actions to prevent and recycle waste

DEFINITION: Employ staff with environmental training to raise awareness, inform and resolve problems regarding any difficulties with actions to prevent and recycle waste introduced in the celebration and other stages

AGENTS/S INVOLVED: Prescribing agentOrganiserReceiving agentsSponsorship, promotion and advertising companiesRetail and wholesale hostelry distribution companies (bars, restaurants, catering)Stand hire and sale companiesStand installation companiesStand accessory hire, sale & installation companiesCleaning companiesWaste management companiesPackaging storage companiesExhibitorsPublicMegaphone servicesSecurity services

CELEBRATION STAGE


DESCRIPTION:

CURRENT SITUATION

A widespread aspect at most Catalan fairs is the lack of so-called “Green Teams”. “Green Teams” aregroups of people who monitor and control environmental aspects, offer support to environmental initiati-ves, provide information on the measures adopted and provide solutions to possible obstacles to theirbeing carried out correctly. These people have to have received specialist training in environmental issues.The lack of these professionals at fairs implementing environmental actions (eg, use of compostable table-ware, selective collection of packaging, etc.) has a negative effect on their chances of success.23

• AIMS

To monitor and control environmental aspects at fairs

To improve the effectiveness of the application and results of environmental initiatives introduced ateach fair

ACTION TO BE IMPLEMENTED

The organiser has to employ a “Green Team” to monitor and control the lifecycle of the fair. This“Green Team” can be created in a number of ways:

• Within the organisational team itself, as an Environmental Department

• Outsourcing, subcontracting the services of a third-party company

• Volunteers from ecological or non-profit-making organisations

The “Green Team” has to watch over the following aspects:

• Providing each agent involved with information on the actions to prevent and recycle waste,offering support and resolving the problems that arise

23This proposal is also applicable for any other stage at a fair.

CELEBRATION STAGE


• Ensuring the availability of mass and selective waste collection equipment during all the sta-ges and for all the agents

• Ensuring clear and visible labelling of bins for each different type of waste

• Supervising the handling and storing of special waste, thus avoiding practices that are hazar-dous for people’s health and the environment

• Verifying the recycling treatments for waste collected selectively

• Evaluating and providing a diagnosis of the effectiveness of the environmental initiativescarried out

• Communicating regularly with the organising body as to the situation of the measuresapplied, as well as the incidents encountered and results obtained

• Requesting the necessary information for calculation of the fair waste prevention and recy-cling indicators (section 6), evaluating the results and proposing conclusions

• Monitoring and controlling all environmental aspects of the fair

• Managing and coordinating any other kind of environmental measure developed in coordi-nation with the organising team

DISASSEMBLY STAGE


4.6. Disassembly stage. Exhibition content and com-mon area disassembly sub-stage

PROPOSAL CODE: DC-1R

ENVIRONMENTAL STRATEGY: Selective collection of carpeting from passageways for recycling

DEFINITION: To promote selective collection and recycling of passageway carpeting at indoor fairs, the main type of waste from this stage

AGENT/S INVOLVED: Prescribing agentOrganiserReceiving agentsCleaning companiesWaste management companies

DESCRIPTION:

CURRENT SITUATION

The waste from carpeting in this stage is only seen at indoor fairs and represents, according to the field-work carried out at ten Catalan fairs, nearly 30% of the volume of waste generated during this stage.Indoor fairs cover the passageways with carpeting, which is not the case at outdoor fairs. This carpe-ting, which is new and removed after each fair, is generally collected en masse and sent for final dis-posal (controlled landfill or incineration).

• AIMS

To recycle the carpeting from the passageways once its useful life is over, as this carpeting represents30% of the volume of waste generated during this stage

To reduce the waste going to controlled landfills or incinerators, promoting recycling

Recycling of the carpeting represents an excellent example of making the most of resources. The car-pet is triturated at the recycling plants, producing a raw material that can be used to make new carpe-ting or plastic pallets

DISASSEMBLY STAGE



The actions that each agent needs to carry out to introduce the reuse and subsequent selective collec-tion and recycling of the carpeting for passageways at indoor fairs are as follows:


Provide a covered area to store the passageway carpeting once it has been collected:

• If there is a warehouse for the exhibitors’ packaging which is large enough, this can be used

• Otherwise, provide containers or skips with lids (to avoid its getting dirty or wet) with enoughcapacity to store all the carpeting

Inform the cleaning and waste management companies of the need to selectively collectand recycle of the carpeting from the passageways, if it is not already reused


To avoid the carpeting’s getting dirty, it has to be the first thing to be separated once the fairis over. This operation has to be carried out with special care when the carpeting is to be reused

Clean any other waste from the carpeting before removing it

Pile the carpeting in the area provided by the organiser

Transport the carpeting to the nearest recycling plant


We can use containers and skips with lids of different sizes (from 9 to 35 m3) to hold the carpet until it isreused or until the selective collection lorries arrive to take it to the recycling plants. The size of the con-tainer (or containers) at each fair will depend on the amount of waste carpeting produced and, likewise,they will always be well labelled to show the type of waste that has to be deposited (in this case, selecti-ve collection of carpeting).

DISASSEMBLY STAGE


PROPOSAL CODE: DC-2R

ENVIRONMENTAL STRATEGY: Selective collection and recycling of plastic, and paper and cardboard waste

DEFINITION: Introduce selective collection and recycling of plastic, and paper and cardboard waste from the stands, 64% of the volume of the waste generated in this stage

AGENT/S INVOLVED: Prescribing agentOrganiserReceiving agentsExhibitors Cleaning companiesWaste management companies

DESCRIPTION:

CURRENT SITUATION

Paper, cardboard and plastic constitute nearly 3/4 of the waste in volume generated in this stage at Catalanfairs, according to the results obtained from the fieldwork at ten Catalan fairs. This waste came from:

• Cardboard (26%): packaging of exhibition contents• Paper (20%): papers, magazines and advertising pamphlets from exhibitors, all coming from the stands • Plastic (18%): packaging of exhibition contents

This waste is collected en masse and sent for final disposal (controlled landfill or incineration).

• AIMS

To encourage selective collection and aid recycling of plastic, and paper and cardboard waste, whichconstitute 64% of waste in this stage

To reduce the fair waste sent for final disposal (controlled landfill or incineration), prioritising recyclingtreatments

DISASSEMBLY STAGE



The actions that each agent has to carry out to introduce selective collection and recycling of plastic,and paper and cardboard waste are as follows:


Maintain or increase, depending on the fair’s needs, the number of refuse bins (1,100 litres,GREEN or GREY in colour) that are already available for this stage

Add the following selective collection bins that were used in the exhibition content assemblystage:

• Plastic (YELLOW in colour): food and drink packaging, dirty plastic film or that mixed withother waste, etc.

• Paper and cardboard (BLUE in colour)

Inform the agents involved in this stage that they have to selectively collect these three typesof waste

2. Exhibitors:

Separate the two types of waste coming from the disassembly of the stand contents from therest of the waste collected en masse and deposit it in the corresponding bins:

• Paper and cardboard: BLUE bin

• Plastic: YELLOW bin

• Rest: GREEN or GREY bin


Collect and empty the selective collection bins and transport the waste to the nearest perti-nent recycling plants


DISASSEMBLY STAGE


4.7. Disassembly stage. Stand structure disassembly sub-stage

PROPOSAL CODE: DS-1R

ENVIRONMENTAL STRATEGY: Selective collection and recycling of carpeting from the stand interiors

DEFINITION: Start selective collection of stand carpeting at indoor and outdoor fairs, which constitutes 50% of the waste generated in this stage

AGENT/S INVOLVED: Prescribing agentOrganiserReceiving agentsCleaning companiesWaste management companies

DESCRIPTION:

CURRENT SITUATION

As is the case with the carpeting covering the passageways at indoor fairs, the carpeting of stand inte-riors (whether modular or custom-designed) is only used once. When the fair is over, the cleaning ser-vices remove and collect this carpeting, and, together with the rest of the waste collected en masse itgoes for final disposal, ie, controlled landfill or incineration


The actions that need to be carried out are described in detail in proposal DC-1R.

DISASSEMBLY STAGE


PROPOSAL CODE: DS-2R

ENVIRONMENTAL STRATEGY: Selective collection and recycling of wood from indoor fairs with custom-designed stands

DEFINITION: Selective collection of wood (and wood products) coming from custom-designed stands

AGENT/S INVOLVED: Prescribing agentOrganiserReceiving agentsStand installation companiesCleaning companiesWaste management companies

DESCRIPTION:

CURRENT SITUATION

At indoor fairs, 30% of the sands are custom-designed, whereas virtually none are at outdoor fairs.Custom-designed stands, which are generally made of chipboard panels, are normally only used once.When the fair is over, they are destroyed and none of the materials reused or recycled, as they are collec-ted together indiscriminately (with metals, plastics, etc.) and sent for final disposal: controlled landfill orincineration.

Another obstacle is the selective collection infrastructures for wood at fairs where this system is in placedo not have sufficient equipment: there are very few bins for the wood and there are frequent overflowsand a high amount of inappropriate waste mixed in, which reduces the quality of this selective collection.

DISASSEMBLY STAGE


• AIMSTo recycle24 the wood (and wood product) waste generated when dismantling custom-designed standsat indoor fairs, material which represents 30% of the volume of the waste from this stage (accordingto the values obtained from the fieldwork at ten Catalan fairs)

The wood recovery operation consists mainly of an inspection of the waste, manual or automated remo-val of any that is unfit, and grinding in machines to obtain 5-10 cm chips which can be transportedmore easily to the facility where it is to be used. It can also be ground at source (the fairs where thestands are assembled) with proprietary or rented machinery. The principal advantage of this option isthat the waste has a market value for the producer (fairs) instead of a cost (ITCA-UAB, February 2004).

Woodchips obtained by grinding.Source: Asociacón Nacional de Fabricantes de Tableros [National Association of Wood

Board Manufacturers].

To avoid wood waste, which is easy to recycle both technologically and economically, being sent for finaldisposal

Recycled wood has a number of different uses (manufacture of animal bedding, structuring for com-posting, etc.), but 90% of the wood waste recovered in Spain is used to make chipboard. There is onlyone factory in Catalonia, in the town of Solsona. This plant receives 75,000 tons of recycled wood eachyear (data for 2004), and the expected trend is for an increase, as the price of recycled wood is lowerthan that coming from commercial forestry (Spanish National Association of Chipboard Manufacturers(ANFTA), ICTA-UAB, February 2004).

24This proposal regulates selective collection and recycling of wood. Nonetheless, as established by the legislation on waste manage-ment, reuse should be prioritised over recovery (recycling). Thus, proposal O-1P, which regulates the introduction of a fee for the wastefrom stand structures for exhibitors, is designed to promote reuse of all the materials used on the stand

DISASSEMBLY STAGE


ENVIRONMENTAL, ECONOMIC AND LEGAL REPERCUSSIONS OF RECYCLING CHIPBOARD

Reduction of greenhouse gas emissions: carbon is trapped in the board, whilst burning achieves theopposite effect and, thus, contaminates the atmosphere. One cubic meter of chipboard captures 648kg of CO2 (ANFTA)

Reduction of the pressure to exploit the forests, reducing the need for virgin wood; thus promoting useof wood as a mechanism to capture carbon and act as a store

Compliance with the current regulations on waste management, which prioritise recycling options overincineration or controlled landfill

Economic savings derived from the reduction of the amount of waste going to controlled landfill, as itbecomes increasingly expensive to apply waste disposal treatments25

Compliance with the legislation in force on controlled dumping of waste: RD 1481/20026, which,amongst other aspects, progressively limits the amount of biodegradable urban waste that can be sentfor this treatment from the total generated, from 75% for 2006 to 35% for 2016

Creation of direct and indirect employment in the forestry industry and preservation of the vitality ofrural areas

25Law 16/2003, June 13, on financing waste treatment infrastructures and the taxes for waste disposal, which approved a new tax oncontrolled landfill of municipal waste, to be more ecological and to promote recovery and recuperation of resources from waste.26Royal Decree 1481/2001, December 27, which regulates the elimination of waste by landfill (BOE no. 25, 29/01/02); adoptingCouncil Directive 1999/31/EEC, April 26 1999, relating to landfill waste, DOCE L 182, 16/071999.

DISASSEMBLY STAGE



To put this proposal into practice, the following actions are required:


Inform the stand assembly companies that, should they not take the stand with them, theyhave to separate the wood waste from the other materials used in the structure.

2. Stand installation companies:

Should they not take the stand with them (whether modular or custom-designed), they haveto dismantle it, as mentioned above, and form two piles of waste in the stand:

• Wood

• Refuse: mix of the other materials used in the structure (steel and aluminium profiles andparts, glass, ceramic, brick, etc.)


Selectively collect wood waste and transport it to the nearest recuperation plant


DISASSEMBLY STAGE


IMPORTANT CONSIDERATIONS FOR SELECTIVE COLLECTION OF WOOD

When dismantling the stand, fitters should ensure that the wood pile not contain, or contain a mini-mum amount of, inappropriate waste, as:

• A recycler may refuse a shipment of wood if minimum levels of cleanliness are not met, whichwould mean the wood would have to go for final disposal (controlled landfill or incineration)• The value of wood sub-products varies depending on the impurities and whether they are tri-turated or not

The viability of material recovery for waste depends on the ability to correctly separate thewaste at origin. Specifically, it has to be avoided that the waste contain plastics, rubbers or Formica,as these materials are difficult to separate from the wood mechanically (ICTA-UAB, February 2004), whichmeans that it can only be used to recover energy



WASTECATALONIAin

GUIDE to

5


5. GOOD ENVIRONMENTAL PRACTICES: PRACTICAL CASES OF PREVENTION & RECYCLING OF WASTE

Following the environmental diagnosis of fair waste (section 3), thanks to which the weak points of theprevention and management of the waste generated by each agent in each stage can be identified,actions to improve this situation (section 4) and good environmental practices (GEPs), ie, actions that arecurrently in use in the area of these proposals can be formulated.

The definition of GEPs is broken down into stages (and sub-stages), as has been the case throughout thisguide. These environmentally friendly actions identified over the course of this study aim to show that theimprovement actions proposed in each stage are viable.

The GEPs are presented in files that contain the following information:

• Good Environmental Practice: the definition of the GEP• Who: the bodies that carry out the GEP• What: detailed explanation of the GEP• Contact: the address, telephone number and other contact details for the bodies carrying out the GEP

The table on the following page lists all the GEPs, which are then explained in detail.


Stage Good Environmental Practice

DE • Design of modular stand structures and furniture• Use of paints that do not require toxic cleaning products• Use of reusable, recycled and/or recyclable pallets• Use of recycled and recyclable materials in the design of stands• Manufacture of recycled and recyclable flooring tiles with mechanical fastenings, which can

be used as reusable flooring • Manufacture of recycled and recyclable cellulose fabrics which can be used as carpeting or

covering for stand walls• Use of recycled/recyclable materials and wood with FSC certification

O • Fee paid by the exhibitor for the management of stand waste• Training & raising awareness amongst those involved on reducing & recycling waste• Selective collection and recycling of waste during the fair• Including environmental criteria in the technical specifications of cleaning service contracts • Introduction of environmental criteria in the technical specifications for food and drink

companies: waste prevention• Distribution of reusable and/or compostable tableware and drinks in bulk• Consideration of environmental criteria in buying office material• Consideration of social and environmental criteria in organising congresses• Holding of Innovation Awards for Catalonia’s fairs

AS • Selective collection of paints and other special waste• Selective collection of waste generated during assembly of stands

AC • Packaging storage services for exhibitors until the disassembly of the fair

C • Providing bins for selective collection and recycling of waste during the exhibition content assembly and celebration stages

• Distribution of compostable tableware and selective collection of food and drink packaging waste generated at each stand

• Creation of Green Teams to control, monitor and evaluate environmental actions introduced at events

DC • Selective collection and recycling of passageway carpeting at fairs• Donation of food products not used at fairs

DS • Selective collection and recycling of wood structures from stands

Source: own elaborationDE: Design O: Organisation AS: assembly of stands and common areas AC: assembly of exhibition contents C: Celebration DC: Disassembly of exhibition contents and common areas DS: Disassembly of stands

DESIGN STAGE


Eco-design of stands: structureAssembly and disassembly

GOOD ENVIRONMENTAL PRACTICEDesign of modular stand structures and furniture

WHOOctanorm España, S.A.

WHAT• Modular structures for ceilings, walls, flooring, two-floor stands, lighting bases and furniture• Modular stands that are easy to assemble and dismantle• Possibility of custom designs• Fixing systems for structures using staples and clips for rapid assembly and dismantling, which

do not leave marks after use• Reusable construction parts• Compatibility between all Octanorm structures (profiles, beams, walls, etc.)• Numerous design possibilities with a minimum of construction elements• Platform panels that can be assembled and dismantled separately. Octanorm systems only take

up a little room when transported and stored• Multifunctional structures (eg: triangular profiles for lighting bases or to hold illuminated signs) • A variety of materials: aluminium, acrylic glass, wood, plastic, marble, etc.

CONTACTOCTANORM ESPAÑA, S.A.C. Montmell, 1- Pol. Ind. L'Albornar.43710 SANTA OLIVA (Tarragona)Tel. 977 169 116 - Fax : 977 169 124E-mail: [email protected]://www.octanorm.es

5.1. Design stage

DESIGN STAGE


Eco-design of stands: structureMaintenance

GOOD ENVIRONMENTAL PRACTICEUse of paints that do not require toxic cleaning products

WHO

Industrias Proa, S.A. Industrias Titán, S.A.

Companies producing paints and varnishes that meet the requirements set for eco-labelling (theEuropean Eco-label and the Environmental Quality Assurance Seal)

WHAT• Commercialising of paints and varnishes with the European Eco-label and the Aenor

Environmental Seal. The European Eco-label ensures the use of pigments made using the mostecological processes, solvents that involve less vapours (VOC and volatile aromatic hydrocar-bons), and certifies that they do not contain heaving metals or hazardous ingredients

• Plastic paints that are easy to wash• Water-based paints or varnishes, or with natural pigments• Latex-based paints, not derived from oil

Proa plastic Titanlux varnish outdoor paint with the eco-label

CONTACTIndustrias Proa, S.A. Industrias Titán, S.A.C/San salvador de Budiño C/114 num. 21-23 – Pol. Ind. PratenseGándaras de Prado 08820 EL PRAT DE LLOBREGAT36475 PORRIÑO (Pontevedra) (Barcelona)Tel: 986 346 525 Tel: 93 479 74 94Fax: 986 346 589 Tel: 93 479 74 94E-mail: [email protected] http://www.titanlux.comhttp://www.pinturasproa.com

DESIGN STAGE


Eco-design of stands: structureTransportation and storage

GOOD ENVIRONMENTAL PRACTICEUse of recycled and/or recyclable pallets

WHO

Repacat (Catalan Association of Wooden PalletRecyclers)

There are currently a great number of companies selling pallets made from wood waste (fragments,chips, damaged pallets, etc.), so others do not need to be used

WHAT• 100% recyclable wooden and plastic pallets • Wooden pallets made from recycled compressed wood • Plastic pallets made from recycled plastic• Lightweight stackable plastic and wooden pallets that take up little space when stored and

transported • Plastic pallets that are easy to wash

CONTACTRepacat (Catalan Association of Wooden Pallet Recyclers)C/Viladomat, 174, 4rt08015 BARCELONATel: 93 496 45 07Fax: 93 496 45 47E-mail: [email protected]://www.repacat.com

DESIGN STAGE


Eco-design of stands: structureMaterials

GOOD ENVIRONMENTAL PRACTICEUse of recycled and recyclable materials in the design of stands

WHO

DEC, Dissenys en Cartró

WHAT• Consideration of eco-design criteria for the stand for presentation of candidatures for the

2005 Recycling Design Award: Recycled/Recyclable Product at the Ecomed-Pollutec Trade Fair,organised by the Catalan Waste Agency’s Catalan Recycling Centre (Generalitat de Catalunya)

• Stand structure and furniture made from 100% recycled and recyclable cardboard• Stand flooring without a platform and natural fibre carpeting• Cotton canvas signs using environmentally friendly paints and reusable blotting paper,

fixed to the cardboard with mechanical fasteners (staples)• Energy-saving lighting and recyclable cardboard supports, with mechanical and modular

fastenings

CONTACTDEC, Dissenys en Cartró Centre Català del Reciclatge (Catalan Waste C/Pompeu Fabra, 7-13, 1r d-10 de Catalunya; Departament de Medi Ambient i Habitatge) 08240 MANRESA (Barcelona) C/ Dr. Roux, 80Tel: 93 872 97 77 08017 BARCELONAFax: 93 872 97 77 Tel: 93 567 33 00

Fax: 93 567 32 94E-mail: [email protected]://www.arc-cat.net/ca/ccr/presentacio/

DESIGN STAGE


Eco-design of standsflooring

GOOD ENVIRONMENTAL PRACTICEManufacture of recycled and recyclable reusable flooring tiles with mechanical fastenings

WHO

Lapsset Kemil pavimentos S.L.

WHATLAPSSET:• Manufacture of reusable, recycled and recyclable rubber flooring tiles and paving, with

excellent load-bearing and insulation against vibrations • The tiles are stackable, highly resistant and flexible. Panels are also produced with markings to

aid laying • The paving is made from rubber coming from recycled tyres, which are added to with polyurethane,

and can be produced in a range of colours

KEMIL S.L.: • Manufacture of 100% recycled and recyclable plastic tiles, that can be installed without the

need for adhesives (easy assembly) by fitting the pieces together• These tiles have been awarded the Generalitat de Catalunya Environmental Quality Assurance

Seal• There has been no experience with installing these tiles on trade fair stands or other short-span

events, but the ease of assembly/disassembly of the system makes it an alternative to the plasticcarpeting which is only used once

CONTACTLapsset España VR S.L. Kemil pavimentos S.L.Polígon Industrial La Ferreira - C/ La Ceràmica, 2 C/General Almirante 2-2808110 MONTCADA I REIXAC (Barcelona) 08014 BARCELONATel: 93 564 14 12 - Fax: 93 564 45 46 Tel: 93 298 88 20 - Fax: 93 298 88 21E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] - http://www.kemil.es

DESIGN STAGE


Eco-design of standsflooring

GOOD ENVIRONMENTAL PRACTICEManufacture of recycled and recyclable cellulose fabrics which can be used as carpetingor covering for stand walls

WHO

Mimcord S.A.

WHAT• Recycled and recyclable fabrics made from cellulose • Ideal for use as carpeting for fair arenas and stands, or as coverings and decorative elements• The fabrics are isothermal (excellent heat and sound insulation), anti-static (they do not attract

dust, which means they can be easily vacuum cleaned) and resistant to abrasion (they can hand-le the constant traffic of visitors)

• They comply with the M3 fire-resistant regulations for public building flooring. With a simplesurface treatment, they can meet the M2 fire regulations, which regulate wall coverings inpublic buildings

CONTACTMimcord S.A.Passeig del Ter, 1“Can Llanas” – PB 109 08560 MANLLEU (Barcelona)Tel: 93 851 07 66Fax: 93 850 60 95E-mail: [email protected] http://www.mimcord.com

DESIGN STAGE


Eco-design of standsfurniture

GOOD ENVIRONMENTAL PRACTICEUse of recycled/recyclable materials and wood with FSC certification

WHO

Lasentiu Ikea

WHATLASENTIU:• Manufacture of interior furniture from plastic and other 100% recycled and recyclable materials

coming from selective urban waste collection (cartons, paper, fabrics, drinks and detergent bottles, etc.)• Properties of the raw material for manufacture: water repellent, unaffected by weather conditions,

non-toxic, no glues or adhesives• Manufacture of chairs, chair parts, shelving, drawers, etc.IKEA:• Manufacture and distribution of interior furniture made from wood with FSC certification. The

characteristics of this material are identical to those of wood coming from non-sustainable forestexploitations

• The FSC seal guarantees that the wood comes from sustainable forests, ie, that the wood is mana-ged as a renewable resource, thus avoiding over-exploitation of woods and deforestation. Thismanagement system ensures availability of this resource for generations to come. The certificationbodies are independent and accredited by the FSC

100% recycled 100% recycled plastic chair (Lasentiu) plastic drawers (Lasentiu)

CONTACTLasentiu Ikea (Badalona distributor)Polígon Industrial Puigtió C/Luxemburg s/n. - Polígon MontigalàPO Box 139 17412 MAÇANET DE LA SELVA (Girona) 08917 BADALONA (Barcelona)Tel: 972 85 96 29 - Fax: 972 85 97 59 Tel: 902 400 922E-mail: [email protected] - http://www.lasentiu.com http://www.ikea.com

ORGANISATION STAGE



Promoting eco-designWaste management fee

GOOD ENVIRONMENTAL PRACTICEFeed paid by the exhibitor for the management of stand waste

WHO

Fira de G

Fira de Barcelona Fira de Girona

WHAT• Payment of a fee for those stands that fail to leave the space occupied clean (6€/m2 of stand

at Barcelona’s Trade Fair Centre, Fira de Barcelona).• The indirect effect of the fee is to promote use of modular reusable stands and eco-design

of custom-designed stands in order to generate less waste

A custom-designed stand Dismantled modular stand and dismantled not taking subsequent use: no fee advantage of or removing the payment to Fira de Barcelonawaste: payment of fee to Fira de Barcelona

CONTACTFira de Barcelona Fira de GironaAvda. Reina Maria Cristina, s/n Pg de la Devesa, 34-3608004 BARCELONA 17001 GIRONATel: 93 233 20 00 Tel: 972 41 91 00E-mail: [email protected] Fax: 972 20 89 74http://www.firabcn.es E-mail: [email protected]

http://www.firagirona.com

ORGANISATION STAGE


Environmental comms programmePublication of communication

GOOD ENVIRONMENTAL PRACTICETraining and raising awareness of those involved in reducing and recycling waste

WHO

Feria Internacional de Muestras de Asturias

WHAT• Communicating of environmental policy (waste, energy, water, etc.) and involving all the

agents at the fair• Internal publicity campaigns (cleaning, food and drink, security staff, etc.) and publishing of

guides, manuals and files for external people (fitters, exhibitors, suppliers and visitors) to reduceand recycle the waste generated

• Handing over a file to exhibitors and fitters with the internal prevention regulations(General Rules for Assembly and Installation, Exhibition and Disassembly) which all activities haveto comply with

• Publishing and distribution of pamphlets amongst the exhibiting companies with rules andrecommendation regarding waste

• Environmental information on the web page for clients and visitors:- Explanation of the environmental management policy at the fair arena- What is rubbish?- Type of bins at the fair arena and the waste to be deposited in each- Companies involved in the processes to clean and manage the waste

CONTACTFeria Internacional de Muestras de AsturiasPaseo Doctor Fleming, 65233203 GIJÓNTel: 985 180 115 / 985 180 169Fax: 985 180 126E-mail: [email protected] http://www.camaragijon.com/

ORGANISATION STAGE


Environmentally friendly specificationsSelective waste collection

GOOD ENVIRONMENTAL PRACTICESelective collection and recycling of waste during the fair

WHO

EXPO 2005 Aichi, Japó

WHAT• Generation of waste subject to mandatory selective collection at origin by visitors and partici-

pants• Separation of waste into 9 categories for visitors and 17 for participants

Visitors: PET bottles, paper cups and holders, plastic, wooden cutlery, paper articles, raw foodwaste, incinerable waste, non-incinerable waste and residual waterParticipants: also includes aluminium and steel drums, bottles, cardboard boxes and residualcooking oils

• Over 80 collection points with bins for each category• Designed to selectively collect 85% of waste generated during the fair

CONTACTEXPO 2005 Aichi, Japanhttp://www.expo2005.or.jp/

ORGANISATION STAGE


Environmentally friendly specificationsPrevention and recycling of cleaning waste

GOOD ENVIRONMENTAL PRACTICEIncluding environmental criteria in the technical specifications of cleaning service contracts

WHO

Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona

WHAT• Purchase of 100% recycled toilet paper, without colourants or perfumes • Should a product be hazardous for the environment, the supplier has to provide before starting

the service, two alternative products that meet the following conditions:- Appropriate packaging with the corresponding labelling- Hard copy in a visible place of the procedure required for correct use, application and

handling, as well as the safety conditions for packaging and the level of hazard indicated using the standardised icons

- Appropriate storage and conservation, which is the responsibility of the subcontracted company

• Selective collection of the waste generated by the subcontractor’s activities• Initial training for all staff in environmental issues (safety and handling of products)• Evaluation of compliance with the environmental requirements established in the specifications

CONTACTUniversitat Autònoma de BarcelonaEnvironment and Logistics Area. Edifici RectoratCampus UAB, 08193 BELLATERRA (Cerdanyola del Vallès). Barcelona.Tel: 93 581 31 66 Fax: 93 581 11 18E-mail: [email protected]://magno.uab.es/alma/

ORGANISATION STAGE


Environmentally friendly specificationsPrevention of waste

GOOD ENVIRONMENTAL PRACTICEIntroduction of environmental criteria in the technical specifications for food and drinkcompanies: waste prevention

WHO

Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona

WHAT• Stressing, in the technical specifications, adopting of measures to reduce, reuse and recycle

waste• Replacement of packaging only used once in the cold drinks machines for returnable glass

packaging (return deposit system)• Economic incentives for users to use their own cups at hot drinks machines

CONTACTUniversitat Autònoma de BarcelonaEnvironment and Logistics Area. Edifici RectoratCampus UAB, 08193 BELLATERRA (Cerdanyola del Vallès). Barcelona.Tel: 93 581 31 66 Fax: 93 581 11 18E-mail: [email protected]://magno.uab.es/alma/

ORGANISATION STAGE


Environmentally-friendly specificationsEnvironmentally-friendly office material buying

GOOD ENVIRONMENTAL PRACTICEConsideration of environmental criteria in buying office material

WHOBarcelona Universitat Autònoma City Council de Barcelona

The environmental criteria considered by these two bodies when buying office material can beapplied to activities developed alongside fairs (seminars, congresses, etc.)

WHATBARCELONA CITY COUNCIL:• "Green Office" programme (2002-2003), which set the following aims: to spread the use of

recycled paper, introduce environmental parameters in contract conditions, design a model forinternal selective waste collection, use greener products, introduce internal awareness raisingand training activities

• Handing out of the “Sustainable kit” office material to Barcelona City Council institutions,with recycled cardboard folders, water-based, refillable fine-point pens, sleeves made from poly-propylene, not PVC, etc.

UNIVERSITAT AUTÓNOMA DE BARCELONA:• Inclusion of environmental aspects such as the use of recoverable or recyclable toners,

machines adapted to the use of recycled and/or ecological paper, or mandatory use of both sidesof paper in photocopiers

• Publication of a guide distributed internally at the university on green buying of officematerial and computer equipment, which explains what green buying is, the agents involved andthe products to be bought (UAB and the Catalan Recycling Centre, 2005)

CONTACTSustainable Barcelona Resource Centre Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona(Barcelona City Council) Environment and Logistics Area. Edifici RectoratC/ Nil Fabra, 20 Campus UAB, 08193 BELLATERRA 08012 BARCELONA (Cerdanyola del Vallès). Barcelona.

Tel: 93 237 47 43 - Fax: 93 237 08 94 Tel: 93 581 31 66 - Fax: 93 581 11 18E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected]://www.bcn.es/agenda21/ http://magno.uab.es/alma/

ORGANISATION STAGE


Greener eventsSocial & environmental aspects

GOOD ENVIRONMENTAL PRACTICEConsideration of social and environmental criteria in organising congresses

WHO

Life Cycle Management Congres Barcelona, 2005

WHAT• The main sponsor at this congress was the Generalitat de Catalunya’s Environment and Housing

Department• Introduction of environmental and social sustainability criteria in the organisation and

development of the congress• The actions introduced can be applied to congresses, conferences and lectures taking place at

fairs and to the celebration of fairs in general. These actions are:Materials for those attending: multifunctional ecological cotton bags, manufactured locallyand sustainably, biodegradable sweet corn pens, recycled note pads, etc.Materials for the organisation: organic cotton t-shirts printed with just one ink, refillablepens and markers, recycled paper, etc.Signs: recycled cardboard signs, without a plastic cover, single material posters made from recy-clable and/or reusable paper, etc.Food and drink: reusable cutlery and tableware for the catering (glass, porcelain, metal), drinksserved in reusable or recyclable glass bottles, etc.Building: recycling bins in the conference arena (paper, packaging, batteries, rest), a buildingadapted for those with reduced mobility, etc.

Recyclable and/or reusable paper poster

CONTACTLCM 2005Activa CongresosTel: 93 323 85 73 - Fax: 93 451 18 70E-mail: [email protected] - http://www.lcm2005.org

ORGANISATION STAGE


Greener fairsAwards

GOOD ENVIRONMENTAL PRACTICEHolding of Innovation Awards for Catalonia’s fairs

WHODepartment of Trade and Tourism (Generalitat de Catalunya)

WHAT• Annual holding of Innovation Awards for Catalonia’s Fairs• The awards, held for the first time in 2005, aim to reward the results of fair organisations that

have successfully applied a plan, method or technique that has led to important, documentedand assessable improvements in innovation, quality and productivity of any of the fair activitiesthey carry out

• The awards include a diploma and accrediting trophy• Amongst the criteria for assessment are improvements in the fair body’s respect for the

environment• The terms and conditions for the Awards figure in Order CTC/316/2005, July 5 (DOGC no.

4428-18/07/2005), which is available online:http://www.gencat.net/ctc/doc/doc_41515970_1.pdf

CONTACTDepartment of Trade and Tourism. Generalitat de CatalunyaPasseig de Gràcia, 10508008 BARCELONATel: 93 484 95 00 Fax: 93 484 95 61http://www.gencat.net/ctc/comerc/fires/index.html

ASSEMBLY STAGE


5.3. Assembly stageStand structure and common area assembly sub-stage

Special waste managementSelective collection

GOOD ENVIRONMENTAL PRACTICESelective collection of paints and other special waste

WHO

Lavisal S.L., Servicios de Limpieza (Fira de Barcelona)

WHAT• The subcontracted cleaning service (Lavisal S.L.) at Fira de Barcelona collects the paints, solvents,

glues and other special waste generated during the assembly of stands which is not removedby the stand fitters

• This waste is transported separately from the non-special waste by authorised transportersand undergoes reuse (empty packaging) and recycling treatments (leftover paints, solvents,etc.). (The authorised transport and waste management companies in Catalonia can be foundon the Generalitat de Catalunya Environment Department website: http://www.arc-cat.net)

Special waste collected separately from the rest by Lavisal S.L.

CONTACTFira de BarcelonaAvda. Reina Maria Cristina, s/n08004 BARCELONATel: 93 233 20 00E-mail: [email protected] http://www.firabcn.es

ASSEMBLY STAGE


Waste collection equipmentSelective waste collection

GOOD ENVIRONMENTAL PRACTICESelective collection of waste generated during assembly of stands

WHO

Feria Internacional de Muestras de Asturias

WHAT• Introduction of a selective collection system for waste generated during the assembly of

stands• An annual increase of, at least, 10% in the number of selective waste collection bins (eg, eight

more bins for paints and cleaning products)• Information for exhibitors and fitters on the existence of specific bins for a given type of

waste (paper, cardboard, packaging, batteries, paints, etc.)• Provision of a transfer point to receive this waste (Green Point) and its transfer, using authorised

transportation companies, to the final destination and an authorised waste management company• When waste is collected, the transport company provides the fair with a file stipulating the type

of waste removed, the date and the amount

CONTACTFeria Internacional de Muestras de AsturiasPaseo Doctor Fleming, 65233203 GIJÓNTel: 985 180 115 / 985 180 169Fax: 985 180 126E-mail: [email protected] http://www.camaragijon.com/

ASSEMBLY STAGE


5.4. Assembly stageExhibition content assembly sub-stage

Packaging storageWarehousing for exhibitors

GOOD ENVIRONMENTAL PRACTICEPackaging storage services for exhibitors until the disassembly of the fair

WHO

Palacio de Congresosy Ferias de Málaga Fira d’Igualada

WHAT• Reception and storage service for packaging until the disassembly of the exhibition contents,

when exhibitors recuperate this packaging • Offering this service, which may be free or paid for, allows for the reduction of the packaging

waste generated, as an area is set aside for its storage, which aids its subsequent reuse fordisassembly of the fair or for future fairs

• It promotes use of more resistant, reparable, foldable/stackable and longer lastingpackaging (such as wood), which contributes to generating less packaging waste

CONTACTPalacio de Ferias y Congresos de Málaga Fira d’IgualadaAvda. José Ortega y Gasset, 201 C/Lleida, 7829006 MÀLAGA 08700 IGUALADA (Barcelona)Tel: 95 204 55 00 Tel: 93 804 01 02Fax: 95 204 55 19 Fax: 93 805 13 27E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] http://www.palaciodeferiasycongresosdemalaga.com http://www.firaigualada.org



Selective waste collectionAssembly and celebration stages

GOOD ENVIRONMENTAL PRACTICEProviding bins for selective collection and recycling of waste during the exhibition content assembly and celebration stages

WHO

Fira de la Candelera (Molins de Rei)

WHATMolins de Rei: Minimum Waste waste management model, offering bins for four types of waste:OMW (Organic Municipal Waste; for organic waste), IMW (Inorganic Municipal Waste; for inor-ganic waste, plastics and packaging), paper and cardboard, and glass. There is subsequentseparation from the IMW bin of recoverable waste (packaging) using a screening process

Assembly of exhibition contents:• Provision in the fair arena of selective collection bins for paper and cardboard (BLUE

bin) and IMW (GREEN bin) for separation of waste coming from the unpacking of productson show on the standsCelebration:• Increase in the number of selective collection bins• Labelling of the types of waste to be deposited in each bin with stickers• Special cleaning and waste collection service for the bins from the municipal waste

management company• Special opening times for the tip to

empty bins so as to avoid overflows

IMW bin Selective collection bins in CONTACT the fair arena

Fira de la CandeleraMolins de Rei Town Council (Barcelona)Pl. Catalunya, 22, entresòl 2aTel.: 93 680 03 70 - Fax: 93 680 20 00E-mail: candelera@molins de rei.nethttp://wwwmolinsderei.net/candelera

CELEBRATION STAGE


Food and drink waste recyclingSelective collection

GOOD ENVIRONMENTAL PRACTICEDistribution of compostable tableware and selective collection of food and drink packaging waste at each stand; awards for the stands recycling most

WHO

Catalan Waste Agency Feria de Abril (Barcelona) Aplec del Cargol (Lleida)

WHAT• Use of compostable sweet corn tableware Mater-Bi (plates, cutlery and cups) throughout the fair arena• Obstacle to introduction: the organising body also allows packaging and tableware of other materials

to be used • Each stand aids selective collection of five types of waste, other than refuse, by distributing bins for:

- Organic material (brown): compostable tableware and food leftovers- Paper (blue): papers, magazines, folded cardboard, etc.- Glass (green): bottles, jars- Plastic packaging and cans (yellow): plastic packaging, metal and cartons- Oil (in bottles): used cooking oil

• The rest (black): non-recyclable packaging, broken utensils, rubble, etc.• Daily collection of each type of waste by cleaning staff • Awards for the three stands recycling most, with a prize of recyclable tableware with 50 plates

and 50 cups; the three winners from the previous year fly a flag

Mater-Bi compostable Compostable and Flag accrediting stand that tableware plastic cups recycled most the previous year

CONTACTCatalan Waste Agency Environment and Housing DepartmentC/ Dr. Roux, 80 - 08017 BARCELONATel: 93 567 33 00 - Fax: 93 567 32 94E-mail: [email protected] - http://www.arc-cat.net/ca/ccr/presentacio/

ETAPA deCELEBRACIÓ

Monitoring & controlGreen Team

GOOD ENVIRONMENTAL PRACTICECreation of Green Teams to control, monitor and evaluate environmental actions introduced at events

WHO

Catalan Waste Agency Feria de Abril (Barcelona)

WHAT• Contracting of the Green Team to a third-party company• Attendance of the members of the Green Team at an informative session organised by the sub-

contracted company to inform them on the work dynamic, the tasks to be carried out and theirposition with regard to the stands

• Control and monitoring of the environmental activities during the celebration of the Fair• Some of the tasks carried out include: daily visits to stands to detect problems or resolve doubts

relating to waste separation, assessment of the environmental activities on the stand usingevaluation lists, inspection and assessment each morning of the waste collection, etc.

• Aspect to be improved: introduce Green Team activities throughout the different stages of theFair (organisation, assembly, celebration, disassembly)

CONTACTCatalan Waste Agency Environment and Housing DepartmentC/ Dr. Roux, 80 - 08017 BARCELONATel: 93 567 33 00 - Fax: 93 567 32 94E-mail: [email protected] - http://www.arc-cat.net/ca/ccr/presentacio/


DISASSEMBLY STAGE


5.6. Disassembly stageExhibition content and common area disassembly sub-stage

Selective collectionCarpeting of passageways

GOOD ENVIRONMENTAL PRACTICESelective collection and recycling of passageway carpeting at fairs

WHO

Lavisal S.L. (Fira de Barcelona) Farrès S.A.

WHAT• 2003: signing of a collaboration agreement between Lavisal S.L., subcontractor for the cleaning

services at Fira de Barcelona, and Farrès S.A., manufacturer and distributor of carpeting for thefair arena passageways

• In accordance with the agreement, Lavisal collects the passageway carpeting (not from thestands) separately from the rest of the disassembly waste and hands it over to an authorisedtransport company that takes it to the Farrès company, which uses this waste as a raw materialfor the manufacture of new carpeting and plastic pallets

Carpeting recycling by Farrès S.A.

CONTACTFarrès S.A.Polígon Industrial Can CarnéC/Montsià, s/n. Apartat de correus 8408211 CASTELLAR DEL VALLÈS (Barcelona)Tel: 93 714 33 66Fax: 93 714 78 01E-mail: [email protected] http://www.farres.com

DISASSEMBLY STAGE


Social aspectsDonation of food

GOOD ENVIRONMENTAL PRACTICEDonation of food products not used at fairs

WHO

Fira d’Espàrrecs de Gavà

WHAT• A fair focusing on asparagus trade and industry. There is also a food show. Thus a large amount

of food is consumed. • Instead of depositing the food not consumed, that is still in a good hygienic condition, in the

OMW (Organic Municipal Waste) bins, once the celebration of the fair is over and before disas-sembling the stands, this food is given to local less well off people and a nunnery; thisfood is used, then, to cover the needs of those who need it most

• Carrying out this measure generates social and environmental benefits, as the organic mate-rial is removed from the recycling circuit and instead reused (in this case meeting the foodneeds of the local population)

• The food that is not donated is deposited in OMW bins and recycled as compost

CONTACTFira d’Espàrrecs de GavàInstitut Municipal per a la Promoció i Activació de la Ciutat (IMPAC)Plaça de Jaume Balmes, s/n 08850 GAVÀ (Barcelona)Tel: 93 263 91 43Fax: 93 263 91 45http://www.gavaciutat.net/cat/

DISASSEMBLY STAGE


5.7. Disassembly stageStand structure disassembly sub-stage

Selective collectionWood from stands

GOOD ENVIRONMENTAL PRACTICESelective collection and recycling of wood structures from stands

WHO

Lavisal S.L. (Fira de Barcelona) Eco-Palet, S.L.

WHAT• The subcontracted cleaning service company (Lavisal S.L.) at Fira de Barcelona offers exhibitors

the opportunity to contract a selective waste collection service for the wood from standstructures

• Exhibitors have to take responsibility for dismantling the stand (using the fitting company theyhave contracted) and leaving the wood waste correctly separated and piled up away from therest of the waste in the area occupied by the stand

• The wood waste collected selectively goes to a recovery company (Eco-green palet, S.L.), wherethe pallet and other wood waste generated throughout the assembly, celebration and disas-sembly stages also goes. This waste is triturated and the sawdust is recycled in the manufactureof new wood products (chipboard and panels)

Wood waste from stands

CONTACTEco-green palet, S.L.Polígon Industrial Zona Franca, sector C, C/A 2108044 BARCELONATel: 93 335 00 60 - Fax: 93 335 18 01 E-mail: [email protected] - http://www.ecogreenpalet.es



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6. TOOLS TO MONITOR PREVENTION AND RECYCLING OF FAIR WASTE: ENVIRONMENTAL INDICATORS

6.1. Current situation of waste indicators at fairs

Currently, there is an important lack of knowledge when it comes to the amount and nature ofwaste generated at Catalan fairs and the management of this waste (disposal or recycling)

• Fair organisers: Catalan fairs do not apply environmental indicators at an internal level to monitorthe evolution of the waste generated and recycled. This is true, above all, at outdoor fairs, wherewaste collection is carried out jointly with the rest of the waste produced in the town, which makesit difficult to assess that coming only from the fair.

• Administration: the Generalitat de Catalunya’s Department of Trade and Tourism publishes a docu-ment of indicators from Catalan fairs each year (Quality Indicators for Catalonia’s Fairs (in Catalan)),which compiles economic, social and environmental indicator data measured by a number of fairbodies in Catalonia. Amongst the environmental impact indicators is “waste collection”, which mea-sures the number of bins and skips in terms of the net floor space of exhibition at the fairs, and “pro-duct recycling”, which measures the amount of different types of waste (carpeting, paper and card-board, plastic, etc.) produced and selectively collected for recycling each year. Of these indicators, thedocument only publishes the results of the number and volume of skips and bins, and does not showthe data on the waste generated and recycled at any of the fairs. With regard to the “waste collec-tion” indicator and according to the results published in the 2004 issue, (corresponding to 2003), foreach 1,000 m2 of net floor space, there were, on average:

- Fairs in exhibition centres (indoor): 0.60 skips (N=7) and 1.4 bins (N=8)- Fairs not in exhibition centres (outdoor): 0.36 skips (N=4) and 0.4 bins (N=6)

6.2. Proposal for waste indicators at fairs

So as to ensure that all fair bodies, regardless of the technical and economic resources available, canapply them, a small number of easy to measure indicators have been defined, which offer useful infor-mation as to the environmental quality of a fair. Likewise, the indicators have been defined in such away as to allow for comparisons of the fairs, and can be used as a tool for benchmarking (ie, analysisby comparing environmental practices of different companies, which allows for the determination of acompany’s position with regard to the environmental activities indicator).

Two types of indicators have been designed: for prevention and for recycling; and three indicators havebeen defined for each type.

These indicators are presented below; firstly, those regarding prevention and then those related to recy-cling, which, more specifically, has been defined as selective collection, as only if the fair’s organisingbody monitors and controls the management of the waste generated can it ensure that the selectivecollection is indeed recovered (recycling, composting, energy recovery, etc.) and not sent for final dis-posal treatments (controlled landfill or incineration). In order to aid fair bodies in this task of ensuringthat the waste management meets all the requirements set by the legislation in force and guaranteeingapplication of the recovery treatments for the waste separated at origin, it is vital that they contractwaste management and transport companies authorised by the competent body in each autonomousregion, in the case of Catalonia, the Generalitat de Catalunya’s Catalan Waste Agency.

The indicators are presented as files, which are structured as follows:

- Presentation and calculation of the indicator: title and definition, evolution graph and results

- Calculation methodology and sources of data: the process to determine the variables, the agents involved and the data required from each



6.2.1. Waste prevention indicators

1. Production of waste per visitor to a fair2. Production of waste per unit of floor space at a fair3. Production of special waste


(Evolution graph) Average waste produced per visitor

INDICATOR PRESENTATION/CALCULATION

Indicator:

1. Production of waste per visitor to a fair

Definition: Desired trend: Evolution of the indicator:Average amount of waste produced,directly and indirectly, per visitor to a fairin a given year

Evolution graph:

Results:To calculate this indicator, obtain the results and observe the trend, each fair has to measure the wastegenerated each year.

average waste production per visitor

kg w

aste

/vis

ito

r

3

2,5

2

1,5

1

0,5

02004 2005 2006


CALCULATION METHOD AND DATA SOURCES

Determinationof the variables

W (kg):One fair/year:(normally, outdoor fairs, on the street).∑ kg in total of waste from assembly,celebration and disassembly of the fairMore than one (trade) fair/year:(normally, indoor fairs, in an exhibition centre).∑ kg in total of waste from assembly,celebration and disassembly of all the fairstaking place in a year

V (nº):One fair/year:∑ of visitors to fairMore than one (trade) fair/year:∑ of visitors to all the fairs taking place in ayear

Calculation ofthe equation

Waste produced at fair in a year (kg)

Number of visitors to fair in a year

Results ofthe variables

W (kg):

V (nº):

W/V:

W (kg)V (nº)

Waste

Visitors

Agent

Cleaning and/orwaste managementcompanies at eachfair

Organising body

Data required

One fair/year:Total amount of waste coming from the fair (including mass and selectivecollection) that the management companies collect in a year. All the differenttypes produced during assembly, celebration and disassembly have to bequantified (carpeting, wood, plastic, etc.)

More than one (trade) fair/year:Total amount of waste coming from each fair (including mass and selectivecollection) that the management companies collect in a year. All the differenttypes produced during assembly, celebration and disassembly have to bequantified (carpeting, wood, plastic, etc.)

Number of visitors to the fair.As is the case with the calculation of the “waste” variable, when the bodyorganises a number of fairs each year, the number of visitors to each andthe sum total is required


10

8

6

4

2

02004 2005 2006


Indicator:

2. Production of waste per unit of floor space at a fair

Definition: Desired trend: Evolution of the indicator:Average amount of waste producedper unit of net fair floor space in agiven year.

Evolution graph:

Results:To calculate this indicator and observe the tendency, each fair has to measure the waste generatedeach year.

average waste production per unit of net exhibition space

kg w

aste

/m2 n

et e

xhib

itio

n a

rea

(Evolution graph) Average waste produced by unit of net floor space



W (kg):One fair/year:(normally, outdoor, on the street).∑ kg in total of waste from the assembly,celebration and disassembly of the fairMore than one (trade) fair/year:(normally, indoor fairs, in an exhibition centre).∑ kg in total of waste from the assembly,celebration and disassembly of all the fairstaking place in a year

F (m2):One fair/year:∑ of net floor space for all the stands at thefairMore than one (trade) fair/year:∑ of net floor space for all the fairs takingplace


Waste produced at fair in a year (kg)

Net floor space occupied in a year (m2)


W (kg):

W (m2):

W/F:

W (kg)F (m2)

Waste

Netexhibitionfloorspace

Agent


Organising body

Data required

One fair/year:Total amount of waste coming from the fair (including mass and selectivecollection) that the management companies collect in a year. All the differenttypes produced during assembly, celebration and disassembly have to bequantified (carpeting, wood, plastic, etc.)

More than one (trade) fair/year:Total amount of waste coming from each fair (including mass and selectivecollection) that the management companies collect in a year. All the differenttypes produced during assembly, celebration and disassembly have to bequantified (carpeting, wood, plastic, etc.)

Total floor space occupied by stands (or other exhibition systems) at thefair. The organising body has this information as they bill exhibitors in termsof m2 occupied. As is the case with the calculation of the “waste” variable,when the body organises a number of fairs each year, the net floor spaceat each fair and the sum total is required.



500

400

300

200

100

02004 2005 2006


Indicator:

3. Production of special waste

Definition: Desired trend: Evolution of the indicator:Total amount of special waste producedat a fair in a given year.

Evolution graph:

Results:To calculate this indicator and observe the trend, each fair has to measure the special waste generatedeach year.By special waste, we mean that which, due to its physical, chemical or biological, toxic or hazardousnature, or its level of concentration, requires special handling and regular control in order to avoidits potentially harmful effects on people’s health or the environment. This waste cannot be disposedof in the same way as normal waste and needs separate management (TERMCAT 1997).

special waste production

kg s

pec

ial w

aste

/yea

r




SW (kg):One fair/year:(normally, outdoor fairs, on the street).∑ kg in total of special waste from the assembly,celebration and disassembly of the fairMore than one (trade) fair/year:(normally, indoor fairs, in an exhibition centre).∑ kg in total of special waste from the assembly,celebration and disassembly of all the fairstaking place in a year


Special waste (SW) produced at a fair in ayear (kg)


SW (kg):

Specialwaste

Agent


Data required

One fair/year:Total amount of special waste coming from the fair that the managementcompanies collect in a year. All the different types of special waste producedduring assembly, celebration and disassembly have to be quantified (paints,glues, solvents, varnishes, fluorescents, batteries, oils, as well as the packagingand recipients that held them).

More than one (trade) fair/year:Total amount of special waste coming from each fair that the managementcompanies collect in a year. All the different types of special waste producedduring assembly, celebration and disassembly have to be quantified (paints,glues, solvents, varnishes, fluorescents, batteries, oils, as well as the packagingand recipients that held them).


6.2.2. Waste recycling indicators

Three recycling27 indicators were chosen following the decision-making process:

1. Percentage of selective waste collection at a fair2. Selective waste collection per visitor to a fair 3. Selective waste collection per unit of floor space at a fair

100

80

60

40

20

02004 2005 2006


Indicator:

1. Percentage of selective waste collection at a fair

Definition: Desired trend: Evolution of the indicator:Amount of waste collected selectivelyeach year at fairs compared to the totalwaste generated

Evolution graph:

Results:To calculate this indicator, each fair organiser has to measure the waste generated each year and theamount of this waste that is collected selectively.

percentage of selective collection

% s

elec

tive

co

llect

ion

27Another reason for defining recycling indicators in terms of “selective collection” is that the efficiency of the recycling process isnot 100% (not everything collected selectively ends up being recycled).




WS (kg):One fair/year:(normally, outdoor fairs, in the street).∑ kg in total of waste from the assembly, celebrationand disassembly of the fair sent for recyclingMore than one (trade) fair/year:(normally, indoor fairs, in an exhibition centre).∑ kg in total of waste from the assembly, celebrationand disassembly of all the fairs taking place in a yearand sent for recyclingWT (kg):One fair/year:∑ kg in total of waste from the assembly, celebrationand disassembly of the fairMore than one (trade) fair/year:∑ kg in total of waste from the assembly, celebrationand disassembly of all the fairs taking place in a year


Waste collected selectively in a year (kg)

Total waste produced at the fair in a year (kg)


WS (kg):

WT (kg):

(WS/WT)x100

Selectivelycollectedwaste

Totalwasteproduced

Agent

Cleaning and/orwastemanagementcompanies at eachfair

Cleaning and/orwastemanagementcompanies at eachfair

Data required

One fair/year:Total amount of waste from the fair collected selectively and not sent forfinal disposal (controlled landfill or incineration).

More than one (trade) fair/year:Total amount of waste from each fair collected selectively and not sent forfinal disposal (controlled landfill or incineration). Subsequently, the sum totalis required.

Total amount of waste coming from the fair (including mass and selectivecollection) that the management companies collect in a year. All the typesof waste produced during the assembly, celebration and disassembly,including that sent for final disposal and recovery have to be quantified.When the organising body handles a number of fairs in a year, the totalamount of waste produced at each and the sum total is required.

WS (kg)WT (kg)

x 100

x 100


1

0,8

0,6

0,4

0,2

02004 2005 2006


Indicator:

2. Selective waste collection per visitor to a fair

Definition: Desired trend: Evolution of the indicator:Average amount of waste collectedselectively in terms of the number ofvisitors to a fair in a given year

Evolution graph:

Results:This indicator has to be interpreted alongside the “Production of waste per visitor to a fair” indicator.It is important that this link is established, as for the same amount of waste collected selectively, theresults improve in line with a reduction in the number of visitors to the fair.The final destination for waste collected selectively is vital in this indicator; as if it is not sent formaterial or energetic recovery, then the selective collection is pointless.To calculate this indicator and measure its evolution, each fair has to quantify the waste collectedselectively (and sent for recovery) each year and the number of visitors.

waste collected selectively per visitor

kg w

aste

/sel

ecti

ve c

olle

ctio

n/v

isit

or




WS (kg):One fair/year:(normally, outdoor fairs, in the street).∑ kg in total of waste from the assembly,celebration and disassembly of the fair sent forrecyclingMore than one (trade) fair/year:(normally, indoor fairs, in an exhibition centre).∑ kg in total of waste from the assembly,celebration and disassembly of the fair sent forrecyclingV (nº):One fair/year:∑ of visitors to the fairMore than one (trade) fair/year:∑ of visitors to all the fairs taking place in a year



Number of visitors to a fair in a year


WS (kg):

V (nº):

WS/V:

WS (kg)V (nº)


Visitors

Agent


Organising body

Data required

One fair/year:Total amount of waste from the fair that is collected selectively andnot sent for final disposal (controlled landfill or incineration).

More than one (trade) fair/year:Total amount of waste from each fair that is collected selectively andnot sent for final disposal (controlled landfill or incineration).Subsequently, the sum total is required.

Number of visitors to the fair.As is the case with the “selectively collected waste” variable, when abody organises a number of fairs each year, the number of visitors toeach and the sum total is required.



Indicator:

3. Selective waste collection per unit of floor space at a fair

Definition: Desired trend: Evolution of the indicator:Average amount of waste collectedselectively per unit of net floor spaceat a fair in a given year

Evolution graph:

Results:To correctly interpret this indicator, it has to be linked to the results obtained from the “Productionof waste per unit of floor space at a fair” indicator; for the same amount of waste collected selectively,the results improve in line with a reduction of the total waste generated.To calculate this indicator, each fair has to quantify the waste collected selectively (and sent for materialor energetic recovery) each year, as well as the floor space at the fair occupied by the stands.

average waste production per unit of net exhibition space

kg w

aste

/m2

net

exh

ibit

ion

are

a 10

8

6

4

2

02004 2005 2006




WS (kg):One fair/year:(normally, outdoor fairs, in the street).∑ kg in total of waste from the assembly,celebration and disassembly of the fair sent forrecyclingMore than one (trade) fair/year:(normally, indoor fairs, in an exhibition centre).∑ kg in total of waste from the assembly,celebration and disassembly of all the fairs sentfor recycling

F (m2):One fair/year:∑ of net floor space for all the stands at the fairMore than one (trade) fair/year:∑ of net floor space for all the fairs taking place



Net occupied floor space in a year (m2)


WS (kg):

F (m2):

WS/F:

WS (kg)F (m2)


Netexhibitionfloor space

Agent

Cleaning and/orwaste managementcompany at eachfair

Organising body

Data required

One fair/year:Total amount of waste from the fair that is collected selectively and notsent for final disposal (controlled landfill or incineration).

More than one (trade) fair/year:Total amount of waste from the fairs that is collected selectively and notsent for final disposal (controlled landfill or incineration). Subsequently,the sum total is required.

Total floor space occupied by stands (or other exhibition systems) at thefair. The organising body has this information as they bill exhibitors interms of m2 occupied.As is the case with the calculation of the “selectively collected waste”variable, when the body organises a number of fairs each year, the netfloor space at each fair and the sum total is required.



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7. TRADE FAIR SELF-ASSESSMENT TOOLS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL SITUATIONREGARDING WASTE: FAIR ENVIRONMENTALANALYSIS SCORECARD

This section details the environmental analysis scorecard for fairs, focusing on the issue of waste, which hasbeen used in the fieldwork carried out for the study. The scorecard can be applied to any fair organisation,for self-diagnosis of their activities in terms of the generation and management of waste, identifying thestrong and weak points, and the most appropriate proposals for improvements, as seen in section 4.

The following page sets out the quantitative definition of the qualitative descriptions used in the score-card for the number of skips and bins at a fair (sufficient/insufficient) and for the generation of each typeof waste (none, little, quite a lot, abundant). Subsequently, after this table, comes the aforementionedanalysis scorecard.


Indicator

Equipment:levels ofskips andbins

Wastegenerated

Definition

Evaluation ofthe fullness,viewing thelevel to whichthey are full

Identificationandquantificationof the types ofwaste seen

Value

Suficient

Insufficient

None

Little

Quite a lot

Abundant

Assessment criteria

Regardless of the number, sufficient amount to meetthe needs for all the waste generated.Over 40% have space to deposit more waste.There may be waste on the ground at the fair or besidethe collection points, but the causes are not related tothe level of fullness of the bins (eg, inefficient cleaningservice, accidental falling of waste, etc.).

Regardless of the number, insufficient amount to meetthe needs for all the waste generated.Over 60% are full or overflowing.Waste is accumulating on the ground at the fair andbeside bins because they are full.

No waste of this kind has been seen during the visualinspection of the exhibition centre (or outdoor fairground)or in the bins provided to this effect.

Waste of this kind has been seen very infrequently (<10times) or in small quantities (not forming piles oraccumulations in the passageways or bins).

Waste of this kind has been seen reasonably frequently(10-20 times) and/or small piles are formed inpassageways (<2m long by 0.50m high) or there aresingle-material accumulations in bins withoutoverflowing.

Waste of this kind has been seen very frequently (>20times) and large piles are formed in the passageways(>2m long by 0.50m high) or there are single-materialaccumulations in bins with overflowing.

NAME OF THE FAIRGeneral details

TOWN/CITY

FREQUENCY

DATE OF LAST FAIR

THEME

WEB PAGE

Type of fair

SIZE1 Small Medium Large

LOCATION Indoor Outdoor

CHARACTER Professional General

ARENA NAME

NUMBER OF EXHIBITORS

NUMBER OF VISITORS

NUMBER OF VISITORS PER EXHIBITOR

NUMBER OF VISITORS / DAYS OF EXHIBITION

Promotion and organisation

Promoter Private Institutional

PROMOTER’S NAME

CONTACT PERSON

Organiser Private Institutional

ORGANISER’S NAME

CONTACT

PERSON

Exhibition floor space

No. of stands m2 % floor space

Gross

Net, of which:

Modular

Custom-designed

Mixed

Services (hostelry, WC, etc.)

Passageways

1 Small: less than 200 exhibitorsMedium: 200-1,000 exhibitorsLarge: over 1,000 exhibitors GUIDE TO PREVENTION AND RECYCLING OF TRADE FAIR WASTE IN CATALONIA 163


DESIGN

Are environmental criteria taken into account when designing the stands?

Yes No

Which?

ORGANISATION

Waste prevention and recycling measures are taken into account in the contractual specificationsbetween the organiser and exhibitor or organiser and stand fitter/decorator?

Yes No

Which?

Environmental criteria relating to waste management are taken into account in the contractualspecifications between the organiser and cleaning and waste management companies?Yes No

Which?

Environmental criteria relating to waste prevention and management are taken into account inthe contractual specifications between the organiser and the food and drink distribution companies(companies, bars, stands)?

Yes No

Which?

DESIGN AND ORGANISATION

Stand structure and common area assembly

CLEANING AND WASTE MANAGEMENT COMPANIES

NAME

CONTACT

SERVICES

EQUIPMENT

Bins

WASTE Refuse

Selective collection

Which?

TYPE Refuse:


NUMBER Refuse:

Sufficient number of bins

Insufficient number of bins




WASTE

Generated (visual inspection)

WOOD None Little Quite a lot Abundant

PLASTIC None Little Quite a lot Abundant

CARPET None Little Quite a lot Abundant

METAL STRUCTURES None Little Quite a lot Abundant

PAPER AND CARDBOARD None Little Quite a lot Abundant

PAINTS, SOLVENTS,CLEANING PRODUCTS None Little Quite a lot Abundant

OTHERS None Little Quite a lot Abundant

ASSEMBLY



Stand structure and common area assembly

FINAL DESTINATION

WOOD Recycled Not recycled

PLASTIC Recycled Not recycled

CARPET Recycled Not recycled

METAL STRUCTURES Recycled Not recycled

PAPER AND CARDBOARD Recycled Not recycled

PAINTS, SOLVENTS,CLEANING PRODUCTS Recycled Not recycled

OTHERS Recycled Not recycled

GENERAL COMMENTS ON STAND STRUCTURE AND COMMON AREA ASSEMBLY

IMAGES

ASSEMBLY


Exhibition content assembly


NAME

CONTACT

SERVICES

EQUIPMENT

Bins

WASTE Refuse


Which?

TYPE Refuse:


NUMBER Refuse:






WASTE



PLASTIC None Little Quite a lot Abundant


FInal destination


PLASTIC Recycled Not recycled


ASSEMBLY


MUNTATGEASSEMBLYExhibition content assembly

PACKAGING STORAGE SERVICE. REUSE.

No

Yes

Free Paid for

GENERAL COMMENTS ON EXHIBITION CONTENT ASSEMBLY

IMAGES



NAME

CONTACT

SERVICES

EQUIPMENT

Bins (passageways)

WASTE Refuse


Which?

TYPE Refuse:


NUMBER Refuse:






Skips (passageways)

WASTE Refuse


Which?

TYPE Refuse:


NUMBER Refuse:






CELEBRATION


HOSTELRY: TABLEWARE AND FOOD AND DRINK PACKAGING

Used once Reusable

BARS, RESTAURANTS Plastic Glass

Mixed Tough plastic

Cans Ceramic

Paper Metal

Cardboard

Biodegradable plastic

CATERING ON STANDS Plastic Glass

Mixed Tough plastic

Cans Ceramic

Paper Metal

Cardboard

Biodegradable plastic

WASTE


Refuse Paper Card Plastic & Glass OMW Otherspacking

PASSAGEWAYBINS

PASSAGEWAYSELECTIVE BINS

PASSAGEWAYREFUSE SKIPS

PASSAGEWAYSELECTIVE SKIPS

CELEBRATION


Final destination

PAPER Recycled Not recycled

CARDBOARD Recycled Not recycled

PACKAGING Recycled Not recycled

GLASS Recycled Not recycled

Presence of waste in skips and/or bins

Absence of waste in the skips and/or bins

ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION

There are signs, posters, labels or some sort of message offering information on thegood environmental practices regarding waste management?

Absence of information

Existence of information

GENERAL COMMENTS ON THE CELEBRATION:

IMAGES


Common area and exhibition content disassembly


NAME

CONTACT

SERVICES

EQUIPMENT

Bins

WASTE Refuse


Which?

TYPE Refuse:


NUMBER Refuse:






WASTE



CARDBOARD None Little Quite a lot Abundant

PLASTIC AND PACKAGING None Little Quite a lot Abundant

PAPER None Little Quite a lot Abundant

GLASS None Little Quite a lot Abundant


DISASSEMBLY


Final destination


CARDBOARD Recycled Not recycled

PLASTIC AND PACKAGING Recycled Not recycled

PAPER Recycled Not recycled

GLASS Recycled Not recycled


GENERAL COMMENTS ON COMMON AREA & EXHIBITION CONTENT DISASSEMBLY:

IMAGES


Stand structure disassembly


NAME

CONTACT

SERVICES

EQUIPMENT

Bins

WASTE Refuse


Which?

TYPE Refuse:


NUMBER Refuse:






WASTE




METAL STRUCTURES None Little Quite a lot Abundant

GARDEN None Little Quite a lot Abundant



DISASSEMBLY


Final destination



METAL STRUCTURES Recycled Not recycled

GARDEN Recycled Not recycled



GENERAL COMMENTS ON STAND DISASSEMBLY:

IMAGES

WASTE GENERATED AND COLLECTED SELECTIVELY (kg)

Event (year) Event (year)Generated Selective Col. Generated Selective Col.

Carpet

Paper & card

Plastic

Glass

Others

TOTAL



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Information on green offices (advice for buying, product management, etc.)

GUIDE TO ENVIRONMENTALLYFRIENDLY PUBLIC BUYING (in Catalan)Generalitat de Catalunya (2000).Environment Department. Barcelona.Available online: [www.arc-cat.net/ca/publicacions/pdf/ccr/guia_cpac.pdf]

GUIDES TO GREEN BUYING AT UNI-VERSITIES. OFFICE MATERIAL ANDCOMPUTER EQUIPMENT (in Catalan)UAB, Catalan Waste Agency, CatalanRecycling Centre (2005).

GREEN OFFICE (in Catalan) (Barcelona City Council)[www.bcn.es/agenda21/oficinaverda/]

GREEN OFFICES FOR OFFICE SECTORCOMPANIES (in Catalan)Barcelona City Council (2004).Environmental Education Guides 25.

Information on environmental certi-fication of products and services

ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY ASSURANCE SEAL[www.gencat.net/mediamb/qamb/distintiu.htm]

EMAS[europa.eu.int/comm/environment/emas/index_en.htm]

EUROPEAN ECO-LABEL[www.gencat.net/mediamb/qamb/etiqueta_ue.htm]

BRIEF GUIDE TO ECO-LABELS[mediambient.gencat.net/cat/emprses/ecoproductes_i_ecoserveis/guia_breu.jsp?ComponentID=71550&SourcePageID=72324#1]

ISO[www.iso.org]

Information on eco-products anddistributors

ECO-PRODUCTS FOR THE HOMEDATABASE (Barcelona City Council)[www.bcn.es/agenda21/crbs/]

RECYCLED PRODUCTS DATABASE(Generalitat de Catalunya)[www.arc-cat.net/ca/ccr/consultes/productes/]

ECO-PRODUCT ECO-DESIGNBarcelona City Council (2005).Production team: Elisava ResearchGroup (UPF) and ICTA (UAB),Generalitat de Catalunya Environmentand Housing Department, IHOBE,Elisava Design College. Barcelona.

ECO-PRODUCTS FOR THE HOMEELISAVA College (UPF) and the ICTA(UAB) (2003). Barcelona City Council,Environmental Education Guides 16.

GREEN PRODUCTS AND SERVICES[www.ecomarket.net]

Information on holding sustainable events

THE MOST SUSTAINABLE FESTIVITIES (in Catalan)Environmental Health and Safety Office(UAB), Environmental Studies Centre(UAB) and Barcelona City Council (2001).Environmental Education Guides 6.

HOLDING THE FECAC AND THEENVIRONMENT. PRACTICAL ADVICE(in Catalan)Environmental Health and Safety Office(UAB), Environmental Studies Centre(UAB) and the Waste Board (Generalitatde Catalunya) (2003).

IMPORTANT FESTIVE EVENTS.ANALYSIS AND EXPERIENCES FORSUSTAINABILITY (in Catalan)Environment and Prevention Service(UAB), ICTA (UAB) and Barcelona CityCouncil (2004). Documents 9.

GREENER EVENTS (in Catalan)Local Governments for Sustainability(ICLEI) and Barcelona City Council(2005). Documents 11.

Information on sustainable construction

AGENDA FOR SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION DATABASE[www.apabcn.es] (Barcelona Guild ofSurveyors)

CATALAN GUILD OF ARCHITECTS[www.coac.net/mediambient/]

Information on eco-design (processes,strategies, tools, methods, etc.)

PRACTICAL CASES OF ECO-DESIGN,DESIGN FOR RECYCLING (in Catalan)Generalitat de Catalunya (2001).Environment Department. CatalanRecycling Centre. Barcelona. Availableonline: [www.arc-cat.net/ca/publica-cions/pdf/ccr/guia_ecodisseny.pdf]

ECO-DESIGN AND ECO-PRODUCTS(in Catalan)Joan Rieradevall, Joan Vinyets (1999).Environment Department – Generalitatde Catalunya. Editorial Rubes.Barcelona.

PRACTICAL ECO-DESIGN MANUAL(in Spanish) IHOBE (2000). Bilbao. Available online:[www.ihobe.es/]

INTERNATIONAL NETWORK FORSUSTAINABLE DESIGN[www.o2.org/]


8. FURTHER INFORMATION



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9


ANARPLA Spanish National Association of Plastic RecyclersARC Catalan Waste AgencyGEP Good Environmental PracticeBTA Barcelona, TecnoalimentàriaC Celebration (stage)CCPAE Catalan Council for Ecological Agrarian

ProductionCCR Catalan Recycling CentreEEC European Economic CommunityCEPA Centre for Ecological and Alternative ProjectsCESPA Compañía Española de Servicios Públicos

AuxiliaresCO2 Carbon dioxideWrit. com. Written communicationVerb. com. Verbal communicationVOC Volatile Organic Compounds EFPP Environmentally Friendly Public PurchasingCWC Catalan Waste Catalogue D Disassembly (stage)DC Exhibition content and common area

disassembly (sub-stage)DS Stand disassembly (sub-stage)DE Design (stage)EMAS Eco-Management and Audit SchemeEPS Expanded polystyreneFEAF Fair Environmental Analysis FileFCC Promotion of Construction and ContractsFECAC Federation of Andalusian Cultural Bodies in

CataloniaFEDEMCO Spanish Wood Packaging and Component

FederationFEFIC Catalan Fair FederationFIDA Foundation for Environmental Research

and DevelopmentIMW Inorganic Municipal WasteOMW Organic Municipal Waste

FSC Forest Stewardship CouncilICLEI Local Governments for SustainabilityICTA Institute of Environmental Science and

TechnologyIMPAC Municipal Institute for Economic Promotion

of the CityISO International Standards Organisationkg Kilogram l LitreA Assembly (stage)m MetreAC Exhibition content assembly (sub-stage)AS Stand and common area assembly (sub-stage)n.a. Data not availableO Organisation (stage)OCDE Organisation for Economic Cooperation

and DevelopmentOCUC Catalan Consumer and User OrganisationP PreventionLDPE Low-density polyethylenePET Polyethylene terephthalatePLA Polylactic acidPP Polypropyleneppm Part per millionPRECSA Cornellà Economic PromotionPRESEC Gavà Citizen ServicesPVC Polyvinyl chlorideR Recycling MW Municipal WasteSUW Solid Urban WasteEMS Environmental Management System SIMMAR Maresme Integral ServicesTel. Telephone MT Metric tonsUAB Barcelona Autonomous UniversityEU European Union

9. ACRONYMS & ABBREVIATIONS

PREVENTION ANDof TRADE

WASTECATAin

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PREVENTION AND RECof TRADE FA

WASTECATALONin

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centre catalàdel reciclatge

Generalitat de CatalunyaDepartament de Medi Ambienti Habitatge