certain perturbation methods in non-linear...

189
hationai tibran)- Jibtioth-e nationate I+ of Canada du Canada CAN AD^ AN THESES THPSES CANADIENNES" ON MlCROFlCflE ---m MICROFICHE " - - L! + . -/, r, f), .? h:4'.qE OF AUTHOR NO,#DE L'AUTEUR - 1 ? . ? /- , Q .I fi - - & + . - -, - P-F )c ; I{ pp-,,,f/ r/t- . # 9. TITLE OF T~ESIS T~TRE DE LA TH~SE . / L. ,G rj : b"", , DEGREE FOR NHIC-H THESIS WAS VESENTED / c -' 1 GRADE POUR LEQUEL CETTE THESE FUT PR~SENT~E i '... I, 4 2 -;7 YEAR THIS DEGREE CONFERRED/ANN~!E ~D'OBTENTION DE CE GRADE I &AWE OF SUPER JlSOR WOM DU DIRECTEUR DE TH~SE ' Po-2 ;:,,r,, k - - ~e*rrnlsslon IS berm- granted to the NASlOt;lAL LIBRARY OF L'autorisation est, pa7 la prdsente, accordde la BIBLIOTH$- . , CANADA to rnicrofi lm this thesr s and to lend or sell copies QUE NMIONALE DU. CANADA de microfilmer cette these et of the ftlrn.' " de priter ou de vendre des exemplaires du f~lrn. ' The author reserves otner qubl~cation rghts, and ne~ther the L'auteur si rcfserve les autres droits de publlcatlon, nl la thesis ncr extensive extracts from it may'be printed or other- theseni de longs extraits de celle-ci ne doivent &re irnpriniBs - . - I wr se reprod&& without the author's written permissiw. oo autrernent r e w i t s sans l'autorisation Bcrite de /'auteur.

Upload: others

Post on 08-Jun-2021

1 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59

hat ionai tibran)- Jibtioth-e nationate I+ of Canada du Canada CAN AD^ AN THESES THPSES CANADIENNES" ON MlCROFlCflE ---m MICROFICHE "

- - L! +. - / , r , f ) , .?

h:4'.qE OF AUTHOR NO,#DE L'AUTEUR - 1 ?.? /- ,Q . I fi

- - &

+ . - - , - P-F )c ; I{ p p - , , , f /

r / t - . #

9.

TITLE OF T ~ E S I S T ~ T R E DE L A T H ~ S E . / L . ,G r j : b"", ,

DEGREE FOR NHIC-H THESIS WAS VESENTED / c

-' 1 GRADE POUR LEQUEL CETTE THESE FUT P R ~ S E N T ~ E i '... I ,

4 2 -;7 YEAR THIS DEGREE CONFERRED/ANN~!E ~ D ' O B T E N T I O N DE CE GRADE I

&AWE OF SUPER JlSOR WOM DU DIRECTEUR DE T H ~ S E ' P o - 2 ;:,,r,,

k -

- ~e*rrnlsslon IS berm- granted to the NASlOt;lAL LIBRARY OF L'autorisation est, pa7 la prdsente, accordde la BIBLIOTH$- . , CANADA to rnicrofi lm th is thesr s and t o lend or se l l copies QUE NMIONALE DU. CANADA de microfilmer cette these et

of the ftlrn.' " de pr i ter ou de vendre des exemplaires du f~ l rn . '

The author reserves otner qubl~cat ion r gh t s , and ne~ther the L'auteur s i rcfserve les autres droits de publlcatlon, nl la

thesis ncr extensive extracts from i t may'be printed or other- theseni de longs extraits de cel le-ci ne doivent &re irnpriniBs - . -

I wr se reprod&& without the author's written permissiw. oo autrernent r e w i t s sans l'autorisation Bcrite de /'auteur.

Page 2: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59

Nat~onal L~brary of Canada ..

Catalogurng Branch Canad ran Theses Divrsron

Ottawa, Canada K I A CN4 . .

w

NOTICE 0

Biblioveque mtionale du Canada

Drrectron d u catalogage Division t e s theses canadie,nnes

The qual~ty of thrs mrcrofiche IS heavily dependent upon La qualrte de cette mrcrofiche\dlepend grandement de la the qualrty of the orrgrnal thesrs submitted for microfilm^ quallte de la these soumrse au mlcrofilmage. Nous avons rng Every effort has been made to emure the htghest tout fart pour assurer une quatrte supeneure de repro- qualrty of reproduction possrble duction

If pages are missing, contact the unrversity which S 11 manque des pages, veu~llez communlquer avec granted the degree 1 unrversrte quf a confere le grade..

0 1

Some pages may have rndistrnct. p r ~ n t especrally ~f La qualrte d lmpresslon de certalne& pages peut the orrgrnal pag'es were typed with a poor typewriter l amer a desirer: surtout sl les pages origrnales ont ete rrbbon or rf the unrversrty sent us a poor photocopy

'

dactylographrees a I aided un ruban use ou sr I'unrvers~te , nous a fait parvenrr une photocople de mauvarse.qual~te

3

Prevrously ~opyr lgh ted materrals (journal artrcles, d c u m e n t s aur font deja ~ 'db je t d 'un drolt d'au- - - p u ~ s h e d tests H c ) are not f.ilmed teur (artrcles de ievue, exarnens publles, etc ) ne sont Gas

- microfi lyes 0 - Reproductron in full or in part of this film is governed La reproductmn. mQme partietle, de ce microfilm est

by the ~ a n a d ~ a n Copyright Act, R.S.C.. 1970, c. '(2-30. soumise a la Loi canadienne sur le droit d'auteur, SRC Please read the authorization forms which accompany j970, c. C-30: Veuillez pcendre connaissance des for' this thesis. '. , mules d'autorisation qui accompagnent cette these.

0

THIS DISSERTATION LA THESE A ETE ' HAS BEEN MICROFILMED MICROFILMEE TELLE QUE o

EXACTLY AS RECEjVED C- NOUS L'AVONS RESUE

Page 3: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59

NON-LINEAR MECHANICS

M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59

M.Sc . SIMON FRASER U N I V . 1973 ,-

ih t h e D e p a r t m e n t .i

u o f - . A

O O a

at he ma tics

J a g d i s h C . A r y a ' 1977

SIMON PRASER UNIVERSITY *

J u n e 1 9 7 7

A l l r i g h t s r e s e r v e < - . T h i s t h e s i s may n o t b e r e p r o d u c e d . ~ i n w h o l e o r i n p a r t , b y ' p h o t o c o , p y o r o t h e r m e a n s , w i t h - o u t p e r m i s s i o n o f t h e a u t h o r .

Page 4: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59

A P P R O V A L

NAME: J a g d i s h C . Arya

1, J

NOH-LINEAR M E C H A ~ I C S

C H A I R P - E R S O N : A . ~ a c h l a n ,

, , b

3 . BOJADZIEV S E N I O R SUf E R V I , S a R

R.W. Lardner

. D . . L . . , Sharma

A . Das '

PROF. Xntsn%Zmrnes tie P a t e r E x t e r n a l Examiner '

PROFESSOR, UNXVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, . . . DELFT, =. . - NETHERLANDS,.

L3 L

Date Approved: J u n e 7 ; 1'977 . - . I

0

Page 5: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59

PARTIAL COPYRIGHT LICENSE . , ,

I hereby grant t o Simon Fraser University the f ight to lend

my thesis' o r d isser ta t ion (th; t i t l e of' which i s shown below) t o users s a

- A I .

'f - of tne Simon Fraser University ~ i b r a r y , and- t o make par t ia l or s ingle -

.I

cop ies only for such 4s-ers or i n response to a request from the 1 ibrary

of any other universi ty , or other educat~ional i n s t i t u t i o n , on i t s own

behalf or fo r one df i ts users, I fur ther agree t h a t permission 'for

multiple cGpying o f t h i s thes is fo r scholarly purpose$ may be granted

- by me or the Dean o f Graduate Studies. '.1t i s unders$ood tha t cppying /-

or pub1 ication o f t h i s thesis for financial ga in shall not be a1 lowed I

w i t h o u i my y r i t t en pekiss ion . *

4

..

Ti t l e of ~ h e s i sjl% i s e r t a t i on : . .

/- E $ Tf4 r , , , , , E - - i l : : . ' PJ

Page 6: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59

C e r t a i n p e r t u r b a t i o n m e t h o d s a r e u s e d t o a n a l y s e

f -

some p robAems o f n o n - l . i n e a r m e c h a n i c s . A c Q m p a r i s o n i s made

o f t h e p e r i o d i c s o l u t i o n s o b t a i n e d b y ' t h e two m e t h o d s o f " .

P o i n c a r g arid K r y l o v - B o g o l i u b o v f o r s y s t e m s o f o r d i n a r y ,

d i f f e r e n t i a l e q u a t i o n s a n d i t i s s h o w n t h a t t h e s o l u t . i o n s

o b t a i n e d ly~- t h e - two m e t h o d s c o i n c u i d e t e r m by tepn. T h e r e s u l t s L -

. a r e t h e n e x t e n d e d t o m o n o - f r e q u e n t p e r i o d i c s o l u t i o n s o f

o s c i l l a t o r y s y s t e m s g o v e r n e d gy. w e a k l y n o n - l i n e a r h y p e r b o l i c 5

' , i

p a r t i a l d i f f e r e n t i a l e q u a t i o n s .

I ?he K r y l o v - B o g o l i b o v - ~ i t r o p o l s b i i (K'-B-M) B s y m p t o t i c L

r .

0

m e t h o d w a s u s e d c o i n v e s t i g a t e t h k • ’ 0 1 o w i n g p r o b l e m s : 2 d b

- a ) 2 e r e s p o n s e . o f a n o n - l i n e a r v i b r a t o r under - the Lime- - - - -

d e p e n d e n t ( p e q i o d i c o r no'n- periodic) e x t e r n a l f o r c e i s - ,.

I - -

i n v e s t i g a t e d . T h e a n a l y s i s "is e x t e q d e a t o n o n - l i n e a r . -

> 1

v i b r a t o r s g o v e r n e d by p a r t i a J d i f f e r e n t i a l e q h a t i o n s . - 1

b ) T h e -ef f e c ' t s o f k i n e m a t i c a l n o n - l i b n e a r i t i e s on < h e .. . v i b r a t i o n f r e q u e n c i e s o f undamped a n d dam,ped s t r i n g s a r e '

i n v e s t i g a r e d .and i t ' i s s h o w n t h a t i n t h e c a s e o f undamped

s t r i n g , t h e n a t u r a l f r e q q e n c i e s - ' a r h i n c r e a s e d *by a t d r m

w h i c h ? r i r i . , lowes t o r d e r 5.s- p r 8 p o r 8 t i o n a l t o t h e s q u a r e o f t h e t

0.

a m p l i t u d e o f v i b r a t i o n . T h e s a m e i s t r u e f o r n a t u r a l - - -

f k e q u e n c i e s i n t h e case o f a damped s t r i n g , f o r .d

< t i m e s w h i c h a r e s m a l l c o m p a r e d w i t h t h e d e c a y t i m e . ,

Page 7: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59

r

. I i . .

1

- 1 P

4

" !

c) T h e a s y n p t o t i c s o l u t i o n s a r e o b t a i n e d f o r a c l a s s o f - -

h y p e ' r b o l i c p a r t i a l d i f f e r e n t i a l e q u a t i o n w i t h s l ~ w l y ,

\/

i

. t ' a r y i n g c o e f f i c i ; ? n t s . T h e r e s u l t s -are a p p l i e d t o t w o -

)i ' d i m e n s i o n a l i r i b r ' a t i o n s of ' a d a m p e d s t r e t c h e d s t r i n g . -

'6. -

- T h e n a f u r e o f > p l a n e s h o c k w a v e s . i n a v i s c o e l a s t i c

n e d i a d i s p l 9 y i n g c u b i c e l a s t i c i t y i s a l s o i n v e s t i g a t e d , b y t G

u s i n g t h e t w o - t i m e ~ x p a n s i o n - , T h e n o n - l i n e a r i t y i s t a k e n t o - % .- < --------- -: -+.

o c c u r i n t h e f o r g of t e r m s i n t h e s t r e s s - s t r a i n r e l a t i o n w h i c h

ar-e q u a d r a t i c a n d f u b i c i n s t r a i n a n d t h e v i s c o e l a s i c i t y i s . /s , . t a k e n a s a f u n c t i o n z l t e r m i n t h e s t r e s s - s t r a i n r e l a t i o n . - *

A p p r o x i m a t e s o l u t i o n s a r e o b t a i n e d i n - t h e c a s e w h e n t h e ,

t . i s , c o e l a s t i c e f k e c t s a r e s i g n i f i c a n t o n l y w i t h i n t h e s h o c k -

1 a : i e r s w h i c h d e v e l o p .

Page 8: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59
Page 9: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

r 1 ' w i " s h t o e x p r e s s my g r a t i t u d e t o my s u p e r , v i . s b r ,

. " D r . G . ' ~ o j a d z i e v , a n d t o D r . R o b i l q L a r d n e r f o r s e v e r a l

, . conversations r e l a t e d t o t h i s work.

L

7

Page 10: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59

6%

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1

ISTRODUCTION

CHAPTER 1: ON THE PERIODIC SOLUT,IONS OF DIFFERENTIAL

1. INTRODUCTION 1 0 d

2. S,ECOND ORDER AUTONOMOUS EQUATION 13

3. SECOND ORDER NON-AUTONOMOUS EQUATION 20 - e

,

4. SY'STEXS OF AUTOWOMOUS DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS . - 28 - . I

5. SYSTEMS OF N O N - A U T O N O M O U S ' D I F F E R E N T I A L EQUATIONS c - -21

m 6. SECOND ORDER AUTONOMOUS PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL

t

EQUAT 34 .

7. SECOND ORDER NON-AUTONOMOUS PARTIAL ,"

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION 4 4 .A

CHAPTER 2: RESPONSE OF A NON-LINEAR VIBRATOR UNDER THE

INFLUENCE OF A TIME-DEPENDENT EXTERNAL FORCE. 55

INTRODUCTION 5 5

SECTION I (SYSTEM GOVERNED BY ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION)

Irr-

THE ASYMPZ~IOTIC SOLUTION

VANDER POL'S EQUATION 61

SIGNIFICANT DAMPING FORCE 64 . f -

SECsTION I1 (SYSTEM GOVERNED BY PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL E Q C A T I O H ) 69 -

ASYYPTOTIC SOLUTIOS 6 9 /

Page 11: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59
Page 12: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59

RELAXATION .FUNCTION 168

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Page 13: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59
Page 14: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59

-C I ? '

^t

r

- . A 2 * = + -

I_ - - - a

- M . V . ' O s t r ~ g r a d s k i i . A

-% 2 8 3, < :,. * ii + - w x = a y ) . Y

- - r 0 I .-I1 r -

\ Y,

"spp, ii

" - '% *3 . . .-%$* An o s c i l l a t i o n i s t r e a t e d a s . s u f ~ c i e n t l y clos'&."

4 *- *'+J - " , %='% 'WZa

t o a g i n e a r d n e , when t h e g o v e r n i n g n o n - l i n e a r d i f f e r e n t i a l

-7" - 3.-

e q u a t i o k c o n t a i n s a s m a l l p a r a m e t e r E a n d f o r E 0 t h i s fi,

e q u a t i o n r e d u c e s t o a l i n e a r d i f f e r e n a i a l e q . 3 , a t i o n w i t - h .. . _*%

?' ' c o n s t a n t c o e f f i c i e n t s . ' To f i n d t h e s o l u t i o n o f s u c h n o n - o , ,

- - >.. C

l i n e a r s y s t e m s , o n e g e n e r a l l y s e e k s a p $ ? o x i m a t e s o l u t i o n s . '&

T h e m o s t commonly u s e d m e t h o d i s t h e p e r t u r b a t i o n - m e t h o d . ,LI E(

-2 .. * 5 - < -- T h i s m e t h o d w a s w o r k e d b y t h e a s t r o n o m e r s f a r ' s t u d y i n g *&-;

.?.*l

1, .- p l a n e t a r y m o t i o n . T h e e a r l i e s t ; e c h n i q u e t o s o l v e a non- .. - -

-* - 0 ;,p: l i n e a r d i f f e r e n t i a l e q u a t i o n w a s t . ~ e x p r e s s t h e s o l u t i o n - .I"E

s o u g h t u - ( t , & ) a s a Dower s e r i e s in'^: - '- 2%

s o u g h t u ' ( t , & ) a s a p o w e r s e r i e s i n E : t c

\-2 * 5 co .?.% "* r r't.

u ( t , ~ ) = 6 9 u r ( t ) . I f 4% +,

r = O z a

-, +.

' i' u T t , ~ ) i n t h e g i v e n n o n - l i n e a r d i f e r e n t i a l , ...

e q u a t i o n a n d e q u a t i n g t h e v a r i o u s p o w e r s o f E g i v e s l i n e a r

d i f f e r e n t i a l e q u a t i o - n s f o r e a c h u w h i c h - ' c a n e a s i l y b e r -

s o l v e d . However s u c h a s o l u t i o n - _ - g e n e r a l l y i n v o l v e s

m m s e c u l a r tLrms o f t h e t y p e t s i n a t a n d t c o s a t '

(m > 1, a = ' c o n s t a n t ) w h i c h m a k e s t h e s 6 l u t i o n v a l i d o n l y

r s m a l l i n t e r v a l s o f t i m e . S u c h a s o l u t i o n b e c o m e s i n - . h - 1 3 v a l i d fo;- l a r g e t i m e s . -

5 B

Page 15: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59

I n t h e d , eve loppe ; t o i t h e t h e o r y o f n o n - J i n e a r - o s c i l l a t i o n s , v a r i o u s method ' s h a v e b e e n s u g g e s t e d f r o m - -- c s

\ 5-?

t h m e t o t i m e t o o v e r c o m e - t h e d i f f i c u l t y c a u s e d b y t h e \

3

a p p e a r a n c e o f . s e c u l a r t e r m s i n t h e s o l u t i o n s . ~ , A l l t h e s e

9 - L

mL:ethods h a v e b e e n b a s e d o n power s e r i e s e x p a n s i o n s % . n , -

% *\- I* ' i

w w

*"' * A l t h o u g h a s a r . u l e , t h e s e r i e ; % . v e r g e , t h e -

"% . a p p r o x i m a t e f o r m u l a e ~ o u n d b y t a k i n g t h e , f i r s t f e w t e r m s .& s

q a r e q u ' t e s u i t a b l e f g r p r a c t i c a l ' c a l c u l a t i o n s . . I n f a c t , t I

t h e s e s e r i e s a r e a s y m p d o t i c i n t h e s e n s e t h a t ' t h e - e r r o r e ri

7-

i n t h e . n - t h a p p r o x i % a t i o n i s t~ &' i n d a s >

. 1 e

S u c h c a n made ys s m a l l a s we p l e a s e - & t a k i n g E e ,

s u f f i c i e n t l y s m a l l . I n o t h e r w o r d s , t h e e r r o r . c o m m i t t e d -- -*-

i n t r u n c a t y n g t h e s e r i e s s o l u t i o n a f t e r n te ' rms i s

n u m e r i c a l l y l e s s t h a n t h e f i r s t n e g l e c t e d t e r m , t h a t i s ; 7

( l i ' -+ l j th t e r m . c e i t b e c o m e s t o o c o m p l i c a t e d t o c a l -

c u l a t e h i g h e r - a p p r o x i m a t i o n s i n g e n e r a l o n e r e s o r t s t o 'k .-*- a *

f i r s t a n d s e c o n d ~ p p r o x i ' r h a t i o n s f o r m o s t p r a c t i c a l p u r p o s e s .

T h e a s y m p t o t i c , m e t h o d s w e r e f o u n d t o b e , v e r y

e f f e c t i v e i n c e l e s t i a l m e c h a n i c s b y v a r i o u s a s t r o n o m e r s 6 , . t'

s u c h a s L i n d s t e d t ( 1 8 8 2 ) , ~ b h l i n ( 1 ' 8 8 9 ) , ~ o i n c a r i ( 1 8 9 2 ) r

a n d G y l d g n ( 1 8 9 3 ) . - T h e f u n d a m e n t a l i d e a i n L i n d s t e d t - P o i n c a r g a p p r o a c h w a s baaed o n t h e o b s e r v a t i o n that%Lhaz

n o n - l i n e a r i t i e s i n t h e e q u a t i o n

2 x + w x = ~ f ( ~ $ 1 0 ( 1 ) .

Page 16: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59
Page 17: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59

*

$ ' <

5

sl -

& . <

9

w h r e F ( a , b , ; ) = f ( a c o s w t + b s i n w t , dl' P

% 2 i 0 0

+*A

*a 9

*a+- - aw 0

s i n t + bw c o s w t ) . 0 0 0 ; *

. - z .A - Y . -

Th,e e q u a t i o n s f o r A a n d b w e r e

, b y - a v e r a g i n g t h e e q u a t % n s ( 4 ) o v e r t h e t i m e i n t e r v a l 1- w > ?

%-- [ t , t + T ] , d u r i n g w h i c h a a n d b c h a n g e v e r y l i t t l e a n d

, I

h e n c e c a n b e t a k e n t o b e c o n s t a n t s o n t h e r i g h t - s i d e

\. e o f + I e q u a t i o n s . ( 4 ) . H e r e T = 21~ /w- i s t h e , p e r i o d o f t h e

\ 0 ' t e r m s o n t h e r i g h t s i d e o f e q u a t i o n s ( 4 ) .- T h i s method:.:

I, C

g i v e s o n l y t h e f i r s t a p p r o x i m a t i o n & i s s o n o t s u i t a b l e % = Y

c

f o r h i g h e r a p p r o x i m a t $ o n s . A m a t h e m a t i c a l j u s t i f i c a ~ i o n - .- o f t h i s m e t h o d w a s g x v e n b y F a t o u ( 1 9 2 8 ) a n d M e n d e l s t a n

a n d P a p a l e k s i . ( 1 9 3 4 ) .

O n . t h e b a s i s o f t h e m e t h o d h f V a n d e r - P o l , K r y l o v ,

B o g o l i u b o v . , a n d M i t r o p o l s k i i (K-B-M) d e v e l o p & g n P 4 'i

a s y m p t o t i c m e t h o d f o r s o l v i n g n o n - l i n e a r p r o b l e m s i n

m e c h a n i c s w h i c h a p a r t f r o m b e i n g s u i t a b l e f o r h i g h e r

o n s , g i v e s i d e n t i a l s o l u t i o n s t o t h o s e f o u n d

b y V a n d e r - P o l m e t h o d f o r f i r s t a p p r o x i m a t i & . T h e .K-B-M

m e t h o d w a s , l a t e r g e n e r a l i z e d t o t h e s o - c a l l e d m e t h o d ' o f

a v e r a g i n g . A c c o r d i n g t o K-B-M m e t h o d , t h e a s y m p t o t i c

s o l u t i o n o f ( 1 ) i s s o u g h t i n t h e f o r m

a3

r x = . a c o s I/J + L E u r ( a , @ ) ( 5 )

r = l

Page 18: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59

, I

4.- - * "8 .$ re.

SL \.=I % rib --

4"

6

/ - \

1

; * r ,

P-1 w h e r e u a r e 2 ? - p e k i o d i c i n '$ a n d a , $ a r e d e t e r m i n e d - r

. * f r o m t h e d i f f e r e n t i a l , e q u a t i o n s

.' X "

2 -. Q = E A ~ ( ~ ~ > $ + E A 2 ( a ) + . . . . . 0 *

' 2 f ' . \

'LJ = a0 + eBl (a) + E B~ ( a ) + . . . . ( 6 )

I t i s a s s u m e d t h a t u r ( a , q ) , 1 . a r e f r e e o f L i r s t

h a r m o n i c s i n $. h he f u n c t i o n s , A B a n d u a r e t o b e : r ' r r

s o d e t e r m i n & d ! ~ h a t t h e s o l u t i d n ( 5 ) - ( 6 ) s a t i s f i e s (1)

3

. t o e a c h o r d e r o f E . T h e K-B-M m e t h o d c a n ' a l s o b e u,sed 3 L L

, 20 f i n d p e r i o d i c 2 g 3 u t i o n s , o • ’ - (1) i f ' * e ' t a k e d = 0 o r o O C

o C 0

. ' e r OLr c i *

r C

a = c o n s t a n t . . D o O 1 . L c 0

= i o " , ~ o o L

0 L C C L C

= I n r e c e n t y e a r t f r o m o t h e r m e t h o d s , t h e i

\ C

G

tw,o- t ime m e t h o d , f i r 0duc-d by C o l e a n d K e v o r k i a n 2'

[ 1 4 ] h a s g a i n e d c o n s e - J l q p o r t a n c e . *+L

" t h i s m e t h o d , t h e s o l u f ( f 0)0 *+

0

f u n c t i o n o f two t i m e s T a n d rl d e f i n e d b y

w h e r e w a r e c o n s t a n t s , Lnd i s e x p r e s s e d " i n t h e f o r m r

E a c h x i s d e t e r m i n e d i n s u c h a way t h a t t h e s o l u t 5 i o n -

r I

i s o f O ( 1 ) a s t -+m. - i s u n i f o r m l y valid, i , . ~ . ~ ~ / x ~ - ~

Page 19: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59

m

I

1 *rl a,

C

a, 0)

0

Q

a, w

C

C

a, ,

U

. h

MU

.

US

u

4-l C

k

(d

u

0

(d

0

s

n

rl

uu

a,

>+'

a, , 1

U 3

rl

a, C

dJ

G

,

k

WV

.d

+

-

a

a, '

2U

.

C

h

oa

,(

dE

l

a, m

U

W

(0

W

w

kC

k

01 ,

d

w

cd 0

.rl "?

I a,

cz, I w.

,~ 0"

k3

EU

3

il a

(0

(d

.d

a,

ld

1

+ d

d

rl

d4

-p

k

(d

0

3k

a,

a

a, .

"C

".

h

0

" .rl

M

k

C

LO P

).a"

C

U

U

cm

ax

a,

(d

k-' -4

a .

.rl .

.rl p

-M

U

. . .O

,. a

1

(0

4

C

" :"

0

u'

pat,

a, m

D

o0

" 5

.rl flJ

a, rl

(d

P

.rl ,

b

k

k

3

.a, .

J)

. a

f0 4

0.

0.

-

0

C

U

""

I

- @

' rd

fi r

(&

c

(d

o

N

,'

" -4

1 m

,d

0

E: P

"

"M

U

0

Ll

W

n

U

C

C

.c x

m

a

o

3"

; ;,

x El

0

nl

rn El

.a

d

k

cd

A

* "c

- cl,

" c

a, u

mw

"

J? .rl

W

**

a

, u

U

a, a,

0,

s

Ll

U

(d

" -

S.

?

W

a -f

k

rl x

a, k,

(d

c N

x

w a

M

a.

a,

UO

P

'L

l 0

C

c d

+i

% m

.4

(J

d

0'

.rl ?-f

3

U

w

(d

cd *ti a

va

,0

,%

o

a

.rl

G "2

I

dC

U

w

CW

II

0

4-4 a

1

o

a $

4

M

*0

&!

.rl

W.

U

(d

m

ua

,w

" \' u

u

+

11 u

I!

a,e a

U.

kU

0

rl

(d

.rl k

a

0

Ll

W3

d,

n

'4-1 k

U3

0(

1,

P

m

W

a,

(d

-6

.

la,

0

C

(d

m

n

Cr

la

I(

0

C

'3

W

a, v

w

m

k

U

3

B'

U

0

C

.. $

4'

u

a, c:

u

c 0

U

p ""

0.

r:

da

,~

la

s a

.rl +

U

(d

m

.rl

U

0

U

o

c

3

m

a" "

cd 3

0"

* 3

JJ

a,

WC

U

rl

'd

rl

c.

G

a, o

a, o

.? c o

HU

N k

0

El fJY

(d

m

a, a .a

4-l m

d

3

a, m

C

.

a,"

,U

k

Page 20: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59
Page 21: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59

&

I n C h a p t e r 4 , t h e a s y p p t o t i c . s o l u t i o n s f o r + - @ ,

c e r t a i n p a r t i a l d i f f e r e n t i a l e q u a t i o n s o f h y p e r b o l i c \

t y p e w i t h s l o w l y v a r y i n g c o e f f i c i e n t s a r e i n v e s t i g a t e d .

I n C h a p t e r 5 , t w o - t i m e e x p a n s i o n i s u s e d t o

i n v e s t i g s t e t h e n a t u r e o f M a n e s h o c k w a v e s i n v5ffsco- % . 7 3 .

% d' el-c m e d i a d i s p l a y i n g c d b i c e l a s t i c i t y . .

Page 22: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59

CHAPTER 1 \

O N THE PERIODIC SOLUTIONS OF DIFFERENTIAL

EQUATIONS OBTAINED

a KRYL0.V-BOGOLIUBOV.

a 1. INTRODUCTION.

A s i s w e l l

B Y THE METHODS OF PQINCARE A N D

known , P o i n c a r - 6 . M e t h o d - [ 1 ] i n t h e

t h e o r y o f n o n - l i n e a r v i b r a t i o n s a l l o w s u s t o f i n d t h e

p e r i o d i c s o l u t i o n s o f w e a k l y n o n - l i n e a r s y s t e m s o f -

o r d i n a r y d i f f e r e n t i a l ' e q u a t i o n s . T h e P o i n c a r g m e t h o d

c a n b e e x t e n d e d t o f i n d t h e m o n p - f r e q u e n t p e r i o d i c

o s c i l l a t i o n s o f a m e i h a n i c a l s y s t e m g o v e r n e d b y s e c o n d

o r d e r n o n - l i n e a r , b y ' p e r b o l i c a u t o n o m o u s p a r t i a l d i f -

f e r e n t i a l e q u a t i o n s . T h e m e t h o d c a n e q u a l l y w e l l b e

u s e d f o r t h e n o n - a u t o n o m o u s p a r t i a l d i f f e r e n t i a l . a - e q u a t i o n s .

T h e a s y m p t o t i c m e t h o d o f K r y L o v - B o g o l i u b o v

[ 3 ] d e v g l o p e d b y B o g o l i u b o v a n d M i t r o p o l s k i i [ 4 ] i s . u s e d f o r s t u d y i n g n o n - s t a t i o n a r y v i b r a t i o n s g o v e r ' n e d

b y o f d i n a r y d i f f e r e n t i a l e q u a t i o n s w i t h s m a l l non-

l i n e a r i t i e s . L a t e r t h i s m e t h o d w>s d e v e l o p e d b y . 0.

4 M i t r o p o l s k i i a n d Mosenkov . [ 9 ] , B o j a d i i e v a n d L a x d n e r

[ 1 0 , 1 1 - , - 1 2 1 a n d o t h e r s [ I 3 j 1 4 , 1 5 , 1 6 , 1 7 ] f o r f i n d i n g - t h e .

' n o n - s t a t i o n a r y r e g i m e o f v i b r a t i o n s aof m e c h a n i c a l a n d

Page 23: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59
Page 24: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59

g e n e r a l i z e t h e s e r e s u l t s t o a u t o n o m o u s a n d n o n -

a u t o n o m o u s s y s t e m s o f o r d i n a r y d i f f e r e n t i a l e q u a t i o n s . r

T h i s i s d o n e i n s e c t i o n s 4 a n d 5 . i

I n s e c t i o n 6 , w e e x t e n d t h e i n v e s t i g a t i o n t o

c o m p a r e m o n o f r e q u e n t p e r i o d i c o s c i l l a ~ i o n s g o v e r n e d b y

a u t o n o m o u s n o n - l i n e a r p a r t i a l d i f f e r e n t i a l e q u a t i o n s . 'I- I n s e c t i o n 7 , we g i v e a n a l o g o u s r e s u l t s f o r non-

.a-

a u t o n o m o u s p a r t i a l d i f f e r e n t i a l e q u a t i o n s i n - b o t h "

r e s o n a n c e a n d n o n - r e s o n a n c e c a s e s .

t Y 1 n a l l t h e s e s e c t i o n s , t h e i m p o r t a n c e 0 4 t h e

s o - c a l l e d i m p r o v e d - n - t h a p p r o x i m a t i o n i n t h e K-B-M I

m e t h o d i s d e m o n s t r a t e d ~ w h e n t h e p e r i o d i c ' ~ ~ i u t i o n s a r e

b e i n g s o u g h t .

Page 25: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59

- 1. * -1. 2 . S e c o n d - O r d e r A u t o n o m o u s E q u a t i o n .

L e t u s c o n s i d e r e q u a t i o n ( 1 ) . A c c o r d i n g t o *..

P o i n c a r g ' s m e t h o d we c a n s e e k t h e p e r i o d i c s o l u t i o n s o f \

( 1 ) i n t h e f o r m

2 X = X (T? + E X ~ ( T ) + E x ~ ( T ) + ... , 0 ( 2 )

w h e r e t h e f u n c t i o n s {x ( r ) ) a r e IT p e r i o d i c i n r a n d S

T h e c o n s t a q t s { h h a v e t o b e d e t e r m i n e d . t! ,&ually t h e S

I

s o l u t i o n x ( t ) o f (1) i s s o u g h t u n d e r t h e c o n d i t i o n

k ( 0 ) = 0 , w h i c h i m p l i e s

T h e f u n c t i o n x ( r ) i s a s o l u t i o n o f t h e g e n e r a t i n g 0

2 e q u a t i o n d x o / d r 2 + x = 0. T a k i n g i n t o a c c o u q t ( 4 ) o n e

0

g e t s

x 0 ( r ) = M c o s r . ( 5 )

rl

S u b s t i t u t i n g ( 2 ) i n t o ( l ) , m a k i n g use o f ( 3 ) , a n d

2 e q u a t i n g t h e c o e f ' f i c i e n t s o f E , E , . . . , we h a v e f o r

* S e c t i o n s 2-5 a r e p u b l i s h e d i n UTILITAS MATKEMATICA --

I V o 1 . 3 , ( 1 9 7 3 ) p p . 4 9 - 6 4 ( w i t h .BOJADZIEV a n d L A R D N E R ) .

Page 26: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59

0

n

P.

w:

- d

rl

X -4. *C

hl I t-'

[I)

0

u C

n

hl C

hl

+ N

rl

C

w

I

k

rd rl

3

u a, [I)

aJ C

U

w 0

a

.rl k

U

a, bo

0

U

h

r

[I)

0

u

a

C

(d

r

c rl [I]

w

0

[I) U

C

a, 4

u

.ti w

w

01

k= hl

rd

[I) .rl

n

P h

C

w 0

w.

Ill

n

I-'

C

.rl V

]

C 3 I h

P

[I)

0

u

z! w

w a,

U

c .rl cn

I 0

u a, s

U

0

k

aJ N

0

u

M

c .rl U

rd 3

CT' 0)

a

c (d

n

a

w

0

U

C

-4

h

CO w

M

c .rl U

3

U

.rl U

[I)

P

7

cn

k

a, rl k

3 0

Frc rd

[I)

rd

U

.rl

a

C

ld a

X a,

C

rd u a,

3 .. P

c - rl c Q

rl U

u

C

3

w

u .rl a

0

+rl

k

aJ a

[I)

0

0,

C

n

r

1

C

'-ti [I)

C 3 I h

b'

[I)

0

u

C

w

w 4

C

N,

u

rllN

3

I1 hl X

+

C

0

.rl U

rd 3

cr' aJ

'a

a

7

U

9-l

rl a

2 aJ C

U

[I)

c T

i

(d

U

P

'0

a, c 0 m

rO 8

k

a, U

c rl [I)

r

a

t-'

[I)

C

0

.rl U

rd 3 u'

I aJ

n

r h

[I) x

a, -

> 0

k

w

aJ [I)

Page 27: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59
Page 28: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59

"0

U

h

al

. ri 2

%

k

h

-3

-W

a)

W

"m

v

n

a

m

a

.r( rl

.I4 -

Ur

n

k

m

a

3-

An! a

S

ma

a

m

'-4

c 3

aJ

X a

$4

.rc Sr

a

c a

u

G

Un

-d

44

n

cd CU

a

v]

.J=

rd C

8

, i

n

3

+,

Y

?-,

U

rl

3-

N

n

4

- *it

3:

n

U

h

P? (d

W

I

n

a

i a

'

N

a

w

I+,

'V

W

V

0) 0

N

0

3

4

+ '4-4

w

m N

C

W

n

n

er-4

td

I=

hl

m

0

a

w

a3

4

c .d

+ -

fc

?

1

so

0

4J 4.

em

a) Ef

h

m

Q

.k

1-(

a

W

0,

N

w

FI

+ m

C

. . I

4

cH *

aJ

ld

c

4-l U

J ,d

P

k

- 2

td Il

A

U

!4

rd 'U

3

.a w

*

3

rl

rl

a

'44

k

C

4

0 a)

td 0

3r

d

&# C

OX

f

+w

a'

Page 29: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59

, .which d e t e r m i n e s t h e a m p l i t u d e a . T h e e q u a t i o n *(18) - <

= _ " ' i s i d e n t i c a l w i t h ( 9 ) w h i c h s h o w s t h a t a = M p r o v i d e d

we c o n s i d e r t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g r o o t s i n t h e t w o , : e q u a t i o n s .

T h e s o l u t i o n ( 1 3 ) c a n b e " w r i t t e n i n ? h e f o r m , - - --

( 2 ) , w h e r e

By t h e u n i q u e n e s s t h e o r e m f o r p%"r=iqdic s o l u t i o n s , t h e

two s o l u t i o n s ( 2 ) a n d ( 1 3 ) m u s t b e t h e s a m e , p r o v i d e d

t h q t - t h e i n i t i a l c o n d i t i o n s ( 4 ) a r e u s e d f o r t h e K - B *

m e t h o d a s w e l l a s f o r t h e P o i n c a r ; m e t h o d . We o b s e r v e ,*

t h a t i n t h e s o l u t i o n ( 2 ) . , x i s 27~ p e r i o d i c i n T

d e f i n e d i n (3)., w h i l e i n t h e s o l u t i o n ( 1 3 ) , x i s 2 ~

p e r i o d i c i n I) d e f i n e d b y ( 1 7 ) . I t f o l l o w s t h a t t h e 4

r a t i o o f I) a n d T m u s t b e r a t i o n a l . B u t $ p d ~ a r e %* -

e x p r e s s i b l e a s power s e r i e s i n E w h o s e z e r o - o r d e r t e r m s 7

=A a r e . i d e n t i c a l , s o t h a t t h e y m u s t t h e r e f o r e b e e q u a l .

T h e two s e t s o f c o e f f i c i e n t ' s i n . ( 3 ) a n d ( 1 8 ) a r e

r e l a t e d b y e q u a t i o n s s u c h a s

S i n c e T .= $ i n t h e ' two s o l u t i - o n s ( 2 ) a n d ( 1 3 )

we m u s t h a v e t e r m - b y - t e r m e q u a l i t y o f t h e s e p o w e r series -

Page 30: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59

0

U

C

- rl (I)

a $4 a, U

a, .G

U

U

.rl a 0 : W

. rl n

rl

ri

V

C

U

.rl 3

rn a) a

. rl U

c . rl 0 u

.. (I)

C

0

rl b

U

3

rl 0

(I)

Page 31: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59

c o i n c i d e s w i t h t h e i m p r o v e d f i r s t a p p r o x i m a t i o n f o u n d -

b y t h e K - B m e t h o d , w i t h r e s p e c t t o b o t h I$ a n d -r . D

I n g e n e r a l t h e n t h a p p r o x i m a t i o n f o u n d by

P o i n c a r g ' s m e t h o d i s t h e . s a m ' e a s t h e i m p r o v e d n t h

a p p r o x i m a t i o n f o u n d b y t h e K - B m e t h o d , i . e . i f we t a k e

( n + l ) t e r m s a n d ' n o t n te rms i n ( 1 3 ) . T h i s r e m a r k is

/' i m p o r t a n t b e c a u s e i n t h e g e n e r a l c a s e when o n e a p p l i e s ., fc

t h e K - B m e t h o d t o f k n d n o n s t a t i o n a r y v i b r a t i o n s , t h e

t h r e c o m m e n d a t i o n g i v e n i s t o t a k e n t e r h s • ’ o r t h e n .

a p p r o x i m a t i o n .

C

Page 32: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59
Page 33: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59
Page 34: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59

h

V1 k

a, M

a,.

U

C

.d

r-l .

d'

rl

M

P

-0

v

II a

c

a, aJ

rd

a~

H

U

iLI

a)

m

m7

.

- k

a,

(d

3

m a

,.

d

a

-0

a

U.

rl

(

dm

U

0

C

Uk

d

c

a, 7

M

3w

c

-. 0

ea

rl

-4

s

U

0

a

c 0

m

>

.rl G

n

k

(d

-3

a

,a

,r

-l

a

a

Page 35: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59
Page 36: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59

e

U

C

3

h

0

0

li a,

II m

J-J

C

w

3

0

t C

D

rl 0

c ffl

.rl e

a

U

C

C

W

M

N

3

0

0

(I] +

a

0

(I] h

C

.A

3

U

a, a,

+ B

e

.TI C

C

D,

ffl

F9 M

e

I a

,. k

a

l cr kd

L: a,

CD

U

a, h

,.

C

&I

(d

k

U

(d

w

cd C

rl

r-4

h

0

3

3.

rl

-rl W

u

a

u

a, a

a

I +

(I] (d

u

(I] n

C

(I] C

3

-rl 3

o-' (d

c

+ U

U

c

a, a,

CD

0

4

C

U

U

3

4.0

. +

-w

U

0

C

0

Z

.d ffl

c 0

n

U

a

m

rl

4

(d

3

-6

0

k

II C

w

0

(I] 0

4-1 X

u

r\

a, :

,3

a3

e

FI

ffl -

w

C

h

+

0

ul '

.TI ff

N

J

U

V

(d

3

w'

u'

0

a,

c a,

0

a

. rl s

3

U

U

3

- rl d

4

o

a

(I] a

(I]

'9

a

C

0

U

a, (I]

a, C

' U

0

II a

.

. rl n

I, f

+z

(I]

8

'&

I.

k7 V

aJ U

-

,

0 4

-

I k

+I

(d

(I] It

-4

0

a,

,\

m

I3

ffl

h

03

hl

w

z

(I]

C

a

0

C

4

rd U

(d z

Page 37: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59
Page 38: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59

I' .I

L C

26 c, - C L

3 \, - > I ,A*-

?

*

To f i n d t h e 2 r / v p e r i o d i c s o l u t i o n s i n t o f ( 1 9 ) X . ; . @-" -

w e s e t

T h i s i m p l i e s A s ( a , , q o ) = 0 , B s ( a O , $ O ) = 0 , s = 1 , 2 , - a

r I

a n d we do n o t n e e d e q u a t i o n s ( 3 1 ) . T h e n ( 3 0 ) b e c o m e s -

T h e t e r m u 0 = a. c o s ( 0 + $ 0 ) i s a s o l u t i o n o f

Q

T h e e q u a t i o a k ( 2 3 ) a n d ( 3 6 ) a r e t h e s a m e , hen;@

, / t h e i r s o l u t i o n s x a n d u c o i n c i d e ; i . e .

- 0 0 6

w

9

M c o s v t + N s i n v t = a. c o s ( 0 + q O ) , 0 = ~ t , '

,-- o r 4

,5

M = a. c o s '9 N = - 0 ' a. s i n $ O .

A c c o r d i n g . t o t h e u n i q u e n e s s t h e o r e m • ’ o f p e r i o m d + c , _ .

s o l u t i o n s , t h e two s o l u t i o n s ( 2 0 ) a n d ( 3 5 ) c o i n c i d e t e r m -

b y t e r m i n t h e power s e r i e s i n E . I

Page 39: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59
Page 40: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59

4 . S y s t e m s o f A u t o n o m o u s D i f f e r e n t i a l E q u a t i o p s .

Co s i d e r t h e n o n - l l n e a r s , y s t e m P

- w h e r e E > 0 i s a s m a l l p a r a m e t e r , x = ( x l , . . . , x n ) ,

f = ( f . . , ) a i e n v e c t o r s a n d w = diaglw:-. . . ) 1" n

i s a d i a g o n a l m a t r i x . We a s s u m e t h a t f i s a n a n a l y t i c

f u n c t : o n o f . ~ , i , i n a d o m a i n c o n t a i n i n g t h e s o l u t i o n o f >' -Y

t h e g e n e r a t i n g s y s t e m ( E = 0 ) . We a r e i n t e r e s t e d i n -

t h e p e r i o d i c s o l u t i o n s o f ( 4 0 ) w i t h p e r i o d 2n /w + O ( E ) ." 1 .

w h i c h c o r r e s p . o n d s t o t h e f r e q u e n c y w l . We a l s o a s s u m e I

t h a t w i f ~ w ~ . , K i s a n y i n t e g e r , i = 2 , . . . , n . . ,

A c c o r d i n g t o P o i n c a r g ' s m e t h o d w e s e e k t h e

s o l u t i o n i n t h e f o r m P

w h e r e x (s) = ( x l ( s ) , ..., x ( ' ) ) a r e 2 r p e r i o d i c i n r a n d n

U s i n g ( 4 1 ) a n d ( 4 2 ) i n ( 4 0 ) a n d - e q u a t i n g t h e

v a r i o u s p o w e r s o f E , we h a v e e q u a t i o n s - f o r x ( ' ? ( T ) , '

Page 41: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59

- >

CX

aJ

0

a (

d'

C

W

d

a

u

c

Cn

C

u

aJ a

~a

,o

rl

a a

c

k-

rl

rl

C

OU

(d

C

sw

n

d

u

0

U

P

'4-4 c

4

c o

- a

1 .r(

C,

3

Ur

,

0

C

4-l

4-l

4

UO

C

u

o

(0

-

a

o

C

l-l (d

X

a

co. .r(

aa

o4

o

av

U

KJ

US

k

CN

3

(0

~~

00

U

kr

l

G4

Ja

kW

a

00

o

mp

o

Bu

m

u

c w

a

-4

a~ . c

ma

a,

aJ

C

m

3

IU

C

CU

U~

O'

M~

U

4J 3

0

W

C

P

WM

0

34

:

a

OO

aJ

C

a c

n

d

l-l U

- a,,

cd

ou

(d

cd

0

M

rl

CC

h

*

Z!

-a

,4

0

c )-I

a

3

a, a

o'

-

o

a

w

a~

a.

~

cd

oa

3

01

8

k

U

0,

h

k

3(

0@

rl

n

On

0

C1

oc

x

4

m

0

C

0

a

v

uw

u

.rl B

rn

.X

a, (0

U

r

dh

k

?

5

3

P

.d n

-4

rl

a, w

n

C

0

03

c

a

o

a, m

H

a,

a,

-

4

h

C

C

X

U'

0

U

.r

lU

W1

.rl

C

B w

P

a

a, k

a

0

3

a, 11

h

.d

CI' U

0

N

l-l aJ

a, rl

Or

l

aJ l-l

aw

4-

l-

a

w

y ff

'I'

k

a, a,

P

c '$

4

- 'a,

a

Page 42: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59

From ( 4 6 ) we h a v e

a = a. = c o n s t . ,

w h e r e a - 0

any^^}: a r e t o b e f o u n d .

e s o l u t i o n ( 4 5 ) c a n b e w r i t t e n i n t h e f o r m ( 4 1 ) , Ch w h e r e a = ?4 . A s i n s e c t i o n 2 o n e c a n s e e t $ a f , r g i v g n

0 - - >

b y ( 4 2 ) a n d $J b y ( 4 7 ) a r e t h e s a m e ; i . e . r = I.) , a n d we

h a v e t h e s a m e r e l a t i o n s b e t w e e n {B a n d { h , e x c e p t S S ,

&3 * -

t h a t w i s r e p l a c e d b y w , 1 '

f - Hence ; i n t h e c a s e o f p e r i o d i c s o l u t i o n s , t h e

s o l u t i o n 2

( 4 5 ) f a r t h e K - B m e t h o d r e d u c e s t o t h e f o r m ( 4 1 ) ' ~ -

. and, t h e r e s u l t s o b t a i n e d a r e t h e s a m e .

Page 43: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59

5 . S y s t e m s o f N o n - a u t o n o m o u s D i f f e r e n t i a l E q u a t i o n s .

C o n s i d e r t h e s y s t e m o f n o n - a u t o n o m o u s d i f f e r e n t i a l

e q u a t i o n s .

w h e r e x = . ( x l , ..., x ) a n d f = ( f l , . . . , f ) a r e n - v e c t o r s , n n .

w = d i a g ( w l , . . . , wn) . T h e f u n c t i o n h i s 2n p e r i o d i c i n ,

i n 0 8 o f t h e f o r m f = L e O w h e r e O n i s p o l y n o m i a l i n n n=-N

- L e t u s a p p l y P o i n c a r 6 ' s m e t h o d t o f i n d TI

p e r i o d i c s o l u t i o n i n 0 o f t h e e q u a t i o n ( 4 8 ) i n t h e non-

r e s o n a n c e c a s e . We c a n w r i t e t h e s o l u t i o n i n &fe f o r m

0 x ( t ) = x ( t ) + E P ( t ) + E 2 X ( 2 ) ( t ) + . . . ,

w h e r e (t), s = 1 , 2 , . . . a r e n - v e c t o r s .

\ A s i n s e c t i o n 3 we g e t X'O) (+t) = 0 a n d x ( l ) ( t )

i s t o b e d e t e r m i n e d f r o m t h e iqua t io"n

A c c o r d i n g t o K-B m e t h o d [ 4 ] , w h e r e m o r e g e n e r a l

s y s t e m s a r e c o n s i d e r e d , i t i s s u p p o s e d t h a t : . ( a ) t h e

g e n e r a t i n g s y s t e m h a s v i b r a t i d n s w i t h f r e q u e n c y w o f 1

- -

Page 44: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59

3

C

*

.u .d

a 0

d

k

a,. a

e

N

a, k

(d

h

h

m

WC

3

>* - n

h

rn - Ii 3

w

II

n

a3 n

3

n

(d

w'

-.

rn w

3

a, k

a, C

3

'a, rn.

(d

U

Page 45: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59

I

H e r e a g a i n h a v e t h e s a m e r e s u l t a s i n s e c t i o n s -

2 , 3' a n d 4 .

A c o a i n r e s o n a n c e c a s e v = w 0 1

h a s a l s o b e e n made a n d ' t h e r t o b t a i n e d i s t h e s a m e . ' -

0

\ An i d e n t i c a l r e s u l t h o l d s f o r t h e m o r e g e n e r a l

s y s t e m

A% + B x = E • ’ ( ~ ~ , x , ~ , E ) , 9 = v t ,

w h e r e x a n d f a r e v e & t o r s , A a n d B a r e n k n c o n s t a n t

m a t r i c e s .

Page 46: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59

a

c (d

n

C

U

3

0

n

.d

X w

U

-m

o

a

3

C

3

0

m

u' U

da

,

a, (

du

3

_C

.d

rl

M

U5

(d

. C

C

>

-d

a, 0

u

UY L)

a, (d

'

0

C

k

ah

U

al a

k

c '

I(

da

,o

l

C@

m

a>

M

e

rl

11 0

13

0

QI 5

0>

X s

P

C

u

.d a

k

C

k

I-

ra

ca

a,

aa

,u

a

U

c 7.1-0

rl

a, d

s

m

: 4

3

11 c 0

W

nX

L)

(d

ON

a

- (o

I-

rr

lU

d

ad

C

2 (d

d

(d

II -4

(d

a

0

'-H

8

.- a

0

ma

- a

U

ah

C

m

'44

n

a, k

m

m

-4

-ri

.rf 0

a, Frc

U

C

W

(dm

II U

m

a

n

U

kU

3(

d

am

-

C

3

'"

X 3

El

q3

P

4

3

a

W

GI 4

H

P

z w

d

M

Frc Fr W

n

4

-4 H

H

d

PI

rn

5 0

z

0

Z

0

E-c 5

4

d

W

d

0

ra z 0

U

W a

n 0

3

w 'r)

CP

. Pt

n

W n

3

4J

n

3

n

X

w

W

C

0

-4

+ U

3

(d

3

* I

CY a,

- -

3%

m

lm

C n

u'

X

k

w

a, ' k4

a

L--.

.d

X

m

m(m

C

0

I1 U

'12 n

X

w

\O

Q

Page 47: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59
Page 48: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59

(I)

' v

i c 3

U

(d

4

C u

%

a, G

8

3

k

m

0

m

U-I

(d

rl

.o

3

0)

rl

w

a

0

Page 49: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59

T h i s i s t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g c o n d i t i o n t o ( 4 ) i n c a s e o f

o r d i n a r y a u t o n o m o u s d i f f e r e n t i a l e q u a t i o n .

T h e f u n c t i o n u ( x , r ) i s t h e s o l u t i o n o f t h e 0

g e n e r a t i n g e q u a t i o n

T a k i n g i n t o a c c o u n t ( 5 9 ) , t h e s o l u t i o n b s

/

(66) _I- -

u O ( x , r ) = M $ 1 ( ~ ) c o s T

/'

w h e r e $I ( x ) s a t i s f i e s ( 5 4 ) f o r n = 1. 1

S u b s t i t u t i n g ( 5 8 ) i n t o ( 5 l ) , m a k i n g u s e o f ( 5 7 )

2 a n d e q u a t i = n g c o e f f i c i e n t s o f E , E , . ... , we h a v e f o r

u 1 , u 2 , . . . t h e e q u a t i o n s :

Page 50: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59

To s o l v e ( 6 l ) , we e x p a n d u l ( x , r ) i n t e - rms o f

known e i g e n f u n c t i o n s { @ , ( x ) 1 g i v e n by ( 5 4 ) :

I n v i e w o f ( 5 5 ) a n d (59 ) ' , ( 6 3 ) w i e s

U s i n g ( 6 3 ) i n ( 6 l ) , m u l t i p l y i n g b o t h s i d e s b y @ , ( x ) ,

i n t e g r , a t i n g f r o m 0 t o R a n d u s i p g ( 5 5 ) , we g e t

2 2 w v " ( T ) + UL V ' ( T ) = - 2hlMdln c a s T + F' (M',T) 1 n n n n ,

( 6 5 )

Page 51: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59

S i n c e F ( M , T ) a r e 2n p e r i o d i c i n r, we c a n e x p a n d them n

a s F o u r i e r s e r i e s

. p i n ) (M) CO

F n ( M , r ) = + L {P(" ) . (M) c o s r r + Q ( " ) ( M ) s i n r r } r r = l r

\ ( 6 7 ) ',

S u b s t i t u t i n g ( 6 7 ) i n ( 6 5 ) a n d t a k i n g n = 1, e q u a t i n g t h e

c o e f f i c i e n t s o f s i n r a n d c o s r t o z e r o t o g e t r i d ok t h e

j _ s e c u l a r t e r m s , we o b t a i n t h e a m p l i t u d e e q u a t i o n :

a n d a n e q u a t i o n f o r . h. - 1 '

- % q u a t i o n ( 6 8 ) d e t e r m i n e s t h e a m p l i t u d e M . T h e s o , l u t i o n

, . f o r V l ( r ) und ' e r t h e c o n d i t i o n ( 6 4 ) i s

Page 52: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59

0 a n d f o r n f 1, - i' U C

P c o s + Q:") s i n r-T r A

V n ( r ) = - 2 2 2 2

'"'n r = l w n

- r w 1

T h u s f r o m ( 6 3 ) , t h e s o l u t i o n f o r u l ( x Y ~ ) i s

s i n r~ - ('1 s i n T P ('1 c o s r r + Q, r rQr + C 2 2 3 - , '

r = 2 w ( 1 - r ) 1

00 ("1 c o s r T + g:n) s i n r r 'r + C 2 2 2

n = 2 r = l w n - r w l

0

T h i s s o l u t i o n h a s o n e unknown c o n s t a n t M 1 9 w h i c h i s

d e t e r m i n e d f r o m t h e s o l l r t i o n o f u 2 e 1 ,

No,w l e t . u s a p p l y K-B-M. m e t h o d t o f i n d c a mono-

f r e q u e n t s o l u t i o n o f e q u a t i o n ( 5 1 ) ., c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o t h e

f r e q u e n c y o l . T h e s o l u t i o n i s s o u g h t i n t h e f o r m

Page 53: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59

- ? h e r e u r , ( x , a , a r e 2 s p e r i o d i c i a n d a , $ a r e g i v e n

b y t h e d i f f e r e n t i a l e q u a t i o n s - -6 *

2 . h = E A ( a ) + E A 2 ( a ) + . . . . . 1

2' + E B ~ ( a ) + E B-2 ( a ) + . . . .

T h e f u n c t i o n s { r ( x , a , ) , A r ( a ) , B r ( a ) 1 a r e $ 0 be f o u n d *

f r o m t h e r e q u i r e m e n t t h a t u s a t i s f i e s ( 5 1 ) t o eacli o r d e a -

o f E . F o r e x a m p l e , t h e f o r m u l a s f o r A ( a ) a q d B ( a ) a r e 1 1

1 . A l ( a ) = - -

4awl i Fl (a ,$ ' ) s i n + diL ' 0

w h e r e

R

a n d

1 Y

- ~ ~ a @ ~ ( x ) s i n $J) .-

Page 54: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59

al a,.

(d

C*

C

JJ

E-r 4-J (d

G

C

d

.U

(d

rn

rn U

a,

3

0

ao

o

3C

k

U.

rn vi

M

rl

CC

a

LI

.rl

rl.

3

9

'4 C 0

I

Page 55: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59

I f t h e p e r i o d i c s o l u t i o n i s a s s u m e d t o b e , u n i q u e , t h e two \

s o l u t i o n s ( 5 8 ) a n d ( 7 1 ) m u s t , b e s a m e t e r m - * t e r m ,

p r o v i d e d t h a t t h e s a m e i n i t i a l c o n d i t i o n s (5kj a re u s e d

f o r b o t h m e t h o d s . O f c o u r s e we c o m p a r e t h e n t h a p p r o x i -

m a t i o n o f P o i n c a r 6 ' s m e t h o d w i t h . t h e i m p r o v e d n t h i

- a p p . r o x i m a t i o n o f t h e K-B-M m e t h o d .

Y , *

Page 56: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59

a

* - 4 4 - - . - - - - d 2 5

G

- 7 ' ' SECOND O R D E R NON- .AUTONOMOUS P A R T I A L D I F F E R E N T I A L . . +

4 5 U i - 0

' ' L P . E Q U A ' ~ I ~ N . = e ,&

Y 0

I

I . \ ' c o n s i d e i r t h e - n6n-autonomous p a r t i a l d i f f e r e n t i a . 1 . -I

5

I

. . & * 3 0 .

, T

O :

-\ a o0 t

a 1 9 ~ ~ x ) u ~ ~ = [ g C x f u x l - r u + ~ ~ ( + ~ , x , u , u ~ ~ u ~ , E ) , 0 i - = ~ t - - -- -,

a

C {-7 89 ' o * L I

2 m d i - a U i . + O C

J 00

1 c

L , * u n d e r t h e s a m e b o u n d a r y \ o n d i t i o n s ( 5 2 ) . F i s s u p p o s e % t o G . _ .8, - 7

ave' p e r i o d 2 n h i n t , i. e . ' 2n S r i o d i c i n 8 ' a n d t o b e o f

3

( ,A t h e f'orm - = T

C

T h e c o e f f i c , i e n t s F ( x , u , u ' E ) i n t h i s ' f i n i t e sum. a r e n X y U t , - -

C - - , - - *c--, r e q u i r e d t o b e p o l y n o m 3 a l i n t E e i r d r g u m e a t s . "

L . . +

c-

' r a . H e r e two c a s e s a r i s e . . D

( a ) ' S O N - R E S O N A N C E C A S E . & .

= u A . - .

d

Assume t h a t f o r a l l i n t e g e r s m a n d n , *

0 >

f o r a n y i n t e g e r r . - @ - % c E

. * L

- T h e g e n e r a t i n g e q u a t i o n o f ( 7 6 ) - is (5n a n d t h e f o r ~ u l i s '

. ?

( 5 3 ) - ( 5 5 ) s t i l l h o l d . d . I

Page 57: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59

L

- L": " - , " L \

=*; ,? \ ' 4 5

* % e t a i u '.

f9

a

L e t u s a p p l y P o i n c a r i ' s m e f h o d f o r f i n d i n g t h e -

rrr-z ce2 p e r i o d i c s o l u t i o n s w i t h p e r i o d 2 r J v i n t ( o r 2n p e r i o d i c e

i n 0 = v t ) o f t h e d i f f e r e n t i a l e q u a t i o n ( 7 6 ) . We c a n - %

L

w r i t e t h e s o l u t i o n a s a s e r i e s t

- d

3 I ; h e r e m i h e f u n c t i o n s { u ( x , t ) ] a r e 2 n p e r i o d i c i n V t . r

C

-A A f t e r s u b s t i t u t i n g ( 7 7 3 i n t o ( 7 6 ) , w e g e t

. uo(x , , t ) =%. u l ( x l t ) i s t o b e f o u n d f r o m

To s o l v e t h i s , we e x p a n d u ( x , t ) a s % 8, 1

. .

s u b s f i t s t e i n ' ( 7 8 ) , m u l t i p l y by O n ( x ) , i n t e g r a t e ~ . r . t .

x f r o m 0 t-o !4 , u.se ( 5 4 ) a n d ( 5 5 ) t o g e t

w h e r e

Page 58: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59

a,. -

s

CD

u

*h

-

C

0

3

rl

Y

-eI '-2

a

* c

0

cd C

*4J

u

m

a, X

E!

w rl

z 3

I

B w

K

l M

I0

+ L

4w

c

a, a,

3

C* s

u

U

[II

0

0

C

u u

rl h

,

M

0

X

c s

w

.rl M

J

C

a

3

43-

k

0-

c

0

rn cd

u u

rn w

C

4

It n

\D

h

h

u

-.

n

X

w

w

0

3

Page 59: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59

7

- U

a

cd h

0

C

!-! !-!

.ri U

a,

(d

!-! '

9

c a

ar

nc

o

ac

co

d

(d

La rl

U

C

a,

2 \'

Un

aO

d

o

c m

3

co

m

-4

h

;I n

8

-I

0

a

c.

w

co C

h

.ri

w

V

a, rn

C

w

c U

0

C

0

. 3

.ri c

c -

U

.ri 0

N

(d

. ri n

cc

l

3

n

Ur

lO

'3

a

3

a, - h

rl

11 4-l

V

o

c a

U?

Ca

JC

4-1

a

rd 0

u

C

.ri n

a,

c a

a2

rn

0

0O

al

.C

a,

. rl . ri

a

o

a U

I

IC

0

3

al

.rl CD

u 4

a

c a,

0

to

a, k

C

&U

(d

(d

n

a, U

a,

0

"F: m

Xc

O

u

a

M

V

c c

a, .

ri

zo

c

k

4-1 a,

o

-~

ac

w

O

UC

UC

H

al

w

s

a, $4

cu

a

a, . ri

a,

.

C

a, a

la

k

u

B

a a

- ri 3

3+

7

a, a

M

rn !-!

a

c a,

e rn

. a

(d

!-! N

(

du

(d

.d

ccl 0

g. G

d

0

rl (d

U

a

(d

-rl a

x +

0

X

k

0

a

k

a

a

(d

a

Id

C

U

C

C

U c

a

a,

I 3

C

0

U

k a

cu a

,

!-! P

.ri

a

a

C

c (d

.ri 4-1

n

rl

0

00

U

V

m

M

1

C

7.1 m

'

-m

a,

~

lr

l

P

- (d

n

c \O

a,

h,

w

.

. . 0

- U

d

-

%-I,

N LJ

n

0

n c

ow

w

ccl

M

0

" 6,

Ti

rn U

U

3

c U

a,

-4

-ri U

0

m .ri

P

4-1 1

+I

03

a,

Page 60: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59

(b) RESONANCE CASE.

L e t u s now a s s u m e t h a t t h e r e a r e some p a i r s o f

" n t e g e r s m a n d n s u c h t h a t t h e r e i s o n e f r e q u e n c y , c a l l

i t w f o r w h i c h 1

.r

To s i m p l i f y t h e c o n s i d e r a t i o n s , l e t u s c o n s i d e r t h e c a s e a

o f e x a c t m a i n r e s o n a n c e , , w = v , i . e . 1

p = q = l . \ A c c o r d i n g t o P o i n c a r 6 ' m e t h o d , we s e e k t h e --- . -

p e r i o d i c , s o l u t i o n s o f ( ' 7 6 ) i n t h e f o r m ( 7 7 ) . T h e s o l u t i o n

. . o f t h e g e n e r a t i n g e q u a t i 0 . n L

4 ,

w h i c h i s 27-r p e r i o d f c i n v t o r w t i s 1

u = a $ ( x ) c o s ( w i t + a ) 0 1 h

o r u = (M c o s v t + N s i n v t ) A i ( x j 0

w h e r e M a n d N a r e c o n s t a n t s t o b e d e t e r m i n e d

s a t i s f i e s ( 5 4 ) . '

Q -

F o r t h e f u n c t i o n u ( x , t ) , w e g e t t h e 1

e q u a t i o n

Page 61: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59

= F { e , x , @ ; ( x ) ( M c o s v t + N s i n v t ) ,

P l ( x ) ( - M U s i n v t + Nv c o s v t ) , O ) .

Q ( 8 4 )

To s o l v e t h i s , we e x p a n d u i n t e r m s o f { @ ( x ) ) 1 - n.

@ , ( x ) , i n t e g r a t i n g f r o m 0 t o !L a n d u s i n g ( 5 5 ) , we h a v e

\ - w h e r e

To s o l v e ( 8 6 ) , w e e x p a n d F (B,M,N) i n F o u r i e r ser ies , : n

w h e r e

Page 62: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59
Page 63: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59

I). ; d

I ( 9 0 )

". w h e r e v ( x , a , 1 ) , 8 ) a r e 27T p e r i o d i c i n $ a n d 8 . T h e

r /

7 .

f u n c t i o n s a a n d $ a r e now g i v e n b y t h e e q u a t i o n s

A c c o r d i n g - t o t h e , K-B-M m e t h o d [ l o ] , Al (aYO) a n d - B ( a , $ ) a r e d e t e r m i n e d f r o m t h e e q u a t i o n 1

Page 64: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59
Page 65: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59

(I]

C 0

d

U

(d 7

u' a,

a, a

3

U

r(

d a

a (d

aJ C

U

(I] -4

Page 66: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59

H e n c e t h e p e r i o d i c s o l u t i o n f o u n d b y K-B-I

m e t h o d c o . i n c i d e s w i t h t h e o n e f o u n d b y ~ o i n c a r g ' s

m e t h o d , p r o v i d e d we c o n s i d e r t h e i m p r o v e d a p p r o x i -

m a t i o n i n t h e K-B-M m e t h o d .

Page 67: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59
Page 68: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59

r i g h t h a n d s i d e o f e q u a t i o n (2-) b e i n g a 271 p ' e r i o d i c ;P

i n t i s ' a f i n i t e sum 0.f t e r m s bf t h e t y p e

E F ( ~ , X ; ; ) = & C F ( x , i ) e i n t . H e r e F a r e p o l y n o m i a l s n d n

i n t h e i r a r g u m e n t s a n d c l e a r l y F ( t , x , i ) i s IT p e r i o d i c

i n t .

- We p l a c e no suc 'h r e s t r i c t i o n o n @ ( t ) , b u t . I

a s s u m e t h a t i t i s a w e l l - b e h a v e d f u n c t i o n f o r t > 0 a n d

b o u n d e d a s t -+ w .

I n s e c t i o n I , we d e a l w i t h n o n - l i n e a r n o n - r e s o n a n t

v i b r a t o r s g o v e r n e d b y d r d i n a r y d i f f e r e n t i a l e q u a t i o n s o f . .

\

t y p e ( 2 ) a n d t h e r ' e s u l t s a r e e x t e n d e d when a s i g n i f i c a ' n t

d a m p i n g f o r c e i s p . r e s e n t . - - &)

I n s e c t i o n 11, t h e m e t h o d i s e x t e n d e d t o v i b r a t o r y

s y s t e m s g o v e r n e d b y p a r t i a l d i f f e r e n t i a l e q u a t i o n s o f t h e

h y p e r b o l i c t y p e .

Page 69: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59
Page 70: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59

S u b s t i t u t i n g ( 3 ) a n d ( 4 ) i n e q u a t i o n ( 2 ) a n d ' . *

e q u a t i n g t h e c o e f f i = i e n t s o f v a r i o u s p o w e r s ,of E , we ' e= . i

g e t p a r t i a l d i f r e r e n t i a l e q u a t i o n s f o r u l Y t u 2 , - . . . a s f o l l o w s

r 8

a u a u a f , 1 1 a+ l + -)T + ( A ~ C O S + - aB s i n + + w- . a t ax,

,.

Page 71: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59

rn 3 0

0 0

u 0 U

1

(d

aJ C

U

c v-4

[I)

' (d

aJ B

(d

m

0)

C

U

h

rl u

'0

X

aJ

m

-4

n

03

w

C 0

- rl L)

rd 3

0' a.

aJ a

H

C 0

d

U

1

d 0

m

aJ C

U

0

U

[I)

a (d

aJ rl

.c C)

.4

2 n

n

rl

w

a, m

cd C)

n

3

a

3

3

a

[I)

3

0

C

u -4

h

in 3

n

.$

3

ce n

w

Page 72: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59

7

w

n

u

$9 fi

w

4

h

0

d

m

U3

a, .H

. +

3

W

w

P

" U

(d

C

+ +

'C

3

> D

(d

.

u'

h

3

rl u

?'

3

* u

.

11 '

(d

n

+I (d

m

0

w

6 3

U .

'u'

w

T

e a~ c

m P

\

C

0

.rl Y

3

,

a)

06

. rl

w

a

4

C

U

c U

u

7

o

+ a

(d

d

SF

4

C

7

3

0

C,

3

(d

0

u'

m a

[II

a, C

. a 0

d

a, v-4

U

4

k

w

C

X rd

W

a, o

.u

o

a

k

I! II

-rl c

m a

rn o

3

a

X ,

u

c . rl

c

a,

a

a

o

U

+ k' \

U

7

a

a

4

a

a, 0

k

a.

rn a

?I

a, 3

k

R

a,-

k.

.

a

a, c

o

a c

H

w

7-1 3

w

w

0

0

n

m \O

d -

0

rl <

c '

U 0

, :.

.rl *

C

d

'7

(d

. w

3 0'

a

'a, C

,.

(d

w

Page 73: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59

' t h e s o l u t i o n o f t h e a u t o n o m o u s c a s e [ , 4 ] a n d t h e s a m e i s .(

t r u e f o r A 2 ( a ) a n d B 2 ( a ) .

Knowing u ( a ; $ , & ) , . A 2 . a n d - B t h e s o l u t i o n o f 2 2 ' ( 2 ) u p t o t h & s e c o n d i m p r o v e d a p p r o x i g a t i o n i s

T h i s i s i l l u s t r a t e d by t h e f o l l o w i n g examp. l e .

V A N DER P O L ' S EQUATION

C o n s i d e r t h e e q u a t i o n o f Van d e r P o l ' s t y p e i n '

d h e c a s e o f a n e x t e r n a l a c t i n g n o n p e r i o d i c f o r c e

2

Makeing u s e & % o r m u l a s ( 1 1 ( 1 0 , a n d s o l v i n g

e q u a t i o n s ( 9 ) we o b t a i n

Page 74: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59

w h e r e

r )

T h u s t o t h e f i r s t o r d e r o f : € t p h e s o l u t i o n o f

w h e r e a a n d q a r e d e t e r m i n e d b y

a n d a a n d B a r e g i v e n b y ( 1 7 ) . '

L e t ' u s f i n d t h e s e c o n d a p p r o x i m a t e s o l u t i o n o f

( 1 6 ) . T h e p a r t i a l d i f f e r e n t i a l e q u a t i o n ( 6 ) now r e d u c e s

Page 75: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59

A c c o r d i n g t o ( 1 3 ) w e s e e k a s o l u t i o n o f ( 1 9 ) o f

t h e f o r m . d

u 2 ( a , $ , r ) = u 2 ( a , i ) + w ( t ) + ( k s i n v t + k 2 c o s ~ t ) e - P t s i n 2 $ 2 1

C

7 \ - + ( k s i n v t +* k c o s v t ) e - P F c . o s 2 $ .

3 4 ( 2 0 )

S u b s t i t u t i n g ( 2 0 ) i n t o e q u a t i o n ( 1 9 ) a n d e q u a t i n g - L '-7

t h e t e r m s i n v o l v i n g $ a l o n e a n d t a l o n e a n d t h e c o e f f i c i e n t s

- - o f e P t c o s v t a n d e P f s i n v t g i v e s two d f f e r e n t i a l e q u a t i o n s a

< f o r 'v , a n d w a n d a sys t ;m o f f o u r l i n e a r a l g e b r a i c

2 2

e q u a t i o n s f o r k i = 1, . . . , 4 . i '

. . A s s u m i n g . a s u s u a l i n K-B-M m e t h o d t h a t u ( a , $ , t ) '

I ' ' 2

d o e s n o t c o n t a i n t h e f i r s ; h a r m o n i c s s i n $ a n d c o s t ) a n d 8 ,

\ - s o l v i n g t h e e q u a t i o n s f o r v, a n d " we g e t

s 2 2

----l 1 2 7 a 4

8 w A2 -= O B2 = - ( - 1 + a -1-1 , C ,

* *

w h e r e ..

Page 76: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59

F r o q t h e a l g e b r a i c s y s t g m o n e c a n o b t a i n @easily. - 1 .

t h e y t s k l , k 2 , k a n d k.4 b e c a u s e t h e d e t e r m i n a n t - 3 2 2 t h e s y s < e m i s 1 6 [ ( p 2 - v 2 - 3 w 2 ) 2 . - (4vw) 1 , h e n c e

, ' d i f f h e n t f r o m z e r o . '

Thug t h e s e c o n d i m p r o v e d a d p r o x i m a t e s o l u t i o n o f

( 1 6 ) i s g i v e n b y ( l 4 ) , w h e r e - t h e , f i r s t . two t e r m s p r e s e n t

. t he f i r s , t a p p r o x i m a t i o n ( 1 8 ) a n d u 2 i s g i v e n b y (20): e

T h e f u r i c t i o n s v 2 a n d w. - i n ( 2 0 ) a r d f o u n d b y (21) a n d ( 2 2 ) . 2 . 0'

T h e a m p l i t i d e a a n d t h e p h a s e $J i n ( 1 4 ) a r e d e t e r m i n e d b y

f o r

( l 5 ) , w h e r e A 1. ' B1, A 2 a n d B 2 a r e a l r e a d y o b t a i n e d .

SIGNIFICANT DAMPING FORCE ,

T h e K-B-Fl m e t h o d w a s

t h e e q u a t i o n

w h i c h m o d e l s t h e m o t i o n d f a m a t - e r i a l s y i t e . m w i t h o n e

d e g r e e q f f r e e d o m w i t h l a r g e d>amping. E q u a t i o n s o f t h a t

t y p e a r e i m p o r t a n t i n t h e t h e o r y o f ' a u t o m a t i c c o n t r o l .

, s

H e r e w e e x t e n d t h e r e s u l t s d i s c u s s e d abov'e

f o r t h e e q u a t i o n

Page 77: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59

I - w h e r e @ ( t ) i s t h e s a k e f u n c t i o n a s i n t r o d u c e d i n : .

e q u a t i o n ( 2 ) a n d b > 0 . d

. . F o r E = 0 t h e u n p e r t u r b e d e q u a t i o n o f ( 2 4 ) h a s

d e c a y i n g s o l u t i o n o f t h e t y p e x = a c o s J I , w h e r e d a / d t = - b a

a n d d $ / d t =,m.

- A c c o r d i n g t o [ 7 ] t h e s o l u t i o n o f e q u a t i o n ( 2 3 ) e

,

- P i s s o u g h t i n t h e f o r m ( 3 ) , b b t i n t h s c a s e a - a n d $ a s -

a f u n c t i o n s o f t a r e g i v e n b y t h e ' d i f f e r e n t i a l e q u a t i o n s -

T h e e q u a t i o n f o r u 1 now i s ,

2 2 2 2 2 a U 2a a a U , . a U, - a 2 b 2 _ + w + - + 2 ~ - - 2abw-

2 a t 2 a q a t aqaa a a

Page 78: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59
Page 79: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59

- . -F

e a s i i ; . F o r . t h e F o u r i e r ' s c o e f f i ~ ~ e n t . 6 o i t h e f u n c t i o n * , a - d ' 3,

,.v (.a;+). we g e t s p c o q d o r d e r c o u p l e d d i f f e r e n t i a l - . - 1 ,

I

T h e d i f f e r e n ' t i a 1 " e q u a t i o n ( 2 8 ) i s l i n e a r a n d c a n *. .2

,'. . > , U 4 1 I' f

' $,e 9 o 7 l v e d s t r a i g h t f o r w a y d . T h u s hp t o t h e f i r s t - b

-" impr"ove$ a p p r q C x i m a t i o f i th ,e s o l u t i o n o f r ( 2 4 ) i s f o u n g .

Xn t h e p r b c - e s s , . OF f i n d i n g t h e s e d o n d a b p p r o x i m a t i o n a w " * g*

l o t "of d i f f i c u l t i e s o f n u m , e r i c a l ~ ~ a r a c t e r a r e i n v o l v e d . g,

t

, f ~ o w e v g - r u s u a i l y e i n a p p l i c a t i o n s t h e f i r s t a $ p r o x i m d f i o n -

i s e n o u g h . . 3

- r. \

- . . . L e t u s , i l . l u s t r \ a t e i n ' b r i e f t h e c a s e o f s i g n i f i c a n t

d a m p i n g b y t h e e q u a t i o n o f Van d e r p o l 1 - s t y p e ' \

Page 80: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59
Page 81: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59

. I n t h i s c a s e , t h e ~ y i ' b r a t i n g p ; o c e s s c a n * b-e m 6 d e l e d -

I

e 4 , - L d

- a r g u m e n t s a n d @ ( t ) a s i n s e c t i o n I i s -3s sumed t o - b e ' a

, - - w e l l d b e h a v e d f u n c t i o n f o r a , > 0 a n d b o u n d e d a:, t -+ 9 . . " E L k

W

\ 6

@ ( t ) may o-r may n o t b e p e r i o d i - c i n t . A mor,e k e n e r a 1 @ ..

c a s e o f t h e a b o v e e q u a t i o n , whe@d t h e 0 r i g h t s i d e i s o f t h e 7 e r '.

fo'rm F ( x , u , u u t ) w h e r e F i k 21~ ' p e x i o d i c i n a t h a s b e e n X ' t y # " L

4" i t u d i e d b y K e l l e r [ 2 l ] , .and B o j a d z i e v ' a n d L a r d n e r O [ l o ] . i - . .

I - - e

* 0 L -

We a l s o s u p p o s e t h a t . u (x ; t ) " s a c ~ s f i e s ' a .of . . ? .

% 6 . t h e v a l u e s o f u a n d u a t ' t h q erllds x = 0, x = 3 .

X S

O , , . '

I .

ASYMPTOTIC SOLUTIONS . I , ..

I . . 0 -

d l

F o r E = 0 , t h e g e n e r a t i n g e q u a t i o n . o f ( 3 4 ) i s " - . , e

hi his ' e q u a t i o n h a s a c o m p l - e t e s$t o f s e p a r a b l e ~ s o l u t i o n s "

-. o f ' t h e f o r m a 4 (x) c o s ( 9 t + a'') , n =. 1 , 2 , . . . , w h e r e

n + TI T

- * tl 0 , 1-

.-

<. - _ < * /'

, I

Page 82: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59

.' a a n d a n a r e a r b i t r a r y c o n s t a n t s . T h e s e t o f e i g e n n

f u n c t i o n s { $ n ( ~ ) } s a t i s f y t h e d i f f e r e n t i a l e q u a t i o n

a n d t h e b o u n d a r y c o n d i t i o n s 8 . (0,) = 0 , w h i c h d e t e r m i n e J

9

t h e a l l o w e d s e t o f e i g e n f r e q u e n c i e s { w 1 : B y ' s u i t a b l y n

. n o r m a l i z i n g t h e { $ ( x ) } , we c a n w r i t e - n

R J ~ ( x ) $ ~ ( x ) $ ~ ( x ) d x = 6 0

nm 1 ( 3 7) "i

v ihe re 6nm = 1 i f n = m a n d 6 = 0 i f n # m . nm

We w i s h t o f i n d t h e m o n o - f r e q u ~ n t , s o l u t i o n o f ( 3 4 ) w h i c h

a m c o r r e s p o r i d s t o d t h d f r e q u e n c y w ' 1

- . . * . A c c o r d i n g t o ' K-B-M metohod a n d [ l o ] ;' w e s e e - k t h e -

a s y r n p t p t i c s o l u t i o n s .o'i ( 3 4 ) irk t h e f-orm .. - x , 1 . J

w h e r e u . ( r = 1 , 2 , . . . ) a r e 2 7 ~ p e r i o d i c i n I) ( i n [ l o ] , t h e y r

a r e 2 ~ r p e r i G d i c i n $ a n d t ) . T h e f u n c t i o n s a a n d I)

a . s a t i s f y t h e d i f f e r e n t i a l e . q u a t i o n

Page 83: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59

2 = & A l ( a ) + E k2 ( a ) , + . . . . a

a r e t o b e d e t e r m i n e d f r o m t h e r e q 1 M r

t t h a t u q a t i s f i e s (3.4) t o e a c h o r d e r o f & . .. i r e -

%

" 2 a n d c o m p a r i n g c o e f f i c i e n t s o f h, E o n b o t h s i d e s - , = w e

h a v e : -

Page 84: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59

L e t u s f i r s t - c o n s i d e r e q u _ a t i o n ( 4 0 ) . T h e f u b c t i o n

u ( x , , a , $ , t ) may b e e x p a n d e d i n terms of t h e e i g e n - 1 . # .

5 I %

f u n c t i o n s {@,(x)} a s -

S u b s t i t u t i n g ( 4 2 ) i n t o ( 4 0 ) , m u l t i p l y i n g b o t h s i d e s by

t

@ , ( x ) , i n t e g r a t i n g f r o m 0 t o JL a n d u s i n g ( 3 6 ) a n d ( 3 7 ) ,

g i v e s

w h e r e

The e q u a t i o n ( 4 3 ) i s a l i n e a r p a r ' t i a f d i f . f e r e n t i a 1 .

e q u a t i o n w i t h the r i g h t hand s i d e - a s a s u m o f a f u n c i i ~ n -

Page 85: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59

- - , . - 7 3 a + -

t o s e e k t h e s o l u t i o n o f (439) i n t h e f o r m - , " . 1

b 0 -*.

The s o l u t i o n o f ( 4 5 ) c a n b e f o u n d b y e x p a n d . i n g . P r a n d . '

*

F i n F o u r i e r s e r i e s : , r

P

Page 86: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59

T h i s g i v e s f o r r # 1,

i

P n r Q n r o r .

A ' = 8 = 2 a n d A O r = - n r 2 2 ' n r 2 .2 2 &*

- n u w - n u 1 W +'r 1 r '- - r

The c o e f f i c i e n t s A- a n d B l l r e m a i n u n d e t e r m i n e d . T h u s - 11 - . . we a s s u m e , a s - i t i s c u s t o ~ r y m i n t h e K-B-M m e t h o d , ' t h a t ,

t ,

- p r ( a , @ ) d . o e s , n d t c o n t a i n t h e f i d t h a r m o n i c s i n I). . ~

H e n c e P r . ( a , @ ) a r e c o m p L e t e l y d e t e r m i n e d . \ -

F o r r = n = 1, ' o n e

. I

The e q u a t i o n ( 4 6 ) c a n b e e a s i l y s o l v e d b y e l e m e n t a r y

;-a . . m e t h o d s .

. . , T h u s t h e s o l u t i o n of ( 3 4 ) u p t o t h e f i r s t i m p r o v e d * a p p r o x i -

4

m a t i o n i s 7 -

Q w h e r e Q = €A1 3 $J = w1 f €B1 .

Page 87: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59

-, , -

, - -

A S a n i l l u s t r a t i o n , ' l e t u s c o n s i d e r a g a i n a n -

e q u a t i o n o f t h e V a n d e r P o l t y p e .

w h e r e E , p , v a r ' e p o s i t i v e c o n s t a n t s . L e t t h e b o u n d a r y -

c o n d i t i o n s b e

B-

E a s e , t h e o r t h o n o r m a 1 . e i g e n f u n c t i o n s { @ n ( ~ . ) } ,

a i e i g e n f r e q h e n c i e s { w 1 a r e g i v e n b y -

n

I n t h i s

a n d t h e I

- . w h e r e a s , f o r F o ( x , a , $ ) a n d @ ( t ) , we h a v e :

* 2 2 T X 2 7TX

F o ( x , a , $ ) = - a w l [ l - 2a s i n ( T ) c o s $1 fi s i n ( ~ ) s i n $

Then t h e s y s t e m ( 4 8 ) h a s t h e s o l e t i o n

The e q u a t i o n s ( 4 5 ) l e a d t o t h e s o l u t i o n s

Page 88: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59

. .

f o r

# T h e e q u a t i o n s ( 4 8 ) l e a d t o t h e s o l u t i o n s

= 0 i f r i s o d d .

' S u b s t i t u t i n g t h e s e v a l u e s i n ( 4 9 ) , - g e t t h e f* - f o r t h e e q u a t i o n ( 5 0 ) . i m p r o v e d a p p r o x i m a t i o n

. J

Page 89: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59

CHAPTER 3

THE VIBRATION FREQUENCIES Ovl? A STRETCHED STRING.

INTRODUCTION.

P)

I n t h e u s u a l * e l e m e n t a r y d i s c f i s s i o n o f t h e '

t r a n s v e r s e v i b r a m b o n s o f a s t r e t c h e d s t r i n g , i t i s

a s s u m e d t h a t t h e m o t i o n o f t h e p a r t i c l e s i s e n t i r e l y

t r a n s v e r k e a n d t h a i t h e g & i d i e n t o f t h e t r a n s v e r s e . . -4

d i s p l a c e m e n t r e m a i n s smaY1. W i t h t h e s e a p p r o x i m a t i o n s , + -

t h e g o v e r n i n g e q u a t i o n i s sho,wn t o . r e d u c e t o , ' t h e -wave

e q u a t i o n . I n a m o r e c o m p l e t e t r e a t m e n t ; t h e r e i s a

n o n - l i n e a r c o u p l i n g b e t w e e n t h e t r a n s v e r s e a n d

l o n g i t u d i n a l m o d e s - o f v i b r a t i o n a r i s i n g f r o m p u r e l y

k i n e m a t i c a l s o u r c e s . S o , i n t h i s c h a p t e r we e x a m i n e

t h e e . f f e c t o f t h i s n o n l i n e a r i t y o n t h e n a t u r a l . , J --

f r e q u e n c i e s o f t r a n s v e r s e v i b r a t i o n ( 1 3 when no d a m p i n g /

i s p r e s e n t ( i i ) when t h e t r q r ( s v e r s e d a m p i n g i s t h e r e . / .

I n s e c t i o n I , we i n v e s t i g a t e t h e c a s e when t h e r e i s no

d a m p i n g a n d i n s e c t i o n , I I we i n v e s t i g a t e t h e c a s e when

/ & -

d a m p i n g i s p r e s e n t . / @ . -

---- / >

, -

I .

Page 90: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59

- * , 7 8 , - -

* SECTION I

\ f . . -.

WHEN N O DAMPING IS PRESENT I

* , -

L e t x b e a c o o r d i n a t e a l o n g t h e s t r i n g a n d t be.

b e r e s p e c t i v e l y t h e long+$-

t u d i n a l a n d t r a n s v e r s e d i s p l a c e m e n t s o f t h e s t r i n g ( s e e

F i g . C o n s i d e r e l e m e n t t h e s t r i n g ,

w h i c h a t t i m e t h a s l e n g t h d!?, g i v e n b y

. (Here a n d i n t h e f u t u r e we use s u f f i c e s t o i n d i c t t i e

, p a r t i a l d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n ) . I f d x i s t h e v n s t r g t c h e d 0

* . -

T h i s work ' h a s b e e n p u b l i s h e d i n UTILITAS MATHEMATICA . ,

V o 1 . 6 ( 1 9 7 4 ) p p . 307-320 ( w i - t h R . LARDNER) . ?'-

Page 91: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59

l e n g t h o f t h e e l e m e n t d x , t h e n , t h e s o n s t a n t G n i t i a l ,

' s t r a i n e i s g i v e n b y 1 + e = d x / d x o , a n d t h e s t r a i n 0 0

1 a t t i m e t , e ( x , t ) , i s g i v e n b y - B . , * .

T h e p o t e n t i a l ' a n d k i n e t i c ' e n e r g y d e n s i t i e s -of t h e +

s t r i n g a r e t h e n r e s p e c t i v d y :

5

w h e r e h i s t h e e l a s t i c m o d u l u s a n d p t h e m a s s p e r u n i t

l e n g t h o f the . s t r i n g . ' I t i s a p f i a r e n t •’;om t h e f i r s t o f - . =

t h e s e e q u a t i o n s t h a t we a r e a s s u m i n q t h e s t r i n g t o o b e y

1 v - B o o k e r s Law - we a r e i n c l u d i n g n o n o a l i n e a r i t i e s o f

P

m a t e r i a l b e h a v i o u r . U s i p g t h e s e e n e r g i e s ; t h e L a g r a n g e e .

e q u a t i o n s o f m o t i o p b e c o m e r" -

a - aT a a w a - a~ ' a ' a w a t ' = - - ) a t a x a u x ( - ) = - a v t

( - ) t

a x a v x

-3 . +

~ f t e k e x p a n d i n g , W a n d k e e p i n g o n l y t e r m s u p t o f o u r t h o r d e r

?n u a n d v t h e s e e q u a t i o n s o f m o t i o n b e c o m e X X ' -

- .

Page 92: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59

0

la, k

> (

de

g,

0

C

0

k

W

a,

W

rl

3

C

k

0

a, ,

II C

U

X

X

a,'

3

3

. ,N

rl

(d

, U

Page 93: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59

" rn

rn a,

c *

bl

?

0

-c .d

d

0'

U

U

.d

(d

' l

dU

3

1-r .d

- a

:M

a, -

C

a, O

r a

d

0

cd k

d

ty

,-.d

C, crl

C

a,. a

4-l k

c a

,' -3

ul

4-1 0

0

w P

.d

rn a

-w

.,a

0

3

,-I

rl

d

W

(d

I1 0

u '

- P

X

rn 0

3 kc-;

a, m

e

3

0

m

l.

$m

hl

U

a, w

U

rn'

,

3

.v)

B

I rn

0

c .-

,a

0

yl

.d

C

m

U

0'

c

(d

-

0

3

U.

d

U'c

du

a,

3

@

;. C

0

0' .d

aJ

a,. N

.rl

2 -VaQ

k

ld d 3

a

C

(d C

9

., c ld

'

- C

4

:- a, C

3

m

to C

a,

0

C

.,-I , U

U

.d

a,

"'3

d

'c

P

0

(d

c)'

u a, h

k"

- rd

I

a

n

C

Wr

3

*- 0 'c,

d

P

I1 a, C

.d

H

-,

Page 94: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59

by s u i t a b l e n o r m a l i s a t i o n we c a n a r r ' a n g e t h a t .. L - . '

R R \

- \

. >

We w i s h t o f i n d s o l u t i o n s o f t h e n o n l i n e a i s y s t e m ' ( 2 ) 'wh ich a r e c l o s e t o t h e n o r m a l mode s o l u t i o n s ( 3 ) o f

t h e g e h e r a t i n g s y s t e m . I n p a r t i c u l a r , we a r e i n f e r e s t e d

i n t h e s o l u t i o n w h i c h i s c l o s e t o t h e b a s i c e m o d e o f

- e r a n s v e r s e v i b r a t i o n ,

We s h a l l s e e k t h e s o i u t i o n u s i n g ' a n e x t e n s i o n o f t h e I

Krylov-Bogoliubov-Mitropolskii a s y m p t o t i c m e t h o d .

T h e a s y m p t o t i c s o l u t i o n

T h e a s y m p t o t i c m e t h o d o • ’ K r y l o v , B o g o l i u b o v a n d '

, * . M i t r o p o l s k i i [ 3 , 4 ] , h a s b e e n e x t e n d e d t o p a r t i a l , d i , f f e r e n t i a l

e q u a t i o n s b y ~ i t r s p o l s k i i and M'oseenkov [ 9 ] a n d Bo j - a d z i e v

a n d L a r d n e r [ 1 0 , 1 1 , 1 2 ] . T h e met .hud may r e a d i l y b e e x -

t e n d e d f u r t h e r t o s y s t e m s o f p a r t i a l d i f f e r e n t i a l e q u a - -

t i o r i s s i c h a s e q u a t i o n s ' ( ' 2 ) . I n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h t h i s ? .

- - - -

m e t h o d , we s e e k t h e s o r u t i o n i n t h e f o r m

Page 95: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59

p e r i b d i c f u n f t i o n g df $ a m d F w h e r e I an$ $ ' q r e f u . n e t i o d s , d

V . "

k 6 " ' L.

+ *

o f t a s s u m e d to s a t i s f y g i f f e r e n t i a l e q u a t i o n s o f t h e 0

. T h e f u n c t i o n s {As ( a ) , B , ( a ) , u s , ( x Y G a , $ ) , v s . (x , a ,$ ) - ) a r e .

P t o b e d e t e r m i n e d " f r o m t h e r e q u i r e m e n t t h a t t h e s o l u t i o n s '

', ( 7 ) a n d ('8) s h o u l d s a t i s f y e q u a t i o n s ( 2 ) %

I t s h o u l d b e n o t e d t h a t i f we s e t E = 0 i n 3

, -

e q u a t i o n s ( 7 ) - (9), t h e a 'ssumed s o l u t i o n r e d u c e s . t o c, $ 0

t h e b a s i c mode ( 6 ) o f t r a n s v e r s e v i b r a t i o n .

9 . .i

s u b s t i t u t i n g e q u a t i o n s ( 7 ) - ( 9 ) i n t o e q u a t i o n s

( 2 ) an-d c o m p a r i n g t h e c o e f f i c i e n t s o f s u c c e s s i v e p o w e r s w.

o f E , we o b t a i n a h i e r a r c h y o f e q u a t i q n s - - f o r t h e f u n c t i o n s

{ u s , v s } . T h e terms o f z e r o o r d e r i n E c a n c e l i d e 6 t . i - ' ~4 ' ?

\ 2 c a l l y . , w h i l e t h e terms o f - o X F r s epanTt e me ffie -

Page 96: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59

f o u r e q u a t i o n s . .

. - f o l l o w i n g

2 - d U 1 2 ' 2 '2 c - =

a x 2 c $ i l x ) o y ( x ) a c o s I+

(LO)

dB1 , + a n l s i n $J + aB 2 cos I))

1

Page 97: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59

- - -

I n s o l v i n g e q u a t i o n s ( ~ b ) - ( 1 3 ) 'we e x p a n d e a c h - 5-

o f t h e f o u r f u n c t i o n s u u v v i n d o u b l e s e r i e s w i t h 1' 2 ' 1' 2

( s = 1 , 2 ) . S u b s t i t u t i n g t h e s e e x p a n s i o n s i n t o e q u a t i o n s

( 1 0 ) - ( 1 3 ) a n d u s i n g t h e c o n d i t i o n s ( 5 ) t o c0mpar.e t h e

- c o e f - f i c i e n t s o f @ ( x ) o r 4 ( x ) i n t h e s e e q u a t i o n s we o b t a i n +

k k

a s e r i e - s o f a l g e b r a i c e q u a t i o n s f o r t h e q u a n t i t i e s - *

I

I

. W r i t i n g down f i r s t o f a l l t h e k

r ' e s u l t s d e k i v e d f r o m e q u a t i o n s ( 1 0 ) a n d (12) . f o r ul a n d v 1 - -

%/-'

we h a v e

Page 98: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59

w h e r e 6 i s t h e ~ r & e c k : & d e l t a a n d w h e r e t h e c o n s t a g t s kj , 3, , . KL a r e d e f i n e d b y , -

1 " - . 1

From e q u a t i o n s ( 1 7 ) , c o n s i d e r i n g t h e c a s e k = l , c o m p a r i n g

t h e c o e f f i c i e n t s . o f c o s $ a n d s i n $J s h o w s t h a t A = B = 0. 1 1

F o r a l l o t h e r p a i r s q f v a l u e s o f k a n d n , we s e e t h a t

( I ) = , D ( q 0 . We may a l s o a s s u m e t h a t C 1 ) - ( 1 ) = O , 'nk ' n k 11 - D1l

s i n c e a n y t e r m s s u c h a s ~ : * : ) @ ~ ( x ) c o s $ a n d

( 1 ) 4 k ( x ) s i n $ i n v c p u l d b e i n c l u d e d i n t h e f i r s t t e r m D1l 1 8

i n ' t h e s o l u t i o / n - ( 8 ) : .F rom e q u a t i o n (16), c o m p a r i n g t h e -1

' *.

d i f f e r e n t c o e , f f i c i e r n t s o f c o s n$ a n d s i n n$ ; we s e e t h a t , .

a l l t h e c o e f f i c i e n % s B (1) n k

a r e a r e z - e r o , a n d a l l t h e A n k

z e r o e x c e p t \

i d

** - -- - - ---

S i n c e A = B1 = v % 0 , e q u a t i o n (11) f o r u 2 h a s 1 1

a z e r o r i g h t h a n d s i d e a n d we r e a & i l g p ; s e e ' a f t e r m a k i n g u h e

Page 99: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59
Page 100: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59

I n

4

m

3

w

- 4 3

'

?.

n

n

'

rl

d

WN

4

+ n

rl 4

-0

4

W

rn a

,' 8 0

a*

a, P

u

3

2 rl

rl

w

0

U

rn rl

.. 3

a, W

C

0

a

rn I

U

n.

0

' u

C)

n

C,

n

X

X "

N

w

w

W

r-l rl

3

8

k

W

cd a, a

II n

k 0

n

h

U

w

0

*

n

U

X'

X

0

w

w

10 5

b

8

11"'1 0

n

n

'U

~4

N 4:

a

NS

cd a,

wrl

C

, u

rn

C

' N

'U

(d

U

4J

Page 101: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59

2

8 9 2 - -

a @

-

, w i i h u a n d $ b e i n g g i v e n b y e q u a t i o n s ( 1 4 ) a n d ( 1 5 ) 1 2 * .

i n whi-c$ t h e p p n - z e r o c o e f f i c - i e n t s a r e g i v e n by e q u a t i o h s -..

( 1 9 ) a n d ( 2 3 ) . B e a r i n g i n m i n d t h a t t h e p h y s i c a l

7

L

t r a n s v e r s e d i s p l a c e m e n t i s ~ v ( x , . t ) , we s e e o n e e f f e c t 8

, . o f t h e k i n e m a t 6 c a l n o n l i n e a r i t i e s i s t o A n c r e a s e - t h e

. . n a t u r a l f r e q u e n c y o f ' t h e b a s i c mohe f r o m i t s l i n e a r . v a l u e L L u

o f u1 by a f a c t b y w h i c h i s -one p l u s E t i m e s t h e s q u a r e o f .

t h e ' a m p l i t u d e o f , t h e v i b r a t i o n o .

. . F i n a l l y , w? n o t e t h a t o u r a n a l y s i s o f e q u a t i o n s -. 2 2 2

s;ch a s ( 1 6 ) , ( 1 7 ) , a n d ( 2 0 ) i s v a l i d o h l y if (Qk - n a l l - 2

Ic

2 2 a n d (ak - n w ) n e v e r v d n i s h f o r a n y p a i r s o f v a l u e s df n

'1 1-

a n d k ( e x c e p t o f c o u r s e f o r k = n = 1 f o r t h e s e c b n d o f

i

t h e s e q u a n t i t i e s ) . T h i s c o n d i t i o n i s g e n e r a l l y f o u n d t o

b e n e c . e s s a r y *when t h e KBM m e t h o d i s a p p l i , e d t o c o n t i n u o u s

s y s t e m s [ 9 , 1 0 ] . When i t i s v i o l a t e d , t h e s y s t e m i s s a i d %

t o d i s p l a y i n t e r n a l r e s o n a n c e , a n d t h e e x t e n s i o n o f t h e

KBM\method t o s u c h ' s y s t e m s [ l l ] i n v o l v e s c o n s i d e r a b l y m o r e 1 " 2- -

c o m p l e x i t i e s t h a n t h e m e t h o d a s u s e d h e r e . < - . e

R A p a r t i 2 u l a r e x a m p 3 e , S ' E

. "

Le-t u s k h o o s e u n i t s o f l e n g t h i-n s u c h a way t h a t 1

t h e e n d s o f t h e s t r i n g a r e a t x = O a n d j x = 1 . . We 0 3

c o n s i d e r t h e c a s e when t h e b o u n d a r y c o n d i t i o n s o n C u a n d v j

Page 102: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59

are of the form

where h is some constant. This cortesponds to having Z r . ,

the ends of the string fix'ed except for the end x = 1 8

3

which is held by some elastic'fixture in the transverse

direction. The-normalised eigenfunctians and eigen- 4 ..

value: satisfying equations ( 4 ) , (5) and the boundary v

% condition*^ areFtherefore

o,(x)- = fi sin nnx , 0, = nnc. . k n 1-'

$n(~) = H sin q x , w = qnc2 , C

n n n L,

P where

. "

and q (n = E , 2 , . . .) are the' roots of the equation n

tan q + hq = 0". -

using these e i g e n f u n c t i ~ n s ~ i ~ the definitions

(18) and (21) we dbtain that - . .

-

0"

-' e 0 .

en

Page 103: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59

2 3 . ( - 1 ) n n . ~ r ~ q r - K = - n 2 2

- S i n 2q - >

2 J ? ( n n - - 4 q l )

1

s i n 2q - 1 '

." 5

.? r m >

~ u b s t i g u t i n ~ t h e s e i n t o e q u a t i o n ( 2 4 ) , t h e sum o v e r k -. C s

1 .

'may b e p e r f o r m e d u s i n g t h e r e s u l t t h a t ,

a f t e r s o m e s i m p l i f i c a t i o n we o b t a i n m t h a t " h k a n d

4

E = - 4 q 1 ( 3 + r ) ( 1 ) - r ( 4 3 ) s i n 4 q l - 2 5 6r. a

2 -1 2 - 2 s i n 2q1[q1 ( 1 - r ) + & ( 1 - 2 r ) ~ o t ( 2 ~ ~ & ) ] I . \

2 w h e r e r = c 2 / c 2 = e O / ( l + e O ) .

1

O b s e r v i n g t h a t q l i s t h e s m a l l e s t r o o t o f e q u a t i o n # \

( 2 6 ) a n d t h a t H1 i s g i v e n b y e q u a t i o n ( 2 5 ) we s e e t h a t E

d e p e n d s o n l y o n t h e two p a r a m e t e r s r a n d h - t h a t x i s o n

Page 104: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59

b - I , - -,

4; L

- t h e i n l t i a l , s t r a i n i n t h e s t r i n g a n d , o n . L~ t h e e l a s q i ~ i t y o f ,

t h e e<d f i x t u r e a t x=l , . C u r v e s of' E. a g a i n s t h • ’ o h \ 4 a

d i f f e r e n t v a l u e s o f r a r e shown i n F i g . - 2 . \ A-

- I t c a n b e s e e n t h a t E b e c a m e s i n f i n i t e when It -

zqlJr = , k ~ f o r a n y i n t e g e r k . I n P i g . -2; t h i s i s s e e n . *'A

t o o c c u r o n t h e c u r v e f o r $ = 0 . 4 u a t p a f p r o x i m a t e l y h ,= 0 . 3 .

T h i s * c ' o a d i . c i o n i s e q u i v a l e n t t o fi k = 2 b a n d s o . f 7

c o r r e s p o n d s t o an!-terna_l r e s o n a n c e ' . b e t w e * e n tge b a s i c '

% _

t r a n s v e r s e mode a n d o n e o f t h e l o n g i t u d i n a l mod'es. A s

- * r e m a r k e d o n p a g e 8 9 , t h e a b o v e d e r i v a t i o n

, b e c o m e s i n v a l i d •’0; internal r e s o n a n c e s , a n d ' t h e r e f o r e

t h e ~ e u l t s f o r E a r e P n o t & e a n i n g f u _ l i n t h e n e i g h b o u r h o o d s . .t

c o f s u c h a s y m p t o t e s .

- ,

Page 105: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59
Page 106: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59

* SECTION 1.I

DAMPING PRESENT

. I f y d e n o t e s t h e c o e f f i c i e n t o f t r a n s v e r s e d a m p i n g ,

t h e n a s i n ( 2 ) t h e . e q u a t i o 5 s o f m o t i o n o f t h e s t r i n g i n

t h i s c a se a r e

u

I f & - s e t E = 0 i n ( 2 7 ) we o b t a i n t h e - c o r r e s p o n d i n g . . I

g e n e r a t i n g e q u a t i o n s

j, \ J

T h e p r o b l e m ( 2 8 ) p o s s e s s e s s e t s o f s e p a r a b l e

s o l u t i o n s f o r . u a n d v (O) w h i c h c a n a b e w r i t t e n a s

* T h i s w o r k h a s b e e n a c c e p t e d f o r p u b l i c a t i o n i n ACTA

Page 107: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59

w h e r e a n y a n , Y n y q n a r e a r b i t r a r y c o n s t a n t s a n d w h e r e ,

t h e B i g e n f u n c t i o n s s a t i s f y t h e d i f f e r e n t i a l e q u a t i o n s

9 1 2 2 -

w h e r e X . = o n n - ( n = 1 , 2 , . . . ) .

We s h A l a s s u m e t h a t t h e d a m p i n g i s l e s s t h a n e r i f i c a l ;

2 i . . y < X f o r a l l n , w h i c h m e a n s t h a t a l l . w n a r e

n

T h e b o u n d a r y c o n d i t i o n s 8 ) ( = 0 a n d ,'

b j 2 ) ( @ , ) = d ( i = l Y 2 ) , e n a b l e t h e s e t o f a l l o w e d

e i q g e n f u n c t i o n s a n d e i g e n f r e q u e n c i e s { a , u n } t o b e r L

n

4, d e t e r m i n e d . . I f t h e s e l f - a d j o i n t n e s s c r i t e r i a a r e 9 c ..i'

s a t i s f i e d by t h e b o u n d a r y c o n d i t i o n s , t h e n t h e s e t s o f

f u n c t i o n s ( x ) } a n d { Q n ( x ) } f o r m a S t u r m - L i o u v i l l e 3 n

. ~ " y s t e m a n d t h e y h a v e t h e p r o p e r t y t h a t b e p s i d e s b e i n g ~ +

0 z

c o m p l e t e , t h e y a q e o r t h o g o n a l . i

-

By s u i t a b l y n o r m a l i z i n g @,(XI a n d $ , ( X I , t h e s e

f u n c t i o n s - c a n b e made t o s a t i s f y e q u a t i o n s (5). 4

Page 108: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59

m

G 0

'4

., U

0

m

G

C

3

0

w

'rl u

; ,<

4 (d

CF al

s- rl

a

.rd

C

k

al 'a,

Page 109: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59

C

6

M

'0

P

a)

.,, .,,

P4

JP

4'.

(d

pa

1

aJ r

lv

m

Al

,

7

a, k

.o

a, C

C

W?

m

o

rn a

c C

U

nc

d

(d

Hm

k

m

44 k

w

a!

a,

2 -

C

n

U'

U

C'J

c m

ccl

.d

- 0

Page 110: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59

2 2 a8 d~~ - Y Al c o s I) - 2 y A l B l s i n I$ +-FyA - c o s I$ 1 d a .

Page 111: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59
Page 112: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59

U

rn k

*d

$

.

w

c 3 0

. a

aJ U

- rl k

3

e,'

5

\

n

N k

rl

k

X

WC

N

w

Rb

'

rn

a

+ a u

-

'I

-

Page 113: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59

' w h e r e t h e ' c o n s t a n t s K a r e d e f i n e d b y r

, I a

F rom e q u a t i o n (419,~ c o n s i d e r i n - g t h e c a s e r = 1, .

c o m p a r i n g t h e c o e f f i c i e n t s o f cos.'@ a n d s i n +, we f i n d -

t h a t A1 = B1 = 0. F o r a l l o t h e r p a i r s ' o f v a l u e s o f n a n d

( 1 ) = D ( 1 ) r ( e x c e p t n = r = 11 , w e h a v e C = 0 . n r n r

T h e c o n s t a n t s C ( 1 ) a n d D l l r e m a i n u n d e t e r m i n e d . 11 ( 1 ) R e t u r n i n g ' t o ( 3 3 ) , we $ e e t h a t we may t a k e C l l

t

s i n c e a n y t e r m s i n v ( x , t ) p r o p o r t i o n a l t o @ ( x ) c o s $ a n d 1 1

G1(x) s i n + c a n b e i n c l u d e d w i t h t h e f i r s t t e r m i n t h e

\ - .

7 e x p a n s i o n .

L

- 1 "I

1 From e q u a t i o n ( 4 2 ) , c o m p a r i n g t h e d i f f e r e n t c o -

1' - e f f i c i e n t s o f c o s n+ a n d s i n n$ , we s e e t h a t a l l A n r r

a n d

13''' a r e z e r o e x c e p i n r

A") O r . = L21i r - 7 q 4,')

2 w h e r e P = R + 4y

2 2 - 4 9 . r r

Page 114: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59

m

c (

do

.

C

.d

0

rn &

I'

N

C a,

1

(d

N*

a

h

: 3 (d

-0

0

\d

.d

ma

)u

W

rn

C

1

C

a

0

M

?I

C

U

(d

24

rn

.rl

0

3m

rl

w

8m

a,

k

rn -

a) .rl

'0

U

w

N

II a

3

C

0

%-I

m

C

(d

a

X

a,.

Page 115: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59

n

3

(I]

0

0

m

3-

C

.rf (I]

-3-

m

(I]

6

*C

h

[O

n

. rl CJ

k

0

N

k

(I]

-G

s

U

wC

s

a

rn

u a

m

a

a

- * A

A

4

rn l4

rl

-4 k

3

k e

3

- c A

n

G

we

n

c u

N

nl

b-

(I]

0

u n

(I]

0

C)

G

-4

(I]

Page 116: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59
Page 117: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59
Page 118: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59

w h e r e t h e c o n s t a n t s C ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ' ( 2 ) ( 2 ) a;e l r ' D l r ' '3r . a n d D j r

d e t e r m i n e d b y ( 4 9 ) . i

2 H e n c e t o t h e o r d e r o f E , t h e s o l u t i o n b e c o m e s

w h e r e u ( x , a , J , ) a n d v 2 ( x , a , $ J ) a r e g i v e n b y ( 4 5 ) a n d ( 5 0 ) 1

a n d a , J, b y

a n d Q , R b y e q u a t i o n s ( 4 8 ) . -,

T h e e q u a t i o n s ( 5 2 ) may b e i n t e g r a t e d t o g i v e .

I

w h e r e C ' a n d $J a r e c o n ' s t a n t s o f i n t e g r a t i o n . 0

-

~ i ' i m i n a t i n g a f r o m equa . t . ions i n ( 5 3 . ) , w e h a v e

Page 119: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59
Page 120: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59

w

c d

a a 3 (I] n

n

a3

d. w

n

(I] d

U

rd C

U

k

(d

,- n

Ul w

-d C

(d

n

0

crl w

rn c 0 rl

U

Cd 3

0'

a,

M

C

- rl h '+I

rn -4

U

(d

rn

(I] a, 3

rl

(d

3

c a, M

.rl

(I]

c 0 rl

U

(d 3

w' 0)

M

d

a, 54 w

0

(I] U

.rl C

3

a, C

U

a, (I]

0 0

C

u

(I]

3

U

a, GI

- rn G 0

.

rl

' u

0

c 3 Ic

l .*

c a,

C

M

rl

4 .rl

rd a,

iJ

P

a, 0

rn a,

a, C

3

U

n

bO

n

c b

.rl

* (I] - 3 a

G

(d

.

n

n

n

n

X X

e 'i=

G

W

C

V

C

C

rl (I]

' a

a, (I]

a, C

L

(I]

U

7-1

; 0

U

Page 121: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59

, o v e r k a n d r e s c a l i n g y as 'y~ 2 2 2

= C 2 Q , w e h a v e

T h e g r a p h o f Q / W ~ a g f i n s t t h e d a m p i n g f a c t o r - j

i s shown i n t h e f i g u r e f o r d i f f e r e n t v a l u e s o f r .

Page 122: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59
Page 123: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59

a, a,

.3

a

k

0

+.

a, a

a

Ph

0

U

C)

a, U

Q

' d

rl

w

0

0

P

k

kf

a, a,

a

u

h

8

C

3

c w

0

(d

m

a, c

3

0

rl

d

0 U

m

(d

3

0 w

U

a,

a, 3

3

a, cd

a, C

24 c

m

"a,

k

Pm

a,

0

C

C

4-l I

0

.rl d a

c "

m

(d

. rl

90

- a

cu 0

d

k

e

U

d

Page 124: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59

a,

'

k a

C

'a

,

M

Page 125: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59

C

h

(d

I-( C

(d

u

a

C

rn 3

rn 0

a,.

P

;-t a,

rn C

.rl

0

- U

0

a,

w

$

0

n

. d

U

0

a, .rl

(I) C,

(d

a, N

-4

3

rl

d

Id

.a

a El

M

0

0

U

d

-a

a, t-l

a a "

k

(d

0

L,

w

3

r^-s

(I)

h

x k

'

- a,

C

4-J -0

w

-

4.

Page 126: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59

2 . ASYMPTOTIC SOLUTION.

A c c o r d i n g t o K-B-M m e t h o d , we s e e k t h e s o l u t i o n

o f n o n & e a r e q u a t i o n ( 1 ) i n t h e f o r m

1 w h e r e y = y ( r ) a n d u ( r , a , $ , x ) a r e 27r p e r i o d i c i n $ f o r - r

e a c h r = 1 , 2 , . . . . T h e p a r a m e t e r s a a n d $ a r e f u n c t i o n s r

o f t i m e t a n d a r e g i v e n b y t h e d i f f e r e n t i a l e q u a t i o n s .#

. - We a s s u m e t h e t r u t h o f e q u a t i o n s h ( 2 ) a n d ( 4 ) when r o i s

r e p l a c e d b y T . T h e f u n c t i o n s $ n ( ~ ) a r e i n d e p e n d e n t o f T . e f

2.

a r e t o .be d e t e r m i n e d f r o m t h e r e q u i r e m e n t t h a t t h e s o l u t i o n 4

( 7 ) - ( 8 ) s h o u l d s a t i s f y t h e e q u a t i o n ( I ) . .

I t s h o u l d b e n o t e d t h a t f o r E = 0 , t h e s,;J.ution

- *

- (7):(8) r e d u c e s t o t h e s o l u t i o n ( 6 ) o f t h e g e n e r a t i n g

. e q u a t i o n . We s h a l l r e s t r i c t o u r i n v e s t i g a t i o n t o t h e

Page 127: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59
Page 128: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59

/ S u b s t i t u t i n g ( 1 0 ) i n t o ( 9 ) , m u l t i p l y i n g b o t h s i d e s by

$ , ( x ) , i n t e g r a t i n g f r o m 0 t o it w i t h r e s p e c t t o x., a n d

u s i n g ( 4 ) a n d ( 5 ) , we h a v e :

a 2v n

'd 2v 2 a 'V av n

a v 2

+ 2y - aa 1 a @ n + ~ 2 V + 2yw - 'da n n

+ 2ulB1 + 2 y ' ) c o s $ -

aB1 ' + ( - 2ywlA1 - 2 a y 1 u l + w;) s i n $ 1 + F ( a , $ ) 0

n ( 1 1 )

w h e r e - R

S i n c e V n ( r , a , @ ) a n d F (a,@) a r e b o t h ZIT p e r i o d i c n

b

i n $ , we c a n e x p a n d them i n F ' o u r i e r s e r i e s a s

U s i n g (12) - i n ( 1 1 ) i m p l i e s

Page 129: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59
Page 130: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59

T h e s e e q u a t i o n s d e t e r m i n e A a n d B 1 .I'

C o m p a r i n g t h e c o e f f i c i e n t s o f c o s r a n d s i n r in.(4.,3+),

we g e t

T h e l a s t two e q u a t

n = 1, r = 1. The >

i o n s h o l d f o r a l l n a n d r e x c e p t when

8 c o e f f i c i e n t s An, a n d B a r e , d e t e r m i n e d n r

f r o m t h e s e u a t i o n s . ;/" 1

1

From ( 1 2 ) V n a r e d e t e r m i n e d a n d t h e n f r o m ( 1 0 ) - \

u ( ? l a , $ , x ) i s d e t e r m i n e d . he ref&-e t h e l o l u i i o n o f ( 1 ) 1

u p t o f i r s t i m p r o v e d a p p r o x i m a t i o n i s > -

Page 131: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59

da - 1 + E A ~ ( T , ~ ) , w h e r e - - d t

#

a n d A 1 , B; a r e d e t e r m i n e d by

( 1 4 ) .

t h e d i f f e r e n t i a l e q u a t i o n ? ! ,

Page 132: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59
Page 133: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59

0

rl

.

II N

n

,

Ti

0

X 'w

X

3

n

I 0

. r - W N

CI

Page 134: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59

- . ' C2.0) . . - - C _i

v ( O ) ( x Y t ) 5, a e t

tmi (x ) C O S ( u l ( r O ) t + $J1) ,

0 . LL - 2

. <.' \

/

A c c o r d i n g t o t h e KBM m e t h o d , we s e e k t h e s o l u t i o n o f 4

( 1 5 ) i n t h e f o r m

- t

- w h e r e a a n d I) aree f u n c t i o n s ' o f t g i v e n b y * ~

2 - - - 1 + EA ( a , ? ) + E .... d t 1

We a l s o a s s u m e t h a t w f pwl f o r p a n y i n t e g e r a n d e n > 2 n

a n d a s b e f o r e ' we a s s u n l e t h e v a l i d i t y o f e q u a t i o n s ( 1 6 ) a n d

W A a r e f u n c t i o n s o f T . , n o t c o n s t a n t s . . . (18) when c l , c 2 , n , n

We a l s o a s s u m e t h a t mn(x) a Q n ( x a r e i n d e p e n d e n t o f r . q. I S u b s t i t u t i n g ( 2 1 ) - ( 2 2 ) i 1 , a n d e q u a t i n g t h e

c o , e f f i c i e n t s o f E o n b o t h s i d e s , we o b t a i n t h e f o l l o w i n g \ e q u a t i o n s f o r u a n d V1:

1

Page 135: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59

+ (0;- + - - 2ywIA1 - 2 a w l y 1 ) s i n $ "' aa

To s o l v e ( 2 3 ) - ( 2 4 ) ' w e e x p a n d u 1 ' Vi a s d o u b l e F o u r i e r

s e r i e s i n a n d x u s i n g t h e h a r m o n i c b a s i s f o r $ a n d t h e -,

- . + B ( ~ , a ) s i n n $ ) ] @ ( x ) ( 2 5 ) . n r n

m 1

m

V l ( ~ , a , $ , x ) = E [ I C O r ( r . a ) - + C { C ( r , a ) c o s n$ r = l n = l n r

Page 136: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59
Page 137: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59
Page 138: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59

a

aJ c 8 '

k

aJ I-, aJ a

II; (I]

.d

a,. k

a,

Page 139: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59

"a,' C

U

Page 140: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59

a n d - I/.= I wld t .

Page 141: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59

CHAPTER 5

0 PLANE SHOCK WAVES IN VISCOELASTIC MEDIA

DISPLAYING CUBIC ELASTICITY. - . '3

1 . INTRODUCTION.

I n t h i s c h a p t e r we . c o n s i d e r t h e p l a n e v i b r a t i o n s

o f a medium w h i c h i s p r e d o m i n a n t l y l i n e a r l y e l a s t i c b u t -2 -

w h i c h d i s p l a y s i n a d d i t i o n s m a l l n o n l i n e a r e l . a s t i c a n d

l i n e a r v i s c o e l a s t i c . b e h a v i o u r . T h e n o n l i n e a r i t y i n

s s u p p o s e d t o o c c u r i n t h e f o r m o f t e r m s i n -- t h e s t r e A - s t r a i n r e l a t i o n w h i c h a r e q u a d r a ' t i c a n d c u b i c

i n s t r a i n a n d t h e v i s c o e l a s t i c i t y i s t a k e n a s a f u n ~ t i o n a l

t e r m i n t h e s t r e s s - s t r a i n r e l a t i o n . T h e c a s e , ; h e n t h e

z 1

s t r e s s - s t r a i n r e l a t i o n c o n t a i n s o n l y n o n l i n e a r q u a d r a t i ~ c ...-

t e r m i n s t r a i n i n q d d i t i o n t o l i n e a r t e r m h a s b e e n

i n v e s t i g a t e d by L a r d n e r [ 2 2 j a n d ' i t h a s . b e e n . s h o w n t h a t .

t h e s o l u t i o n o f a n y n o n - t r i v i a l i n i t i a l v a l u e p r o b l e m \ .

f o r s u c h a medium d e v e l o p s a s i n g u l a r i t y i n t h e f o r m o f

a s h o c k - w a v e a f t e r a f i n i t e i n t e r v a l o f t i m e . I n [ 2 2 ] ,

t h e s t r u c t u r e o f t h e " s h o c k l a y e r h a s a l s o p e e n i n v e s t i -

gated .

Page 142: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59

T h e c o n s i d e r a t i o n o f t h e c a s e when t h e s t r e s s -

s t r a i n r e l a t i o n c o n t a i n s q u a d r a t i c a s w e l l a s c u b i c t e r m s

i n s t r a i n i s i n c e f o r many m a t e r i a l s i t c a n b e

e x p e c t e d t h a t s i s a n o d d f u n c t i o n o f s t r a i n , ,

m e a s u r e d gram i t s n a t u r a l s t a t e . I n s u c h a c a s e t h e

d e p a r t u r e f r o m . l i n e a r i t y c a n b e e x p e c t e d t o b e c u b i c a n d

n o t q u a d r a t i c i n s t r a i n .

*

%7+ S i m i l a r p r o b l e m s h a v e b e e n i n v e s t i g a t e d e a r l i e r

b y M o r t e l l a n d V a r l e y [ 2 3 ] , M o r t e l a n d S e y m o u r [ 2 4 , 2 5 ] ,

j K r u s k a l a n d Z a b u s k y [ 2 6 ] , K e l l e r a n d K o g e l m a n [ 2 7 ] a n d

Chukwendu a n d K e v o r k i a n [ 1 5 ] . T h e m e t h o d s o f a p p r o x i -

m a t i o n u s e d w e r e t h e a v e r a g i n g m e t h o d o r c l o s e l y r e l a t e d -

Krylov-Bogoliubov-Mitropolskii m e t h o d , C

m e t h o d

s t r a i n e d c o - o r d i n a t e s o r t h e two t i m e m e t h o d . I n [ 2 4 - 2 7 1 ,

t h e t w o - t i m e m e t h o d wa's u s e d t o f i n d t h e s o l u t i o n i n t h e

f o r m o f a n e x p a n s i o n i n s p a t i a l e t g e n f u n c t i o n s . T h e

s y s t e m o f e q u a t i o n s f o r t h e t i m e d e p e n d e n t a m p l i t u d e s

o b t a i n e d b y t h e t w o - t i m e m e t h o d i s t h e s a m e a s o b t a i n e d I

by t h e a v e r a g i n g m e t h o d . I n - f a c t a c o m p s i s o n o f two-

t i m e a n d a v e r a g i n g m e t h o d s [ 2 0 ] h a s shown t h a t i n t h e i r

l o w e s t a p p r o x i m a t i o n s , t h e s e two m e t h o d s a r e f o r m a l l y

e q u i v a l e n t f o r w i d e c l a s s h y p e r b o l i c p a r t i a l

Page 143: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59

/ i /

d i f f e r e n t i a l e q u a t i o ~ s w i t h s m a l l n o n l i n e a r i t i e s , g & ~ o w -

/ '? $a

e v e r , i t h a s b e e n p o i n t e d o u t b y N a y f e h [ 2 8 ] , t h a t f o r

c e r t a i n n o n l i n e a r wave e q u a t i o n s , a d i r e c t u s e o f t h e

t w o - t i m e m e t h o d w i t h o u t a n e i g e n f u n c t ' i o n e x p a n s i o n 1

a l l o w s t h e s o l u t i o n t o b e g e n e r a t e d m o r e d i r e c t l y t h a n

t h r o u g h t ' h e a v e r a g i n g m e t h o d . T h e 9 r o b l e m . t o b e i n - --

v e s t i g a t e d i n t h i s c h a p t e r f a l l s u n d e r t h i s c a t e g o r $ . J

I 1

T h e e q u a t i o n s d e s c r i b i n g ? h e p h y s i c a l m o d e l a r e

w r i t t e n down i n s e c t i o n 2 , where-we show t h a t t h e y l e a d

t o a c e r t a i ~ n o n l i n e a r w a v e e q u a t i o n f o r l o n g i t u d i n a l

d i s p l a c e m e n t o f t h e c o l u m n .

I n s e c t i o n 3 , t h e s o l u t i o n i s o b t a i n e d by u s i n 8

t w o - t i m e e x p a n s i o n . T h e s o l u t i o n t o t h e l o w e s t o r d e r

c o n s i s t s o f t h e s u p e r p o s i t i o n o f two I \

d i s p e r s e d t r a v e l l i n g w a v e s , o n e t r a v e l l i n g t o t h e r i g h t

a n d t h e o t h e r t o t h e l e f t . U n l i k e t h e c a s e o f q u a d r a t i c +L

e l a s t i c i t y , t h e two w a v e s i n t h i s c a s e a r e n o t q u i t e -

u n c o u p l e d a n d a t e r m p r o p o r t i o n a l t o t h e t o t a l e n e r g y

c o n t a i n e d i n o n e w a v e a p p e a r s i n t h e d i f f e r e n t i a l e q u a -

t i o n w h i c h d e s c r i b e s t h e p r o p a g a t i o n o f t h e o t h e r w a v e

a n d v i c e v e r s a .

Page 144: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59

I n s e c t i o n 4 , w e e x a m i n e , t h e c a s e o f a p u r e l y

e l a s t i c r e g i m e when b e i g n o r e d a n d t h e

e n e r g y i n e a c h o f When

s h o c k s f o r m i n t ' h e s o l u t i o n , t e d i s s i p a t i o n b e c o m e s J s i g n i f i c a n t a n d t h e c o u p l i n g b e t w e e n t h e two w a v e s

b e c o m e s l e s s t r i v i a l . d

I n t h e r e m a i n i n g s e c t i o n s , we e x a m i n e t h e

s t r u c t u r e o f 2 s h o c k - w a v e p h e n t h e p r e d o m i n a n t d i s s i p a -

t i v e m e c h a n i s m i s v i s c o e l a s t i c i n n a t u r e .

5 , we c o n s i d e r t h e V o i g t m o d e l , when t h e

o c c u r s a s a s m a l l term i n t h e s k r e s s - s t r a i b r e l a t i o n \

p r o p o r t i o n a l t o t h e s t r a i n r a t e . T h e c o m p l e t e s o l u t i o n

i n v o l v i n g t h e s h o c k - w a v e i s f o u n d by m e a n s o f a m a t c h i n g

t e c h n i q u e . -. - - I n s e c t i o n 6 , w e e x a m i n e t h e c a s e o f g e n e r a l

v i s c o e l a s t i c r e l a x a t i o n f u n c t i o n . I n t h i s c a s e we f i n d

a n i n t e g r a l e q u a t i o n f o r t h e i n n e r s o l u t l o n w i t h i n t h e ,

s h o i f k - l a y e r a n d o b t a i n t h e c o n d i t i o n f o r f h e s h o c k -

v e l o c i t y .

I n s e c t i o n 7 , we i n v e s t i g a t e a p a r t i c u l a r

2 c a s e when t h e r e l a x a t i o n f u n c t i o n i s o f e x p o n e n t i a l ,P

P -

n a t u r e a n d d e r i v e t h e e x p l i c i t s o l u t i o n f o r t h e i n t e g r a l

e q u a t i o n o f s e c t i o n 6 . i

8 .

\

Page 145: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59

2 . THE PHYSICAL MODEL.

We s h a l l c o n s i d e r t h e p l a n 9 v i b r a t i o n s o f a

v i s c o e l a s t i c s l a b . L e t x b y a c o o r d i n a t e / t h r o u g h t h e

s l a b a n d l e t u ( x y t ) d e n o t e t h e d i s p l a c e m e n t i n t h e

x - d i r e c t i o n a t t i m e t o f t h e c r o s s - s e c t i o n o f t h e s l a b

w h i c h o c c u p i e s t h e p o s i t i o n x i n t h e n a t u r a l s t a t e .

T h e n t h e l o n g i t u d i n a l s t r a i n e ( x , t ) a n d p a r t i c l e

v e l o c i t y v ( x , t ) a r e d e f i n e d b y

s u b s c r i p t s d e n 0 t i n g p a r t i a l d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n . T h e e q u a -

t i o n o f m o t i o n t a k e s t h e f o r m

w h e r e O ( x , t ) ' i s t h e l o n g i t u d i n a l s t r e s s a n d p t h e

d e n s i t y .

We s h a l l s u p p o s e t h a t t h e c o n s t i t u t i v e l a w r e l a -

t i n g s t r e s s a n d s t r a i n f o r t h e m a t e r i a l o f w h i c h t h i s l a b - i s c o m p o s e d t a k e s t h e f o r m

4 o ( x , t ) = ~ { e ( x , t ) + p l [ e ( x , t ) 1 2 + - 3 v [ e ( x , t ) 1 3 + 0 ( i 4 ) }

a3

- / G , ( s ) f e ( x y t - s ) - e f x , t ) 3 d s g

Page 146: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59

a, k

id,

to a, rrl P

id T

I k a

P

w a, C

U

D

01 C

Ec

Page 147: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59

s i m i l a r l y r e - s c a l e d : u = & u * , v = & v * , o = 4; o* r

We a l s o w r i t e 11 = p a n d G l ( s ) = E E G ( s ) , s o t h a t t h e 1

s t r e s s - s t r a i n r e l a t i o n i n t e r m s o f t h e new v a r i a b l e s

t a k e s t h e f o r m

. E q u a t i o n s ( 1 ) a n d ( 2 ) r e m a i n u n c h a n g e d i n t e r m s o f t h e

r e - s c a l e d v a r i a b l e s .

From now o n , we s h a l l d r o p t h e * ' s , w r i t i n g

\ s i m p l y u f o r t h e r e - s c a l e d d i s p l a c e m e n t u * , a n d s o o n . $

a E q u a t i o n s ( l ) , ( 2 ) a n d ( 4 ) c a n b e c o m b i n e d i n t o

a s i n g l e e q u a t i o n f o r u ( x , t ) w h i c h t a k e s t h e f o r m

- , \ w h e r e u n i t s h a v e b e e n c h o s e n i n s u c h a way t h a t E / p = 1. .

C 1 - T h e v i s c o e l a s t i c r e l a x a t i o n function G ( s ) 5 s -

a s s u m e d t o d e c a y t o z e r o a s s + w i t h a c h a r a c t e r i s t i c

&

Page 148: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59

&.

d e c a y t i m e w h i c h i s d e n o t e d by 8 . I f i t h a p p e n s t h a t ,

t h e s t r a i n c h a n g e s s l o w l y r e l a t i v e t o t h e t i m e s c a l e 8 ,

- t h e s t r a i n e ( x , t - s ) i n t h e r e l a x a t i c n t e r m . i n e q n . ( 4 )

may b; expand .ed i n a . T a y l o r e x p a n s i o n a b o u t s = 0 , a n d

we o b t a i n t h e a p p r o ' x i m a t e r e s u l t t h a t

w h e r e k = s G ( s ) d s . We s h a l l r e f e r t o t h i s e x p r e s s i o n 0

a s t h e V o i g t a p p r o x i m a t i o n . W i t h i n t h i s a p p r o x i m a t i o n ,

e q n . ( 5 ) i s r e p l a c e d b y t h e e q u a t i o n

I n a d d i t i o n to t h e s e f i - e l d e q u a t i o n s i t i s

n e c e s s a r y t o i m p o s e i - n i t i a l a n d b o u n d a r y c o n d i t i o n s o n

t h e s y s t e m . We s h a l l s u p p o s e t h a t t h e s l a b o c c u p i e s

t h e f e g i o n 0 < x < R a n d t h a t t h e f a c e s x = 0 a n d x = !k

a r e h e l d f i x e d . T h e n t h e b o u n d a r y c o n d i t i o n s t a k e t h e

f o r m

A s i n i t i a l c o n d i t i o n s we s h a l l a s s u m e t h a t t h e i n i t i a l I

d i s p l a c e m e n t a n d v e l o c i t y , u ( x , O ) a n d v ( x , O ) = u ( x , O ) , t

Page 149: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59

a r e b o t h p r e s c r i b e d . I t f o l l o w s t h e r e f o r e t h a t

i n i t i a l s t r a i n e ( x , O ) = u ( x , O ) i s a l s o known. X

t h e

Page 150: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59

a, U

3

'a

(d

0

k

M'

U

C

C

d

d

m

3

a,

a, .. 3

a

- h

a

U

0

C

m

U

.rl a,

c

a.

U

m

44

rt 0

C

.

U

m

c 0

0

U

. rl u

M

(d

C

3

rl

0'

a

al k

0

u 0

0

4

c 0

rl

4J a

3

0

4

C

0

U

(I] a, 8

a, C

a,

u

a . rl

h

u

a

I 3

0

4J 3

m

U

rl

o

5

U

k a

a, c *rl rl

E! 0

*

:

C

3

'-+

a, 4

W

a 0 (I]

ll m

X

. ri

X

3

4

Page 151: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59

8 .

C

.I4 td

aJ e

k

C'

0

U'

k

w

0

C

w-

rn

.rl c

rn ',o

4-l

El .ri

'C

k

Ua

JO

-ri

d

w

a

c C

aJ

&

0

3

cd u

cr

l

0

3

a, u

. u

01 . rl

aJ

aJ

U

Ck

k

CJ

OP

d "

p

3

rn a,

0

.ri C

a

C,

, 4J aJ

.rl aJ

U

C

' .rl -

.rr " 3

". 9

'rl

X

0

cd. aJ

0

c 0

0

a aJ

ad

-

U

d

u

PU

aJ

.ri

c rn

rn

3

cd rn

w

U

0

ar

lu

cd

c r

nk

al

?I

aJ rn

C

aJ

Ua

Jk

.rl

M

a

4J

r

tr]

0

C

C

0

rl

a

U

rl

d

3

a.

0

c s

0

(I] CJ

Page 152: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59

+ m

a.

a

3

(d

@0

Q

mo

0

.,-I k

C.

k

'4-4

(d

a, 0

C

dr

n

U

3

d

rd ..

a, C

rn

.ri a

3

C

rn (d

a,

El 3

k

a, w

U

a

H.

d

k

(d

(d

i-

id

rn

1

4

00 C

u

9 i

cd:d

U

a) a,

w

ffl 0

C

I U

C

a, .r4

0

M3

aJ

C

RJ

U

k a

.ri +

.:

a

(6

w

0

.ri , C

A

aJ U

N

6

a3

ac

u

Frc a

7-(

a, v

n

.U

~U

d

P

I 5

* bO

II

a3

V

Ga

C

ba

a,

6

w

-

r(

c

a

E.-l 0 'Q

Nd

,

\o

a,, U

*

Frc C

n

C

7 4 €

4

UV

Ia

,

a

-rl U

C

3 0

8

a, (d

-ri 3. U

a

.ri i-i

E-c 0

k

Ca

a

I1 a)

k

0

a

\a,

k

A

c

a

. o

3a

v

UW

cd

i-i C

3

Page 153: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59

we, i m p o s e t h e f o l l o w i , n g ~ o n d i t i o n s o n F a n d G : " s

L e t u s now e x a m i n e t h e c a s e w h e r e t h e f u l l

f u n c t i o n a l f o r m f o r t h e v i s c o e l a s t i c t e r m i s t a k e n ,

e q n . ( 5 ) . I n t h i s c a s e t h e d i f f e r e n t i a l e q u a t i o n f o r ,

u, i s t h e s a m e a s e q n . - ( l 2 ) e x c e p t t h a t t h e k - t e r m i s

% r e :p l aced b y t h e e x p r e s s i o n

m

- r ~ ( s ) p a a ( a - S , T - E S ) - ~ ~ ~ ( a , . ' ) 0

+ G ( 6 - s , T - ES) - G B B ( ~ , T ) j d ~ . . B B

I' I

G ( s ) d e c a y s t o z e r o w i t h i n a n i n t e r v a l 6 w h i c h c a n b e

-1 a s s u m e d t o b e s m a l l c o m p a r e d t o E , s o t h a t t o a g o o d .

/I-

a p p r o x i m a t t o n - w e may r e p l a c e t h e a r g u m e n t s r - E S by T ---

i n t h i s i n t e g r a l . C o ~ s e q u e n t l y i n r h e s o l u t i o n ( 1 3 ) f o r a

u1 , t h e k -be rm i s r e p l a c e d b y

Page 154: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59

P

t-'

. k.

n

M

rl

o

U

C

4J ,

O m

0

a, 3

aJ 0

C

rl

H

c .rl

Page 155: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59

e q n . ( 1 7 ) we o b t a i n t h ~ c o n d i t i o n s t h a t - -,

i

T h e f i r s t o f t h e s e c o n d i t i o n s i s s a t i s f i e d - i f we t a k e

G ( B , T ) = - F ( ~ , T ) f o r a n y p 3 o f a r g u m e n t s ( 0 T . U n d e r -

B

t h i s i d e n t i f i c a t i o n , t h e two e q u a t i o n s (-15) b e c o m e

4 . i d e n t i c a l , a s a l s o d o t h e two e q n s . ( 1 6 ) . - T b s c o n s i s t e n c y

i s a c h i e v e d b y t a - k i n % t h e s o l u t i o n i n t h e f o r m

i n t h i s c a s e , w h e r e F f e , ~ ) s a t i s f i e s t h g e q u a t i o n

i n t h e c a s e o f t h e V o i g t a p p r o x i m a t i o n , a n d m o r e g i n e r a l l y

s a t i s f i e s d

S i m i l a r l y , ' t h e s e c o n d o f t h e ' b o u n d a r y c o n d i t i o n s 9 \

-- - ( 1 8 ) i s m e t b y a s s u m i n g t h a t F i s p e r i o d i c i n i t s f i r s t

a r g u m e n t w i t h p e r i o d 2R : F ( 6 + 2 2 , ~ ) = F ( f 3 , ~ ) . T h i s

Page 156: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59

c o n d i t i o n i s c o n s i s t e n t w i t h t h e d i f f e r e n t i a l e q u a t i o n s . 9

( 2 0 ) o r ( 2 1 ) .

I t i s c o n v e n i e n t t o i n t r o d u c e f ( 0 , r ) = F O ( @ , r ) .

w -' % A f t e r d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n w i t h r e s p e c t t o 0 , e q n s . ( 2 0 ) a n d

t a k e t h e f o r m

w h e r e . ..

I n t h i s l a s t e q u a t i o n w e h a v e made u s e o f t h e p e r i o d i c i t y

o f f ( @ , - r ) i n 8 i n c h a n g i n g f r o m t h e i n f i n i t e a v e r a g e i n

t h e o r i g i n a l d e f i n i t i o n ( 1 4 ) t o t h e a v e r a g e o v e r o n e p e r i o d

i n e q n . ( 2 2 ) .

T h e s t r a i n a n d v e l o c i t y a r e e x p r e s s i b l e , t o l o w e s t ,--

o r d e r , i n t e r m s o f t h e f u n c t i o n • ’ ( @ , ~ ' ) , - f o r , u p o n d i f f e - ,* -Y

r e n t i a t i n g e q n . ( 1 9 ) w i t h r e s p e c t t o x a n d t i n t u r n , we

o b t a i n t h a t

Page 157: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59

From t h e i n i t i a l v a l u e s o f e a n d v , t h e f o l l o w i n g - i n i t i a l v a l u e s o f f ( 8 , ~ ) a r e o b t a i n e d :

\

C o n s e q u e n t l y t h e v a l u e s f ( 8 , O ) a r e known f o r - 2 < 8 < R .

I n v i e w o f t h e p e r i o d i c i t y o f f ( ' 8 , ~ ) i n 8 , i t f o l l o w s

t h e r e f o r e t h a t t h e v a l u e s f ( 8 , O ) a r e known f o r a l l v a l u e s

ci - F o r v a l u e s o f ' t w h i c h a r e o ( ~ ) , r i s s m a l l a n d

may b e r e p l a c e d b y z e r o i n t h e s o l u t i o n ( 1 7 ) . T h e s o l u t i o n

t h e n may b e i n t e r p r e t e d a s c o n s i s t i n g o f two w a v e s , a n

a - w a v e ' w i t h a m p l i t u d e TF t r a v e l l i n g t o t h e l e f t a n d a 8-wave -A w i t h a m p l i t u d e G t r a v e l l i n g t o t h e r i g h t . F o r v a l u e s , o f T

s i g n i f i c a n t l y d i f f e r e n t f r o m z e r o t h i s i n t e r p r e t a t i o n

b r e a k s down b e c a u s e o f t h e T - d e p e n d e n c e o f F a n d G ( a l t h o u g h ,

1 a s we s h a l l s e e i n t h e n e x t s e c t i o n , a n i n t e r p r e t a t i o n i n

t e r m s o f s i m p l e w a v e s i s m s t i l l p o s s i b l e i n t h e p u r e l y J

Page 158: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59

e l a s t i c c a s e ) . O v e r t i m e - s c a l e s o f o r d e n i t y , t h e

a n d G p a r t s o f t h e s o l u t i o n s t i l l a p p e a r p r o x i m a t e l y

a s w a v e s p r o p a g a t i n g i n e a c h d i r e c t i o n , b u t t h e *9 .>,-dependence o f t h e s e f u n c t i o n s i n t r o d u c e s a s l o w

A p e r n i o n a n d m o d u l a t i o n o f t h e two w a v e s .

When v = 0 , t h e two e q n s . ( 1 5 ) b e c o m e e n t i r e l y

d e c o u p l e d , i n d i c a t i n g t h a t t h e two p a r t s F a n d G o f t h e

s o l u t i o n p r o p a g a t e i n d e p e h d e n t G o f o n e a n o t h e r . T h i s

f e a t u r e o f q u a d r a t i c e l a s t i c ' m a t e r i a l s h a s be.en n o t e d .

p r e v i o u s l y i n s l i g h t l y d i f f e r e n t c o n t e x t n s b y M o r t e l l a i d +G

V a r l e y [ 2 3 ] a n d M o r t e l l a n d Seymour [ 2 4 , 2 5 ] . F o r t h e

c a s e o f c u b i c e l a s t i c i t y ( V # 0 ) t h e two w a v e s d o n o t

p r o p a g a t e i n d e p e n d e n t l y , 3 l t h o u g h t h e c o u p l i n g b e t w e e n

2 t h e m o n l y a r i s e s t h r o u g h t h e a v e r a g e v a l u e s < F B > a n d

2 <G > .

B

W h e n v = O , e q n . ( 2 0 ' ) r e d u c e s t o B u r g e r s l

e q u a t i o n , a s h a s b e e n shown e l s e w h e r e [ 2 3 ] .

Page 159: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59
Page 160: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59
Page 161: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59

t h e a m p l i t u d e o f t h e s i g n a l c a r r i e d b y t h a t c h a r a c t e r i s t i c .

T h e a m p l i t u d e s H ( 8 1 ) a r e c o m p l e t e l y d e t e r m i n e d 6 y

t h e i n i t i a l s t r a i n a n d v e l o c i t y i n ' t h e med ium. S e t t i n g

t = 0 ( T = 0 ) i n e q n . ( 2 7 ) we s e e t h a t = 0 i n i t i a l l y ,

a n d h e n c e f r o m e q n s . ( 2 6 ) a n d ( 2 4 ) ,

i n 0 w i t h p e r i o d 2 2 , s o t h a t e q n s . ( 3 0 ) d e t e r m i n e H ( 8 ) 1

f o r a l l v a l u e s o f 0 . )

L e t u s now d e t e r m i n e C ( T ) . I n t h e d e f i n i t i o n

- ( 2 2 ) w e s u b s t i t u t e t h e s o l u t i o n ( 2 6 ) a n d c h a n g e t o e l a s

i n t e g r a t i o n v a r i a b l e u s i n g e q n . ( 2 7 ) t h u s o b t a i n i n g \ -- d

S i n c e H ( 8 ) i s p e r i o d i c i n e l w i t h p e r i o d 2 2 , t h e t e r m s i n 1

e q n . ( 3 1 ) i n v o l v i n g t h e f a c t o r H ' ( 8 1 ) v a n i s h , l e a v i n g

Page 162: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59

1

-

I t i s c l e a r t h e r e f o r e t h a t C(T) i s , i n f a c t a C,

, c o n s t a n t , i n d e p e n d e n t o f r . his f a c t c a n a c t u a l l y b e

v e r i f i e d d i r e c t l y f r o m t h e d i f f e r e n t i a l e q u a t i o n ( 2 5 ) ,

b u t we h a v e k e p t C ( r ) v a r i a b l e u p t o t h i s p o i n t f o r

f u t u r e u s e .

S i n c e c i s c o n s t a n t , i t f o l l o w s t h a t t h e v e l o c i t y

o f p r o p a g a t i o n o f t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a r e c o n s t a n t ( c . f . -2 ,

-

e q n . ( 2 9 ) ) . I n t h e x t - p l a n e , t h e a- a n d 8 - c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s

f o r m two f a m i l i e s o f s t r a i g h t l i n e s .

S u b s t i t u t i n g e q n . ( 3 0 ) i n t o e q n . ( 3 2 ) we o b t a i n

t h e r e s u l t t h a t

s h o w i n g t h a t , a p a r t f r o m a c o n s t a n t f a c t o r , C i s e q u a l ,

t o t h e e n e r g y i n t h e i n i t i a l s t a t e o f s t r a i n a n d ' m o t i o n

o f t h e s l a b ( u p t o t e r m s - o f o r d e r E ) .

E q u a t i o n s ( 2 6 ) a n d ( 2 7 ) p r o v i d e a s o l u t i o n o f

e q n . ( 2 5 ) o n l y i f e q n . ( 2 7 ) c a n b e s o l v e d f o r 8 f o r c 1

g i v e n ( 0 , ~ ) . T h i s a m o u n t s t o r e q u i r i n g t h a t o n l y o n e

c h a r a c t e r i s t i c from e a c h f a m i l y p a s s e s t h r e e g h e a c h - p o i n t

i n t h ' e ( x , t ) p l a n e . Now i n f a c t , t h e f a m i l y o f l i n e s

d e f i n e d b) e q n . ( 2 7 ) d o e s h a v e a n e n v e 1 o p e . w h i c h t h e r e - \

- 5 \+..:.

Page 163: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59

f o r e m u s t p r o v i d e a b o u b d a r y b e y o n d w h i c h t h e s o l u ' t i o n

we h a v e f o u n d b e c o m e s i n v a l i d .

e q n . ( 2 7 ) t a k e s t h e f o r m e l = 0 + r P ( B 1 ) . T h e e n v e l o p e

i s o b t a i n e d b y d i f f e r e n t i a t i n g w i t h r e s p e c t t a 8 1 '

w h i c h g i v e s T P ' ( B ) = 1, a n d s o i s g i v e n p a r a m e t r i c a l l y 1

by t h e e q u a t i o n s

I f we d e n o t e b y B m t h e v a l u e o f e l a t w h i c h P 1 ' ( e l ) i s

a maximum, t h e n t h e s m a l l e s t v a l u e o f T o n t h e e n v e l o p e

i s g i v e n b y

T h u s f o r T < T f Y

t h e s o l u t i o n ( 2 6 ) , ( 2 7 ) i s v a l i d f o r

a l l y a l u e s o f 8 , w h i l e f o r T 3 T i t b e c o m e s i n v a l i d f o r - f

a t l e a s t some s e t o f v a l u e s o f 8 . S i n c e P ( 0 ) i s ~ e r i o d i c , . 1

'f- p r o v i d e d t h a t i t i s n o t i d e n t i c a l l y ' c o n s t a n t , t h e r e i s

a l w a y s s o m e v a l u e o f 0 a t w h i c h P ' ( e l ) > 0,. s o t h a t , a 1

-

f i n i t e v a l u e o f T a l w a y s e x i s t s . f

Page 164: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59

For T >, T p it is necessary to include a shock f

'G w a v e in the solution, and in the following sections w e

.- shall investigate'the nature,of'the shock layer in the

case when the material displays a small degree of P

viscoelasticity.

Page 165: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59

5 . SOLUTION I N THE VOIGT APPROXIMATION. !

,-

I n t h i s s e c t i o n we s h a l l e x a m i n e t h e s o l u t i o n . ~ • ’

e q n . ( 2 0 ' ) i n t h e c a s e when t h e c o n s t a n t k i s s m a l l . T h i s b

' fk'q v i s c o e l a s t i c c o n t r i b u t i o n a m o u n t s t o a s s u m i n g t h a t

t o t h e s t r e s s i n e q n . ( 6 ) i s s m a l l c o m p a r e d t o T h e c o n t r i -

b u t i o n o f t h e n o n l i n e a r e l a s t i c t e r m s e x c e p t i n r e g i o n s

w h e r e t h e s t r a i n i s r a p i d l y v a r y i n g . , I n p a r t i c u l a r , t h e -

v i s c o e l a s t i c t e r m s a r e s i g n i f i c a n t w i t h i n t h e n e i g h b o u r -

h o o d o f a n y s h o c k w a v e w-hich may d e v k l o p i n t h e s o l u t i o n .

Under ' t h e s e c o n d i t i o n s , ' a s l o n g a s t h e i n i t i a l

v a l u e s o f t h e s t r a i n a n d v e l o c i t y g r a d i e n t s a r e n o t l a r g e ,

t h e e l a s t i c s o l u t i o n f o u n d i n S e c t i o n 4 w i l l p r o v i d e a

g o o d a p p r o x i m a t i o n , w i t h i n O(k ) o f ' t h e c 0 r r e c . t s o l u t i o n

o f e q n . ( 2 0 1 ) , u p t o t i m e s a t w h i c h a s h o c k f o r m s . C

F u r t h e r m o r e , e v e n ' f o r r > r f , t h e l a s t t e r m i n e q n . ( 2 0 ' )

c a n b e i g n o r e d f o r p o i n t s w h i c h a r e o u t s i d e t h e s .hock --I

l a y e r , a n d a t s u c h p o i n t s t h e s o l u t i o n i s g i v e n a p p r o x i -

m a t e l y b y e q n . ( 2 6 ) a n d ( 2 7 ) . We s h a l 1 , r e f e r t o t h i s

a p p r o x i m a t i o n a s t h e o u t e r s o l d t i o n . We n o t e h o w e v e r t h a t "

t h e r e i s o n e d i s t i n c t i o n b e t w e e n t h e o u t e r s o l u t i o n f o r I

r > -rf a n d t h e e l a s t i c a p p r o x i m a t i o n for T i r , n a m e l y f

w e may r e g a r d t h i s a s a r e s u l t o f a b s o r p t i o n o f e n e r g y b y

Page 166: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59

'C

-4

a, d

a,

P

> .a

cd ' d.

3

.k

cd

2 ?

. 0

k

?

C4

a,

m

c c

a, .rl

,.a u

0

)

C

w

u

0

a, u

C

3

u a

,a

0

a

u

u

a,' C

C

4

U

VJ 4J

?

i :

a, s

d

k a a

a, G

k

cd

C,

kl

e

a, -

.

dh

C

k

cd 0

a, 4-l

4

.d A

C

Ue

cd M

3

I

d

I

u rl

0

0

0

A

,

k

C.

VJ u

P

VJ 0

. C

a,

a, k

C

QV

,

C

cd u

d

a, S

r-4

C

C

C

u

0

.d a,

d

C

G

C

M

U

.rl 3, C

'A

.rl 'aJ

u

m

k,

U

d

z 2

3

M

q

rl u

V-t

C

C

u ,

u;

o

cd o

m' -2

4-

. C

0

m --;

x 2..

a, a,

*'c .?

I 9

M

v-4 2 0

d

[I]

u

cd r-l

rl C

d

aJ U

u

cd u

m

C

rd

a a

4

4

m E3 .rl

a,

a

a, x

0

cd 5

0

U

k

k

[I] a

T .rl

a, a

3

C

cd C

I,

Q

) a,

C

A

C

0

P

U

Page 167: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59

a,

w

CI*

0

C 0

d

U

7

r-l 0

m

a,, C

1

U n

LJ'

w 0

a, 5

l-i (d

P

Page 168: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59

r: a,. U

.

U"

.rl

k! a, P

c

c

0

rd - .d

L)

U

(d

m

cl (d

0

c a

h

3

a, cu

c

rlim

rd U

+

I -

a, u

W

rl

7

3

(d

l a 0

.+

m

k

U

U

;L

C

d

cd -d

II U

m

a,

+I

c3

W

0

u

W

2 n

rl

a, m

C

h

'4-4 E-l

4

U

+ %

N

.d

w

0

,

0

II 7

m

W

Page 169: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59

by m e a n s o f t h e d e f i n i t i o n 2

A s 0 v a r i e s f r o m b e l o w t o a b o v e t h e s h o c k l a y e r , f v a r i e s

f r o m f t o f , w h e n c e r c h a n g e s f r o m -1 t o +l. I t i s 2 3

g i v e n by t h e r e l a g i o n ,

On c r o a i n g t h e s h o c k l a y e r , t h e i n n e r s o l u t i o n

( 3 7 ) f o r f c h a n g e s f r o m t h e v a l u e * • ’ a t p o i n t s w e l l b e l o w 2

t h e l a y e r t o f a t p o i n t s a b o v e t h e l a y e r . T h e s e l i m i t i n g 3, -

v a l u e s m u s t b e d e t e r m i n e d by m a t c h i n g w i t h t h e o u t e r

s o l u t i o n a t p o i n t s j u k t b e l o w a n d j u s t a b o v e t h e s h o c k .

A t a n y p o i n t 8 = Bs(-r) o n t,he' s h o c k , t h e r e a r e

two v a l u e s o f 8, f o r w h i c h e q n . ( 2 7 ) i s s a . t i s f i e d , w h i c h 1 - .

+ we d e n o t e by 8 -

1 '

T h i s m e a n s t h a t

t h e two c h a r a c t e r -

i s t i c s w i t h p a r a -

meters 6 = 8- a n d 1 1,

T/' ' = b o t h pass

t h r o u g h t h e p o i n t

t h e f i r s t a r r i v i n g a t d

1

Page 170: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59

M

U

c m

g v-4

7U

C

a C

) a,

U

cm

a

OU

Ei

C

72 3

rl

cu

0

-0

m

U

a

cd k

a,

ad

@

c k

*

C

k

.rl d

cd

k

u

k

a, (d

C

m

JJ

rl

aJ

(d

3

w

C

OM

m

.d

h

mm

FI

w

U

a, C

as

a,

C

U3

(d

CF

C

a, N

U

m

Wd

C

3

0

m

U

a, al

3

a

rl

.rl .

mu

m

* c

u

.rl .d

M

OC

l

cu

m

.d

d

Ua

Jk

-rl

k

a, B

oo

-rl

w

u

rl

al

cd

k

k

Page 171: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59

d e t e r m i n e d t h r o u g h a c e r t p i n g e o m e t r i c a l c o n s t r u c t i o n .

A s i m i l a r c o n s t r u c t i v e m e t h o d d o e s n o t a p p e a r t o b e

f e a h h e n v Z 0. 1

we o b e t h a t , i n o r d e r f o r t h e s i t u a t i o n

i l l u s t r a t e d i n u r e 1 t o b e r e a l i i e d , t h e s l o p e s o f \

t h e two c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s m u s t s a t i s f y t h e

( d @ / d ~ ) + < ( d $ / d ~ ) - . B u t f r o m e q n . ( 2 7 ) ,

s o t h a t t h e f o l l o w i n g c o n d i t i o n i s o b t a i n e d a f t e r u s i n g . '-

e q n s . ( 4 2 ) :

I * -

T h i s c o n d i t i o n r e l a t e s t h e s i g n o f t h e jump a c r , o s s t h e

2 .

/ s h b c k t o t h e q u a d r a t i c - a n d c u b i c e l a s t i c c o n s t a n t s a n d

t o t h e a v e r a g e v a l u e o f f a t t h e c e n t r e o f t h e s h o c k

T h e t h r e e e q u a t i o n s ( 4 3 ) , (4&> d e t c i m i n e T s ( ~ ) ,

b u t t h e s h o c k p a t h 0 ( T ) c a n b e o b t a i n e d f r 3 m e q n . ( 3 4 ) s

--. o n l y when C ( ~ ) " h a s b e e n f o u n d . W i t h t h e p r e s e n c e o f a

s h o c k , C ( T ) i s no l o n g e r c o n s t a n t . I n o r d e r t o o b t a i n

a n e x p r e s s i o n f o r C ( T ) , l e t u s m u l t i p l y e q n . ( 2 0 ' ) b y

Page 172: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59

f ' ( @ , r ) - k n d i n t e g r a t e o v e r e f r o m 0 t o 2 k . I n v i e w o f F

h

t h e p e r i o d i c i t y o f f , s e v e r a l ,o f t h e i n t e g r a l s v a n i s h ,

a n d t h e e n d r e s u l t i s

\ From t h e d e f i n i t i o n ( 2 2 ) o f C ( T ) t h e r e f o r e ,

\

1h t h e a b s e n c e o f a s h o c k w a v e , t h e r i g h t - h a n d .

s i d e h e r e i s ' s m d l , o f o r d e r k . H o w e v e r , w>hen t h e s h o c k P

i s p r e s e n t , a c o n t r i b u t i o n oJ o r d e r u n i t y t o t h i s r i g h t -

h a n d s i d e i s made by t h e s h o c k l a y e r i t s e l f . To e v a l u a t e -

t h e c o n t r i b u t i o n . o f t h e l a y e r , t h e i n n e r v a r i a b l e 5 may d

b e u s e d , i n w h i c h c a s e - we c a n p r i r e

\ .

e q n . ( 3 3 ) i n w h i c h k i s s e t e q u a l t o z e r o . A f t e r s u b s t i - A -

t u t i n g a n d p e r f o r m i n g t h e i n t e g r a t i o n o v e r 5 , we o b t a i n

Page 173: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59

I-i U

+I

Page 174: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59

A = f - 3 - • ’ 2 > 0 we t h e r e f o r e h a v e a r a r b f a c t i o n w a v e

i n w h i c h t h e medium , d i l a t e s a s t h e s h o c k p a s s e s w h i l e

when A < 0 we h a v e a c o m p r e s s i o n w a v e . W h i c h o f t h e s e %

two t y p e s o f s h o c k i s p o s s i b l e i s d e t e r m i n e d b y t h e

c o n d i t i o n ( 4 5 ) . '\

Page 175: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59

'.

U

C,

C

0

0

V,

k,

(d

'L

A.

0

A'

F 6

% k

0

a) a

-r

lr

la

mo

a)

P.I 3

uu

ma

o

-

0

-C

&/

v/ a

. .rl

a

C)

wa

rl

uc

m,

F

01

.

V)

a)

34

0

U

n

a)

h.

Cd

m

C)

,d

a)

k

h

3m

u~

m

; \ k

C

r

0

Wl

N

0

N

03

U

C,

+

W

PI

w

4v

kV

1

: 3

PI

a)

am

a)

.*

: a

d

% a

ma

a

hs

1s

o

rl

c.

c

cc

rl

u

m

d

rl

U

d(

d3

C

.d

$4 ffl

u

C

'1.k

U

00

.

a)

U

3

0

hF

4

n~

U

CL

oJ

J3

rl

-0

W

i

3

- -

VJ 0

3

-r

0

0

N

V)

rl

rl

.r

l

m.

rl

PI

0

m

w-

U

NN

a

ua

a

.

t-' k

--

ac

u.

rl

a)

o k

0

U'

Cd

i

CA

O

a)

.

aa

m

u

KI cl

-4

sm

ku

m

P

t-' u

UC

U'

a)

4J %

C

m

+

a U

'a

lu

kf

fl

u'

rl

ff

l

v)

Md

a

PI

rl

k(

da

)

.d

co

o

C

w

u

0

rl

m.

o

w m

-

(d

h0

v)

U

1-I ,

PI

G

P

(d

@

+P

I

MO

. 4

-l

u

n

C

~~

SC

CC

.;

I

a;

v-4

'n

co

au

uU

cr

JU

*

31 4J

Wa

)d

O-

rl

C

' a,

E:

mm

P

uu

cC

Uu

ha

o

m

da

TI

3

m 3

- (d

.d

, m

4

.

d~

rl

~r

l c

&I

X'

'3

-u

oo

0

m a

~

-c

k

cd

sa

)'

;

a0

hC

o

(6,

a)

a

rrl c

4

-0

o

rl

a

ua

ka

aa

a

ma

rt

l

u

0

C

3r

lm

JZ

- L-c

(d

u

(d

ai

m ,a

u.

P1 3

II -

a u

43

mu

u

a

(0

.4

(

d

(d

'm

.M

k

4J h

.d

XC

C*

C

:d a)

a)

I+ +

0.

d~

u~

Oa

)o

sac-

~k

a

O.

P(

UB

+

cu

uu

(

da

(d

cC

c

rl

' 3

;d

ca

xo

ma

~u

'a

)

mh

m

u(

da

7-

1

3

C.

4J

P

.D

4J

cc

a)

um

3

- +I

- M

rl

rl

ad

.rl

C

k

06

l-

J

ha

)

r+

"a

~v

u

u'

u

PI

a~

u

aa

cu

vc

a

h

a

c .:- v

.d

kC

Od

o

os

a

uo

mu

~~

uu

ur

+.

a

re

a

t-'

kp

aJ

0)

a

a c

aa

rl

u

(d

C0

u

)

.

C

u

0)

rl

W

MU

C

P

.r

l(

dU

k

H

0

&

3

U

3U

00

H

u

u

H

a)

C

0

m

so

u

4

Ud

PI

v)

d

U

kA

W

-a

au

o

~a

aa

U

m

3a

c

Cm

Om

H

O

Vl

U

3

d

(d

C

U.

u

a)

14

0a

)k

C

4

PI

C0

3

z

cn

UC

0

0

H

C C

H

Hom

e

U

.d

d

z

a

a 3

a)

-&

!

B.4 P

U

-4

a

)

m

k.

-a

a

)d

G

~3

a

u' -4

Page 176: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59
Page 177: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59

€3' a,'

a, C)

m

c c

-rl 0

m

v

Page 178: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59
Page 179: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59

a l t h o u g h n u m e r i c a l . s !p lu t ions c o u l d b e o b t a i n e d i n a n y

p a r t i c u l a r c a s e . I n t h e n e x t s e c t i o n we s h a l l e x a m i n e

t h e s o l u t i o n f o r t h e s p e c i a l c a s e o f a n e x p o n e n t i a l , . ,

I r e l a x a t i o n f u n c t i o n , f o r whJch a n e x p l i c i t s o l u t i o n

c a n be f o u n d . ,

E q u a t i o n ( 4 6 ) . c o n t i n u e s t o h o l d f o r a g e n e r a l

r e l a x a t , i o n f u n c t i o n , p r o v i d e d t h a t v i s c o e l a s t i c ,

d i s s i p a t i o n i s s i g n i f i c a h o n l y w i t h i n t h e s h o c k l a y e r .

F o r ; . f r o m e q n s . ( 2 1 ' ) a n d 622) i t f o l l o w s tet

I f t h e 0 i n t e g r a l i s r e s t r i c t e d t o t h e s h o c k l a y e r , e q n .

( 4 7 ) may b e u s e d w i t h . t h e r e s u l t t h a t

A f t e r e v a l u a t i n g t h i s i n t e g r a l , e q n . ( 4 6 ) i s o b t a i n e d .

Page 180: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59

a ,,

a,' .k

m

0

rd '44

u

Page 181: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59
Page 182: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59

I *

s i d e o f t h e l a y e r i s b . : c o m p r e s s e d r e l a t i v e t o t h e t r a i l i n g

s i d e . When c u b i c e l a s t i c i t y i s s i g n i f i c a n t , t h e s t r u c t u r e

o f t h e s h o c k l a y e r l o s e s i t s s y m m e t r y a b o u t a t h e c e n t r , e

e v e n f o r t h e V o i g t a p p r o x i m a t i o n .

An e s t i m a t e o f t h e w i d t h o f t h e l e a d i n g f l e o f O f

t h e s h o c k l a y ' e r ( i . e . , t h e s i d e o f w h i c h f + f 2 C

o b t a i n e d b y s e t t i n g r = -1 + 1 / N w i t h N s o m e p u i t a b l y 3; "0,-d

. l a r g e n u m b e r . We t h e n o b t a i n t h a t 0 - 0 =: - ka2RnN f o r 2;. s

t h e v o i g t a p p r o x i m a a t i o n , a n d 0 - 0 s z - kd2!tnN f o r t h e C/ e x p o n e n t i a l r e l a x a t i o n f u n c t i o n . F o r t h e t r a i l i n g s i d e

o f t h e l a y e r , w e c a n s e t r = 1 - <IN, o b t a i n i n g

I 8 - €lS z k a EnN f o r t h e V o i g e a p p o x i m a t i o n a n d 3 1

8 -- B s z kdj!LnN f r o m e q n . (5511 ~ i e t o t a l w i d t h o f t h e - /

i" s h o c k i s o b t a i n e d $y a d d i n g t h e e two h a l f - w i d t h s t o g e t h e , r ,

g i v i n g t h e v a l u e s k ( a 2 + a3)RnN a n d k ( d 2 + d 3 ) k n N f o r t h e

two- s o l u t i o n s . , B u t c o m p a r i n g e q n s . ( 3 9 ) a n d ( 5 6 ) $we see 1 i

t h a t t h e s e two e x p r e s s i o n s a r e i d e n t i c a l , s o t h a t i k h e

t o t a l w i d t h o f t h e s h o c k l a y e r i s g i v e n c o r r e c t l y by t h e e

V o 2 i g t a p p r o x i m a t i o n .. i

S i n c e a '> a f o r v > 0 , , i t f o l l o w s & h a t i n t h e .2 3

V o i g t a p p r o x i m a t i o n t h e t r a i l i n g s i d e o f t h e l a y e r i s pp- - --

c o m p r e s s e d r e l a t i v e t o t h e l e a d i n g s i d e when t h e c u b i c

Page 183: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59

a, a,

v

rn A

vl

C

d

0)

c

u

CU

a,

.n

a, a)

0'

CC

3D

Ll

C

c

CU

yU

d

3 .rl

rn 0

.d

a .rl

o

.rl 2

ai

co

h

-

au

u

C3

0

4-

3

M a

d u

a0

0

wx

ao

a,

0

rn r

o

cd 3

TI

-a

u

Ll

VC

r

nd

-r

l

u

a,

.d

a,

rn a,

3a

ur

d~

rn

rn

P

3

a

ob

td

aa

?I

C

0) .r(

4

d4

aM

0

C

(I,

rl

r-

ia

xa

ca

,

u

.U

o

a$

-l

oo

-r

l.

a

a)

M

U-(

d

Ll

Vr

-4

-r

l

.w

c

ua

a

.r( u

.r

lo

+

cl

ca

~a

rn

a

a,

-

d

.r

la

)V

)(

dU

k3

C

I( a,

-4

c rn

00

0

3=

'u

m

-o

a)

ua

,

4

.u

M

7-1

$4

o

a~

wa

u

(d

c

rn Y

'

x a

er

lw

s

(d c

-4

v

ao

ux

a

CM

a

0

3

- - @

CC

3

C0

M

UU

w

+J

* G

a,

;m

a,

c

wa

.

rl

rn

su

a~

~l

d

O(

d0

a

)3

.d

U

Ll

~r

na

cr

a a

ao

a

,=

d

cd

ue

cs

L4

a

c L)-KI

.P

I

o

o

a)

Ll

UJ

Q)

,O

C

0

V

N

(d d

4: a

L

lU

Cr

nk

I

C

. rl a,

rn

(d

a,

oc

- -

h

Ll

0

0

U

0

UC

(d

U

rn

a,

Ut

' C

KI .rl

o

a

td C

WB

M

v

ad

rl

mu

3

o

~'

a)

W

JO

a

-,

c

-rl c

ou

av

a

w

a

u

rn El

dV

0

oc

V

Ir

d-

r-

IC

C

a,

a, w

.rl

d

x .rl

u

hla

,"

a

A

u

o

a)

o

a

TI .rl

h

Ll 5

C

.r

l(

11

3h

U

wv

aa

) u

rn

U

v

d

da

m

td ~

a,

dp

a

rd

rn

w

cr

nv

w

d

3

a, 0

c.

rl

(

dd

W

UV

UL

l

dd

uu

a)

bo

a

n

a

.rl III

a, .rl

El w

cd

rd

al

aa

)

CO

O

'p

QJ

Ll

Cr

-i

S

U3

0

Wr

-i

UU

a)

tJ

Page 184: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59

( 5 5 ) become a p p r o x i m a t e l y t h e s a m e . T h e s e c o n d i t i o n s

c o u l d b e d e r i v e d ' i n a q u a l i t a t i v e s e n s e f r o m a e s o l u t i o n r- .

( 4 1 ) a 1 o n e ; s i n c e a n i n t u i t i v e c o n d i t i o n f o r t h e v a l i d i t y

o f t h e V o i g t a p p r o x i m a t i o n i s t h a t t h e d e & a y t i m e 6 s h o u l d

b e much s m a l l e r t h a n t h e w i d t h s o f t h e two s i d e s o f t h e

s h o c k l a y e r . T h u s we a r e l e d t o t h e c o r i u t i o n s 6 << k a 2

a n d 6 << ka, w h i c h a r e i d e n t i c a l w i f h c o n d i t i o n s , . 3

i I T h e s o J u t i o n ( 4 1 ) a l w a y s s a t i s f i e s t h e b o u n d a r y

c o n d i t i o n s , r + f + a s ( 8 - BS) / k + s i n c e a a n d a 2 3

- w h i l e t h e e c o n d i t i o n r -+ +1 a s

m e t b y s o l u t i o n ( 5 5 ) , t h e -

3 / p r o v i d e d t h a t s e c o n d b o u n d a r y c o n d i t i o n i s o n q y s a t 1

b-

C L

d g > 0. T h i s c o n d i t i o n may b e r e w r i t t e n i n t h e f o r m

U n l e s s t h i s c o n d i t i o n i s m e t , e q n . ( 5 4 ) 4s n o s p l u t i o n - . s a t i s f y i n g t h e ' t e q u i r e d b o u n d a r y c o n d i t y / o n .

' B I - When v = 0 , t h e prov%es s i m p l y

i 1

a n ' u p p e r b o u n d o a c r o s s i t h e s h o c k . \

F o r s t r o n g e r 3 ~ h o c k s t h a o u n d , n o * o t h \

s o l u t i o n of -7 f54) &-if - -Uiffg -

2. - C

t h a t when i + 0, c o n d i t i o n ( . 5 8 ) \ d o e s ~ o t provf&re ly a n

Page 185: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59

u p p e r b o u n d o n A . If we s e t A m = 3 ( % + v Z ) / v a n d fl

K = 1 - 1 2 k / v 6 ~ : t h e n t h e c o n d i t i o n s o n A a r i s i n g f r o m

t h e i n e q u a l i t y (58) c a n b e summar ia i ?d ' a s f b l l o w s . ( I n

d e r i v i n g t h e c o n d i t i o n s w h i c h f o l l o w we h a v e made u s e

o f t h e r e s t r i c t i o n ( 4 5 ) a n d a l s o o f t h e c o n d i t i o n

I A /A ml < 1 w h i c h i s n e c e s s a r y . i n o r d e r t h a t t h e t h i r d *

1 d g a r i t h m . i n e q n . ( 5 5 ) s h o u l d n o t b e s i n g u l a r f o r

/ r l < 1.) F o r 0 , i t i s n e c e s s a r y t h a t f

. * 0 < - ( A / A ~ ) m i n (I,$ (J; - 1 ) ) .

F o r v > 0 a n d K > 0, i t i s n e c e s s a r y t h a t

e i t h e r - te -: * - - - =. - - . *---

F o r v > 0 a n d K < 0 , t h e o n l y c o n d i t i o n is\-( A ) < 1. m

T h u s when v a n d K a r e b o t h p o s i t i v e , b e s i d e s a b a n d o f

w e a k s h o c k s t h e r e a l s o e x i s t s a b a n d o f s t r o n g e r s h o c k s

f o r w h i c h a s m o o t h s o l u t i o n o f . e q n . , ( 5 4 ) e x i s t s .

Page 186: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59

1 8. ~ o i n c a r i . L e s m i t h o d e s n o u v e l l e s d e l a m i c a n i q u e . ld c e l e s t e . P a r i s , 1 8 9 2 . - a

[ 2 ] I . G . M a l k i n . Some p r o b l e m s i n t h e t h e o r y ' o f n o n l m r o s c i l l a t i o n B ( i n ~ u s z a n ) , Moscow ( 1 9 6 5 ) . -

[ 3 ] N . N . K r y l o v a n d N . N . B o g o l i u b o v : I n t r o d u c t i o n t o n o n - l i n e a r m e c h a n i c s ( i n R u e s i a n ) , Ac. o f S c 2 . U k r . USSR - ( 1 9 3 7 ) [ ~ n ~ l i s h t r a n s l a t i o n , .

' P r i n c e t o n U n i v . P r e s s , Princeton, N e w - J e r s e y ( 1 9 4 7 ) 1 . I

[ 4 ] N . N . B o , g o l i u b o v a n d Yu. A, M i t r o p o l s k i i . A s y m p t o t i c m e t h o d s i n t h e t h e o r y o f n o n l i n e a r o s c i l l a -

a t i o n s ( i n R u s s i a n ) , F i z m a t g i z , Moscow ( 1 9 5 8 ) [ E n g l i s h t r a n s l a t i o n b y G o r d o n a n d B r e a c h , New Y o r k ( 1 9 6 1 ) l .

151 N . M i n o r s k i . N o n l i n e a r o s c i l l a t i o n s : D . Van N o s t r a n d 7

Company, i n c . P r i n c e t o n N . J . ( 1 9 6 2 ) . A

1

[ 6 ] A . P . P r o s k u r j a k o v . C o m p a r i s o n o$ r i o d i c s o l u t i o n s o f q u a s i l i n e a r s y s t e m s u c t e d by t h e m e t h o d s o f P o i n c a r i a n d ( i n R u s s i a n ) , A p p l i e d M a t h . a n d M e c h . , 28 ( 1 9 6 4 ) , 7 6 5 - 7 7 0 .

#

[ 7 j I . P . P o p o v a n d N.P P a l t o v , A p p r o x i m a t e m e t h o d s f o r a n a l y z i n g n o n l i n e a r a u t o m a t i c s y s t e m s ( i n

- R u s s i a n ) G o s . I z d a t . F i z . - Mat. L i t , Moscow, 1 9 6 0 .

[ 8 ] G . N . B o j a d z i e v , O n ' a s y m p t o t i c s ' o l u t i o n s o f n o n l i n e a r d i f f e r e n t i a l e q u a t i o n s w i t h t i m e l a g , D e l a y a n d f u n c t i o n a l d i f f e r e n t i a l e q u a t i o n s a n d t h e i r a p p l i c ' a t i o n s , A c a d e m i c P r e s s ,- N e w Y o r k a n d L o n d o n , 1 9 7 2 , p p . 2 9 9 - 3 0 7 . . .

[ 9 ] Yu. A . M i t r o p o l s k i i a n d B . J . M o s e e n k o v , L e c t u r e s o n t h e a p p l i c a t i o n o f a s y m p t o t i c m e t h o d s t o t h e s o l u t i o n o f e q u a t i o n s w i t h p a r t i a l d e r i v a t i v e s ( i n R u s s i a n ) , A c a d . S c i . ' ~ k r . SSR, K i e v ( 1 9 6 8 ) .

f fi3J G . W . Bojactziev a n d R . W. L z r h e r , M o n o f r e q u e n t o s c i l l a t i o n s i n m e c h a n i c a l s y s t e m s g o v e r n e d , b y s e c o n d o r d e r h y p e r b o l i c d i f f e r e n t i a l e q u a t i o n s w i t h s m a l l n o n l i n e a r i t i e s , I n t . J . N o n l i n e a r M e c h a n i c s , V o l . 8 ( l 9 7 3 ) , p p . 2 8 9 - 3 0 2 . .

Page 187: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59

- - W

[ l l ] G . N . B o j a d z i e v a n d R.W. Lardn-e r , S e r

o r d e r h y p e r - b o k i c e q u a t i o n s w i t h s m a l l n o n l i n e a r i f i e s i n t h e c a s e ~ f i n t e r n a l r e s o n a n c e , I n t . J .

\ \

N o n l i n e a r M e c h a n i c s , V o l . 9 ( 1 9 7 4 ) ; p p . 3 9 7 - 4 0 7 . -x=3 %

B o j a d z i e v a n d R.W. L a r d n e r , A s y m p t o t i c s o l u t i o n s

\ o f p a r t i a l d i f f @ r e n t i a l e q u a t i o n s w i t h d a m p i n g a n d . d e l a y , Q u a r t . A p p l . M a t h 33 ( 1 9 7 5 ) ' '

p p . 205-14 , . i . .

F o d c h u k , V . I . , P r o c e e d i n g s o f t h e f o u r t h c o n f e r e n c e o n n o n l i n e a r o s c i l l a t i ~ n s . P r a g u e ; C z e e h o s l a v a k A c . o f S c i . , ( 1 9 6 8 ) p p . 1 6 2 - 1 6 5 .

J . D . C o l e a n d J . K e v o r k i a n , U n i f o r m l y v a l i d a p p r o x i - , 1 m a t i o n s , f o i c e r t a i n _ n o n l i n e a r d i f f e r e n t i a l

e q u a t i o n s , P r o c . I n L , Symp. o n N o n l i n e a r Dixff . P q s . a n d ' N o n l i n e a r M e c h s . , e d i t e d b y J . P . r l L a S a l l e a n d S . L e f s c h e t z ( A c a d e m i c P r e s s , 1 9 6 3 ) , p p . 1 1 3 - 1 2 0 .

t . d .- 'F

C h i k w e n d u a n d K e v o r k i a r i . A p e r t u r b a t i o n m e t h o d f o r h y p e r b o l - i c e q u a t i o n s w i t h s m a l l n ~ n l ~ n e a r i t i e s . SIAM J . o f App. M a t h . -22 ( 1 9 7 2 ) p p . 2 3 5 - 2 5 8 .

E c k h a u s , W o . N e w A p p r o a c h t o - t h e , a s y m p t o t i c t h e o r y o f n o n l i n e a r o s c i l l a t i o n s a n w a v e - p r o p a g a t i o n : J. M a t h . A n a l . a n d a p p l i A i o n s 2 ( l 9 7 5 ) ,

- p p . 5 7 5 - 6 1 1 . 0

F i n k , H a l l a n d H a u s r a t h . ' A c o n v e r g e n t t w o - t i m e m e t h o d f o r p e r i o d i c d i f f e r e n t i a l e q u a t i o n s . J . D i f f .

. E q n s . 1 5 ' ( l 9 7 4 ) , p p . 4 5 9 - 4 9 8 . ' 4l -

R . W . L a r d n e r . . T h e f o r m a t i p n o f s h o c k w a v e s i n Kry ldov- B o g o l i u b o v s o l u t ~ i m s o f h y p e r b o l i c p a r t i a l d i f f e r e n t i d l e q u a t i o n s . J . Sound a n d ~ i b r . 3 9 ( 1 9 7 5 ) p p . 489-502 . - 3

J . A . M o r r i s o n , C o m p a r i s o n o f t h e m o d i f i e d m e t h ~ d o f a v e r a g i n g a n d t h e two v a r i a b l e e x p a n s i o n p r o c e d u r e , SIAM Rev5ew 8, 6 6 - 8 5 ( 1 9 6 6 ) .

R . W . L a r d n e r . A s y m p t o t i c s o l u t i o n s o f n o n - l i n e a r w a v e e q u a t i o n s u s i n g t h e m e t h o d s o f - a v e r a g i n g a n d - ---

t w o - t i m i n g . Q u a r t e r l y o f A p p l . M a t h . ( T o a p p e a r ) ;

-

Page 188: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59

'-%-@

[ 2 1 ] M . H . M i l l m a n a n d J . B . K e l l e r . P e r t u r b a t i o n T h e o r y o f N o n l i n e a r B o u n d a r y v a l u e p r o b l e m s .

. J . o f M a t h . a n d P h y s . 10 ( 1 9 6 9 ) p p . 3 4 2 .

[ 2 2 ] R.W. L a r d n e r . T h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f s h o g k w a v e s i n non- - l i n e a r v i s c o e l a s t i c m e d i a . P r o c . R . S o c .

347 ( 1 9 7 6 ) p p . 329-44 ; L o n d . A. -

[ 2 3 ] M.,P. M o r t e l l a n d E . V a r l e y . F i n i t e a m p l i t u d e w a v e s +. i n b o u n d e d m e d i a : n o n l i n e a r f r e e v i b t r a t i o n s o f a n e l a s t i c p a n e l . P r o c . Roy . S o c . * L o n d o n , A318 ( 1 9 7 0 ) p p . 1 6 9 - 1 9 6 . +'

[ 2 4 ] M.P. M o r t e l l a n d B . R . S e y m o u r . > T h e E v o l u t i o n o f a S e l f - s u s t a i n e d o s c i l l a t i o n i n a n o n l i n e a r - - c o n t i n u o u s s y s t e m . J . A p p l . Mech. 40 ( 1 9 7 3 ) . 5 3 - 6 0 .

[ 2 5 ] M o r t e l l a n d S e y m o u r , P u l s e p r o p a g a t i o n i n a n o n l i n e a r v i s c o e l a s t i c r o d o f f i n i t e l e n g t h . SIAM J .

,- . A p p l . M a t h . 22 ( 1 9 7 2 ) p p . 2 0 9 - 2 2 4 .

i [ 2 6 ] K r u s k a l a n d Z a b u s k y . S t r o b o s c o p i c p e r t u r b d t i o n p r o c e d u r e f o r t r e a t i n g a c l a s s o f n o n - l i n e a r w a v e - e q u a t i o n s : J . o f M a t h . a n d P h y s . 3 ( 1 9 6 4 ) p p . 2 3 1 - 2 4 4 .

[ 2 7 ] K e l l e r a n d K o g e l m a n . A y s m p t o t i c s o l u t i o n s o f i n i t i a l v a l u e p r o b l e m s f o r n o n l i n e a r p a r t i a l d i f f e r e n t i a l e q u a t i o n s . SIAM J . o f App. M a t h . 18 ( 1 9 7 0 ) p p . 7 4 8 - 7 5 8 .

[ 2 8 ] N a y f e h , A.H.: P r i v a t e C o m m u n i c a t i o n .

1291 W h i t h a m , G . B . . T h e f l o w p a t t e r n o f a S u p e r s o n i c P r o - j e c t i l e . Commpn. o n p u r e a n d a p p l . M a t h 2 ( 1 9 5 2 ) p p . . ' 301-348:

- [30] , L i g h t h i l l , M . J . , S u r v e y s i n M e c h a n i - c s ( e d i t e d b y G . K .

B a t c h e l o r a n d R . M . D a v i s , C a m b r i d g e U n i v . P r e s s , C a m b r i d g e 1 9 5 6 ) p p . 2 5 0 - 3 5 1 . '

1311 B l a n d , D . R . 3.. Ins t . M a t h . a n d A p p l i c a t i o n s L ( 1 9 6 5 ) p p . 56'-75.

-

v . 3

t 3 2 j ~ o j a d z i e v ' G., O f i a s y m p t o t E s o I u t l o E E E n o l I Z T i e z i p - pp-pp-

s e c o n d o r d e r d i f f e r e n t i a l e q u a t i o n s w i t h s l o w l y v a r y i n g p a r a m e t e r s a n d s t r o n g d a m p i n g ( i n R u s s i a n ) Z a g a d n i e n i a D r g a n N i e l i n i o w y c h , 9 (1.968) pp-, 3 0 9 - 3 2 8 -

Page 189: Certain perturbation methods in non-linear mechanicssummit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/2889/b10673817.pdf · 2021. 5. 15. · NON-LINEAR MECHANICS M.A. PAMJ-AB UNIV. (INDIA) 19.59

-, a

a , 1 3 7 -

u . . .J

. [ 3 3 ] B o j a d z i e v G . , ~ s ~ h ~ t o t i c s o l u t i o n s o f , n o n l i n e a r %i " s y s t e m s o f d i f f e r e n t i a l e q u a t i o n s w i t h

s l o w l y c h a n g % n g p p a r a m e t e r s , w i t h g r e a t r e s i s t i n g f o r c e . P r o c e e d i n g s o f t h e

r - . F o u r t h Conference o n N o n l i n e a r O s c i l l a - - * t i o n s , C z e c h o s l o v a k A c . o f Sc. , P r a g e

. (19 .68) pp,. 1 2 1 - 1 2 5 .

.-<