centre for spatial data infrastructure and land administration department of geomatics, the...

Centre for Spatial Data Infrastructure and Land AdministrationDepartment of Geomatics, The University of Melbourne

Key Factors Influencing Regional SDI Key Factors Influencing Regional SDI Development and Relevance to Global and Development and Relevance to Global and

other Levels other Levels

Abbas Rajabifardand

Ian Williamson

GSDI 6Budapest, September/ 2002


OverviewOverview

• Introduction & Background

• SDI – Nature and components

• SDI Development Models

• Human and Community Issues

• Asia-Pacific region: a case study

• Outcomes

• Key Factors Influencing Regional SDI Development

• Conclusion


Introduction & BackgroundIntroduction & Background

Part of a results of a main topic

SDI DiffusionSDI Diffusion

• Concept and Nature of SDI

• SDI Hierarchy

• Relationships Among Different SDIs

• SDI Development Models


Spatial Data InfrastructureSpatial Data Infrastructure

• SDI is whole about facilitation and coordination of the exchange and sharingsharing of spatial data;

• SDI is an initiative necessary for the effective collection, management, access, delivery and utilisation of spatial data;


Nature of SDI Components

PeoplePeople

Access Network

Policy

Standards

DataData

Dynamic


ObstaclesObstacles

• Technical issues– lack of data, standards, metadata, search

engines, communication network/bandwidth

• Economic/financial issues– cost sharing

• Social/institutional/organisational issues– awareness, education, pricing, security,

freedom of access

• Political/legal issues– sensitive data, intellectual property


Global SDI

Regional SDI

National SDI

State SDI

Local SDI

Corporate SDI

Less detailed dataLess detailed data

Global Planning

Regional Planning

National Planning

State Planning

Local Planning

More detailed Data

The success of developing any type of SDIs, heavily depends to on individuals realising the need to

cooperate with each other.

Hierarchy of SDI


Relationships Among Different SDIs

Regional SDIs

National SDIs

Corporate SDI

Global SDI

State SDIs

Local SDIs


SDI Development ModelsSDI Development Models

• Product-Based Modelroduct-Based Model: (linked) database(s)

• Process-Based ModelProcess-Based Model: strategy required to manage information assets


Product-Based ModelProduct-Based Model

...the main aim of an SDI initiative being to link existing and upcoming databases databases of the respective political/administrative levels of the community.

PeoplePeople DataData

Policy

Access Network

StandardsDefinition Collection IntegrationDataBase Creation Dissemination

Technology Components


...the main aim of an SDI initiative as defining a frameworkframework to facilitate the management of information assets.

Process-Based ModelProcess-Based ModelBorder of Social SystemBorder of Social System

Knowledge Infrastructure and Capacity Building

Communication Channel

Coordination Facilitation

PeoplePeople

SDI Facility

Metadata directory






PeoplePeople

SDI Facility

Metadata directory

..or the objectives behind the design of an SDI are to provide better communication channelscommunication channels for sharing and using data assets.






PeoplePeople

SDI Facility

Metadata directory

Awareness Knowledge Infrastructures

Persuasion Decisions Utilisation

Communication Channels

Participation


Human and Community IssuesCommunities/people concerned are expecting to reap benefits from their investment in SDI in terms of improved corporate performances and cooperation.

Therefore • It is essential to understand the significance of human and community issues, as much as technical issues as they determine the long running success of an SDI innovation; • Developing a successful SDI must be seen as a socio-technical, rather than a purely technical exercise.


Socio-Technical Viewpoint

Techno-CentricSpatial data community

Focus on technology Technology push Because it’s possible Others are developing Specified by technologist Static in nature

Techno-CentricSpatial data community

Focus on technology Technology push Because it’s possible Others are developing Specified by technologist Static in nature

Socio-TechnicalSpatial data community

People and technology Demand pull Because it’s needed We need it Specified by Users dynamic in nature

Socio-TechnicalSpatial data community

People and technology Demand pull Because it’s needed We need it Specified by Users dynamic in nature

(Adopted from Petch and Reeve 1999)


Asia and the Pacific region is

• largest region in the world

• 60 per cent of the world’s population / 3.5 billion people

• 55 countries as defined by the UN

Asia and the Pacific region: a case study


Regional Organisations• APEC

• APCC

• ASEAN

• SAARC

• UN-ESCAP

• UNRCC-AP

Main Objectives of Regional Cooperation Acceleration of economic growth, social progress and cultural development;

Promotion of regional peace and stability;

More effective collaboration to improve the agricultural, industrial, trading, transport and communications sectors of the regional economy;

Promotion of regional cooperation for ecological and environmental protection.

•APNIC

• ECO •AAECP,

• etc.



Asia-Pacific region has complex social and political environments, typified by competing and often conflicting priorities and motivations.


Every case in this region is unique

• national context,

• language and characteristics

(size, population, political systems, varied infrastructures and skills),

• national traditional and cultural attitude, and

• the peoplepeople who participate, develop and use SDIs


Major difficulty • different data structures

• specifications and

• standards

Formation ofFormation of PCGIAP, PCGIAP, 19941994• Vision for APSDIAPSDI

• SDI Conceptual Model

Institutional framework, Technical standards,

Fundamental datasets, and Access networks

Asia-Pacific Region and Regional SDI activities

Lack of Coordination


Current Progress of PCGIAP and APSDI development

PCGIAP successfully implementedPCGIAP successfully implemented

• a regional precise geodesy network,

• defined a regional geodesy datum,

• developed and approved a policy on sharing fundamental data, developed guidelines on custodianship, and the definition of

APSDI. Other projectsOther projects

• Asia-Pacific Regional Geodetic Project (APRGP)

• Administrative Boundaries pilot project and specification

• APSDI Data Node

• Clearinghouse Project

(PCGIAP-website 2001)


Other Issues involved in the Progress

• Low rate of participation in PCGIAP activities,

• The organisational structure of PCGIAP,

Member nations are represented on the Permanent Committee

by directorates of national survey and mapping organisations

and or equivalent national agencies.

• The APSDI conceptual model


Some Reasons for the Limited Support

Lack of awareness of the value of SDIs;

Defining the SDI;

The incompatibility of the current conceptual and organisational model with the perceived needs of users; and

The complexity of different issues such asdiverse political, cultural and economical positions of members.


• Based on the participation rate, Regional SDI remains an innovative conceptan innovative concept among member nations.

• The theories of innovation diffusion will provide a useful framework for the study of Regional SDI development.

Some Reasons for the Limited Support


Diffusion Theory

DiffusionDiffusion is a process by which an innovation is

communicated through certain channels over

time among the members of a social system.

(Rogers 1983)


Organisational innovation process model (adapted from Rogers 1995)

RoutinizingAgenda-setting Matching Redefining/Restructuring

Initiation Implementation

Decision

Clarifying

General organisational problems that may create a perceived need for innovation.

Fitting a problem from the organisation’s agenda with an innovation.

The innovation is modified and re-invented to fit the organisation, and organisational structures are altered.

The relationship between the organisation and the innovation is defined more clearly.

The innovation becomes an ongoing element in the organisation’s activities, and loses its identify.

Organisational Innovation Process ModelOrganisational Innovation Process Model


Agenda-setting Matching

Initiation

Decision

Current conceptual model of Regional SDI

13

2

Current approach for Regional SDI development1 -Innovation, 2- Communication channel, 3- Time

Current Approach by PCGIAPCurrent Approach by PCGIAP


Agenda-setting Matching

Initiation

DecisionSocial system 4

Current conceptual model of Regional SDI

13

2

Border of Social System

Extended conceptual model1- Innovation, 2- communication channel, 3- time, 4- social system

Suggested Approach for the ResearchSuggested Approach for the Research


Influencing Factors for an SDI Development

Environmental FactorsEnvironmental Factors

External FactorsExternal Factors

Internal FactorsInternal Factors

Political

Development Issues

Cultural


Other External Factors

Technological PressureAPSDI

Development

APSDI

Development

Regional Organisations

Economic Conditions

Regional Governments

Political Climate

Market Pressure

Financial Stability

Regional SecurityOther Internal Factors

Border of Social System

Asia-Pacific Region

Organisational Structure of Coordinating Agency

Globalisation

Global SDI Initiative

Global Economic

External Factor Internal Factor

Environmental Factors


Influencing Factors for an SDI Development

Technology

Economic

Partnerships

Human Factors

Policies

Protection & Security

Conceptual


Capacity FactorsCapacity Factors

SDI Organisation Factors


Political

Development Issues

Cultural

ParticipationParticipation


Recommendations


Capacity FactorsCapacity Factors



ParticipationParticipation

Redesign Future StrategyBased on Social System

Redesign Future StrategyBased on Social System

Modify SDI Conceptual Model

Modify SDI Conceptual Model

Adopt Process-based Model

Adopt Process-based Model

Organisational RestructureOrganisational Restructure

Factors


ConclusionConclusion

Regional SDIRegional SDI is a voluntary-base initiative in nature;

At the higher levels of SDIs:more coordinationcoordination than implementationimplementation.

The development of a Regional SDIRegional SDI is much

more challenging than the development of a

National SDI initiative within a nation.


Global SDI

Regional SDI

National SDI

State SDI

Local SDI

Corporate SDI

SDI Hierarchy

Strategic Management

Operational

Functional

Process-Based Model

Process-Based Model

Product-Based Model

Product-Based Model

Similar Organisational Structure Pyramid

National SDI

ConclusionConclusion


Thank youThank you

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