ceramics (final) -$-
TRANSCRIPT
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CER MICS
The term ceramics is used to indicate the potter’sart or articles made by the potter. It is derived
from the Greek word keramos meaning the
potter’s earth.
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CL Y
Ceramic clay is a water-based
substances made from clay mineralsmixed with other raw materials. They
are baked at high temperatures, in a
process known as firing.
Clay is naturally occurringaluminum silicate composed of
fine-grained minerals.
CER MIC CL Y
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CLASSIFICATION
Earthenware
Terracotta
Stoneware
Vitreous China
Fireclay
Porcelain
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INTRODUCTION
• The surfaces of clay
products are sometimes
glazed.
• A glaze is a glassy coat of
thickness about 0.1 to 0.2
mm applied on the surfaceof an item and then fused
into place by burning at
high temperature.
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Before Glazing After Glazing
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Following are the purposes for which the glazing is
done:-
• To improve the appearance.
• To make the articles durable and impervious.
• To produce the decorative effects.
• To protects the articles from action of atmospheric
agencies, chemicals, sewage etc.• To provide smooth surface.
PURPOSES
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METHODS OF GL ZING
•
The glazing may be transparent like glass or it may beopaque like enamels.
• For obtaining coloured glazes, the oxides and salts of various
metals or special refractory colouring agents are added.
Glazing
Opaque GlazingTransparent Glazing
Salt Glazing Lead Glazing
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• Small quantity of wet sodium
chloride (salt) is added in the
kiln at a high temperature of
about 13000 C.• The quantity of wet salt and
throwing it at proper time
should be done with extreme
care.
• Colour of articles glazed by
this method is brownish.
• Useful for sanitary pipes and
chemical stonewares.
• The article is once burnt and it isthen dipped in a bath containingoxide of lead and tin.
•
Then it is taken out from the bathand it is re-burnt at a hightemperature.
• The particles of oxide of lead andtin melt and they form a film ofglass over the exposed surfaces of
the articles.• For getting articles of better
quality, the lead glazing is preferred to the salt glazing.
• Used for terra-cotta, fire-clay
wares and earthenwares.
Transparent Glazing
Lead GlazingSalt Glazing
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Transparent Glazing
TransparentGlaze Frit
Granules
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• The superior clay is finely
powdered and dried andsufficient amount of water isadded to it to make a plasticcream like substance , known asthe slip.
• The articles to be glazed aredipped in the slip before
burning and they aresubsequently heated.
• The burning of articles results into the flow of clay particles andan opaque glaze surface isformed.
• The sanitary articles are glazed
by this process.
Opaque Glazing
Ceramic Super White Opaque FritGlaze
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earthenware
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I
NTRODUCTION
• The term earthenware is used to indicate wares or
articles prepared from clay which is burnt at low
temperature and cooled down slowly.
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• The clay is mixed with required quantity of sand, crushed
pottery, etc.
• The addition of such material prevents the shrinkage during
drying and burning.
•
Earthenware’s colors ranges from white to dark brown.• It is fired at lower temperatures than stoneware or porcelain.
• Red clay is the most commonly available and most commonly
used.
•
Terra-cotta is also a kind of earthen ware.
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P
ROPERTIES
• Soft
• Porous
• Usually unglazed; but they can be glazed or enameled.
• Lacks strength and toughness.
• Economical i.e. less expensive.
• Easily workable.
•
Due to its higher porosity, it must usually be glazed inorder to be watertight.
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U
SES
The earthenware are mainly used for making:-
• Ordinary drain pipes.
• Electrical cable conduits.
• Partition blocks.
• Decorative objects.
• Pots and utensils.
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Terra-cotta
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I
NTRODUCTION
• Terra means earth and cotta means baked .
• Terracotta is a type of earthenware & is a clay based
unglazed or glazed ceramic, where the fired body is
porous.• Terracotta is prepared from clay which is having
sufficient percentage of iron & alkalis matter.
•
Sand glass, ground glass, old terracotta or pottery areadded to clay to provide strength & rigidity to
resulting terracotta and also for the prevention of
shrinkage during drying.
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TYPES
POROUS TERRACOTTA
• To obtain porousterracotta saw dust orground cork is mixed
during preparation of clay.• Fire & sound proof.
• Structurally weak & lightin weight.
• Can be nailed, screwed &
sawn like timber.
POLISHED TERRACOTTA
• To obtain polishedterracotta, product is first
burnt at low temperature &
then removed from kiln andallowed to cool at normaltemperature. Cooled
product is coated withglazing and burnt again inkiln.
• Polished terracotta is alsoknown as Faience .
• Used in ornamental work,substitute for stone tile,hollow cast units.
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DV NT GES
• Strong and durable.
• Available in differentcolours.
• Cheaper then finely
dressed stones.• Easily cleaned.
• Easily molded.
• Fireproof.
•Light in weight.
• Not affected byatmospheric agencies andacids.
• Cannot be fixed during the progress of work. But it is to be fixed when the work is infinal stage of completion.
• Twisted due to unequal
shrinkage in drying and burning.
DIS DV NT GES
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USES
• As hollow terracotta blocks for ornamental
work as facing work, arches etc.• As a decorative material in place of stone for
ornamental parts of buildings.
• For the manufacturing of tiles which are
widely used for roofing and flooring.
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Porcelain
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I
NTRODUCTION
• A fine earthenware which is white and semi transparent.
• Due to its colour it is also known as White ware.
• A clay of sufficient purity and possesing high degree of
plasticity is used in preparing porcelains.
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T
YPES
SOFT PORCELAIN
• Made from pure white clay, towhich some amount of crushedflint(melted glass) is added.
•
Used in – Crockery like plates,dishes, etc.
HARD PORCELAIN
• Made from china clay, to
which some percentage offeldspar and quartz have beenadded.
• Used in – Electricalinsulations, bathroom fixtures,sanitary fittings, sanitary ware,storage vessels, crucibles etc.
LOW VOLTAGE PORCELAIN
• Prepared by dry process.
• Mainly used for switch blocks,
insulating tubes, lamp socketetc.
HIGH VOLTAGE PORCELAIN
• Prepared by wet process.
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SOFT PORCELAIN
HARD PORCELAIN HIGH VOLTAGE PORCELAIN
LOW VOLTAGE PORCELAIN
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P
ORCEL IN
T
ILES
• Porcelain tiles are ceramic tiles with a
water absorption rate of less than
0.5 percent and are used to cover floors
and walls.
• They can either be unglazed or glazed.
• Porcelain tiles are the strongest fired product that you can purchase in tile
form and many are commercially rated;
strong enough to be used outdoors or in
a shopping mall.
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Properties Porcelain Tiles Ceramic Tiles
Manufacturing
Made from clay which is of denser type than ceramic.
Porcelain tiles are baked at very high temperatures for long
periods of time so that almost all the water is removed
which makes the tile much harder and denser.
Made from natural clay, sand and water.
These materials are molded to form square/rectangular tiles
and then baked in a kiln to remove most of the moisture.
FeaturesWhite or grey in colour and usually left unglazed.Chips in porcelain are not noticeable due to homogeneous
color throughout.
Known for its natural red terra-cotta finish and it may beglazed to create different surface colors or designs.
Chips in the glaze can be highly visible.
UsesCan safely be used indoors or out.
Has a lower moisture content and is less likely to crack due
to freezing.
Designed only for indoor use.
Higher moisture content makes it more susceptible to
freezing- and thawing-related cracks.
Cost
Costs more than ceramic tile.
More durable and longer lasting, so it may be the cheaperof the two over the life of the installation and is also less
porous, making it easier to clean and less likely to stain.
Stained ceramic may require replacement due to thedifficulty of removing stains from porous tiles.
DurabilityCan be expected to last longer than ceramic in almost any
application and at can withstand high levels of traffic and
increased levels of wear and tear.
It is likely to chip or crack if objects are dropped on it, and
the tiles are not expected to hold up for as long as porcelain
units. Ceramic should not be used in commercial
applications.
Installation
Very hard and durable, which can be a problem during
installation. Its dense nature makes it difficult to cut,
especially when special shapes or rounded edges areneeded.
For do-it-yourself installers, ceramic is often the better
choice because it requires fewer special tools. It is also
better to use ceramic when working in an oddly shaped areathat requires a large number of special cuts.
Comparison between Porcelain Tiles
and Ceramic Tiles
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U
SES
• Porcelains are used for
numerous purposes such as
crockery wares, sanitary
wares, electric insulators,
storage vessels, reactor
chambers, electric
chambers, refractory bricks,
etc.
• It is also used for the
manufacturing of tiles which
are used for covering walls,
ceilings, countertops etc.
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I
NTRODUCTION
• The term stoneware is used to indicate the ware prepares from
non- refectory clay, which are mixed with stone & crushed
pottery.
• Stoneware is a vitreous or semi-vitreous ceramic ware.
• Stoneware, which, though dense, impermeable and hard
enough to resist scratching by a steel point, differs
from porcelain because it is more opaque, and normally only
partially vitrified.
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P
ROPERTIES
• It is usually colored grey or brownish because of impurities
in the clay used for its manufacture, and is normally glazed.
• It is non porous.
• It is strong.
• It is Durable
• Corrosion resistant
• Easily capable to withstand the affect of atmospheric
agencies.• More capable & dense in compression to earthenware.
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S
NIT RY
P
URPOSES
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G
L ZED
T
ILES
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Properties Earthenware Stoneware
ConstituentsPrepared from clay which is burnt at low
temperature and cooled down slowly.
Prepared from non- refractory clay, which are
mixed with stone and crushed pottery.
Surface It is common ceramic ware. It is a vitreous or semi vitreous ceramic ware.
UsesUsed for ordinary drain pipes, electrical cable
conduits, partition block, decorative objects.Used for sanitary purpose, glazed tiles, acid jar.
Physical Properties Generally soft and porous.
Non- porous, strong, durable, corrosion
resistant, easily capable to withstand the affect
of atmospheric agencies. More compact and
dense in compression to earthenware.
GlazingUsually unglazed, but can be glazed or polished,
Glazed earthen ware are impervious & not
affected by acid.
Always glazed.
Comparison between Earthenware and
stoneware
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Vitreous china
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I
NTRODUCTION
• It is a ceramic material that has been glazed with enamel.
• When an intense amount of heat is applied to powdered glass,
the result is a liquid glass that is used to coat ceramic objects.
When this glass is allowed to cool, the final product created is
vitreous china.
• Colored vitreous china is made by mixing crushed glass with
various minerals like cobalt & iron.
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U
SES
It is excessively used for the manufacturing of flush
toilets, sinks, basins, urinals and other plumbing and
sanitary utilities.
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REFRACTORIES
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• High resistance to rapid changes in temperature i.e. thermal shocks.
• Dimensional stability i.e. resistance to change in volume at hightemperature.
• Withstand abrasion and rough usage.
• Durability.
• Non brittle at high temperatures.
• High melting point.
• Good thermal conductivity.
• Strong enough to resist compression, crushing and tension in hotand cold conditions.
Introduction
• The term refractories is used to indicate substances that are able
to resist high temperatures.
Properties
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fireclay
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INTRODUCTION
• Fire clay is a term applied to a range of refractory clay used inthe manufacture of ceramics, especially fire brick.
• Fire clay are clays which can resist very high temperature
without getting soft or melting.
TYPES
The Fire clay can be classified into three categories depending
upon the fire resisting capacity-
• Low duty
• Medium duty
•
High duty
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P
ROPERTIES
• Resistance to high temperatures
• Durable
• Fusion point higher than 1,600 0C
•
Hard• Stability during firing in the kiln
• As insulation
• Good plasticity
• Withstands high pressure• Fire resistant
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USES
• Lining of furnaces, kilns, fireboxes, and fireplaces.• Refractory insulating bricks.
• It is suitable for manufacture of utensils used in the metal
working industries, such as crucibles, retorts and glassware.
• Because of its stability during firing in the kiln, it can be used tomake complex items of pottery such as pipes and sanitary ware.
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firebricks
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Fire Brick
• A fire brick, or refractory brick is a block
of refractory ceramic material used in
lining furnaces, kilns, fireboxes, and fireplaces.
•Built to withstand high temperature, but will alsousually have a low thermal conductivity for greater
energy efficiency.
• In the making of firebrick, fireclay is fired in the kiln
until it is partly vitrified, and for special purposes may
also be glazed.
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• They are weaker, but
they are much lighter,
easier to form, andinsulate far better than
dense bricks.
• There are two standard
size of fire-brick: – 9 " × 4½ " × 3 " (230 mm
× 115 mm × 75 mm).
– 9" × 4½" × 2½".
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Miscellaneous
products
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Ceramic Tiles
• Widely used for furnishing bathrooms, toilets, and
kitchens.
• The Mangalore tiles are a common and preferred
roofing material.• Ceramic floor and wall tiles offer a wide range of
colors, textures and patterns to lure architects and
designers.
• Tiles in the exterior are preferred for the water-
resistant, fire resistant, anti corrosive, easy
maintenance, wide color range.
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T
YPES
OF
T
ILES
• These tiles have differentshapes and size. They aremainly used for paving,
flooring and roofing.
• Types :-
– Drain Ti les
– F loor or Paving Tiles
– Roof Tiles• Allahabad
• Manglore
• Pan
• Pot etc.
• These tiles are used fordecorative purposes infloors, walls, ceilings and
roofs.
• Has 3 layers :-
– Body : made up of coarserclay.
– Face : made up of finer clayfor making the ground ofthe pattern.
– Back : thin coat of clay forthe prevention from
warping.
COMMON TILES ENCAUSTIC TILES
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Clay blocks
• The blocks can be prepared
from clay and they are used
in the construction of
partitions.
• Such blocks may either be
solid or hollow.
• Partition of clay block are
efficient in preventing the
fire and passage of sound.
• They are light in weight and
are non-shrinkable.
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BURNT BRICKS
• Bricks that has been
treated in a kiln at an
elevated temperature to
harden it, give it
strength and improve its
resistance to moisture,compare to unburned
bricks.
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BRICK TILES
• Brick tiles is also called
thin brick or brick
veneer .
•Brick tiles are becomingincreasingly popular in
the as it is fireproof and
easy to maintain, as well
as having the classicappearance of real bricks
at a fraction of the cost.
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Conclusion
In today’s times, the use of ceramics can beseen everywhere in architecture, be it the
daily kitchen wares, the sanitary fixtures,
garden accessories and planters, or the mostnoted and obvious tiles.
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