central nervous system terminology cerebral hemispheres cerebral hemispheres subcortical structures...

Central Nervous SystemCentral Nervous SystemTerminologyTerminology

Cerebral HemispheresCerebral Hemispheres

Subcortical StructuresSubcortical Structures

Brain StemBrain Stem

CerebellumCerebellum

Brain SystemsBrain Systems

Protection of the BrainProtection of the Brain

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Spinal CordSpinal Cord

Anatomical ReferencesAnatomical References

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Anatomical structures can be divided intoAnatomical structures can be divided into front and backfront and backa. Fronta. Front i. Anteriori. Anterior ii. Rostralii. Rostralb. Backb. Back i. Posteriori. Posterior ii. Caudalii. Caudal

Anatomical structures can be divided into top and bottomAnatomical structures can be divided into top and bottoma. Superiora. Superior i. Dorsal (Posterior for bipeds)i. Dorsal (Posterior for bipeds)b. Inferiorb. Inferior i. Ventral (Anterior for bipeds)i. Ventral (Anterior for bipeds)

Anatomical structures can be divided into sidesAnatomical structures can be divided into sidesa. Midlinea. Midlineb. Medialb. Medial i. Close to the midlinei. Close to the midlinec. Lateralc. Lateral i. Away from the midlinei. Away from the midline

Relative position of anatomical structuresRelative position of anatomical structuresa. Ipsilaterala. Ipsilateral i. Structures localized to the same sidei. Structures localized to the same sideb. Contralateralb. Contralateral i. Structures localized to different sidesi. Structures localized to different sidesc. Proximalc. Proximal i. Close to a fixed reference pointi. Close to a fixed reference pointd. Distald. Distal i. Distant to a fixed reference pointi. Distant to a fixed reference point

Anatomical structures can be sectioned along flat Anatomical structures can be sectioned along flat surfaces (planes) surfaces (planes) a. Coronal (frontal)a. Coronal (frontal) i. Vertical plane dividing structure into i. Vertical plane dividing structure into anterior/posterior partsanterior/posterior partsb. Sagittalb. Sagittal i. Vertical plane dividing structure into i. Vertical plane dividing structure into right and left halvesright and left halves ii. Midsaggital (median)ii. Midsaggital (median) iii. Parasagittaliii. Parasagittalc. Horizontal (transverse)c. Horizontal (transverse) i. Divides structure into superior and inferiori. Divides structure into superior and inferior

Longitudinal axisLongitudinal axisa. Nervous system is organized along an anterior a. Nervous system is organized along an anterior to posterior axisto posterior axisb. Different regions of the brain have different b. Different regions of the brain have different longitudinal axislongitudinal axis i. Cerebellum is ventral to the forebrain axis but i. Cerebellum is ventral to the forebrain axis but dorsal to that of the brain stemdorsal to that of the brain stem

NoteNote: The nervous system is organized along an anterior : The nervous system is organized along an anterior to posterior axis with a fluid filled tube running through to posterior axis with a fluid filled tube running through the center. At the anterior end, the structure have the center. At the anterior end, the structure have enlarged with evolutionary advancement and to enlarged with evolutionary advancement and to accommodate for this enlargement, the brain has accommodate for this enlargement, the brain has become distorted and curved so that some structures are become distorted and curved so that some structures are more difficult to assign anatomical references.more difficult to assign anatomical references.

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TerminologyTerminology

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Nervous system terminologyNervous system terminology

Neural cell bodies are often organized in rowsNeural cell bodies are often organized in rowsa. Laminaa. Lamina i. Row or layer of cell bodies separated from another i. Row or layer of cell bodies separated from another row or layer by a layer of axons or dendritesrow or layer by a layer of axons or dendrites ii. Parallel to structural surfaceii. Parallel to structural surfaceb. Columnb. Column i. Row of cells perpendicular to the surface of the braini. Row of cells perpendicular to the surface of the brain ii. Share a common functionii. Share a common function

Terms referring to neuron cell bodies found in CNSTerms referring to neuron cell bodies found in CNSa. Grey mattera. Grey matter i. Generic term for neurons in the CNSi. Generic term for neurons in the CNSb. Nucleusb. Nucleus i. Clearly defined mass of neuron cell bodiesi. Clearly defined mass of neuron cell bodiesc. Substantiac. Substantia i. Less distinct borders than nucleii. Less distinct borders than nucleid. Locusd. Locus i. Small but well defined mass of neuron cell bodiesi. Small but well defined mass of neuron cell bodies

Terms referring to neuron cell bodies found in PNSTerms referring to neuron cell bodies found in PNSa. Gangliona. Ganglion i. Collection of neurons in the PNSi. Collection of neurons in the PNS

Terms referring to axonsTerms referring to axons

White matterWhite matter

i. Generic term for a collection of axonsi. Generic term for a collection of axons

Tract (projection)Tract (projection)

i. Refers to CNSi. Refers to CNS

ii. Set of axons, also known as fibers, ii. Set of axons, also known as fibers, that project from one structure and that project from one structure and form synapses on a second common form synapses on a second common structurestructure

NerveNerve

i. Refers to PNSi. Refers to PNS

ii. Bundle of axons either projecting ii. Bundle of axons either projecting from the CNS to a muscle or gland or from the CNS to a muscle or gland or from a sense organ to the CNSfrom a sense organ to the CNS

BundleBundle

i. Collection of axons that run together i. Collection of axons that run together but do not necessarily share the same but do not necessarily share the same origin or destinationorigin or destination

CommissureCommissure i. Any collection of axons that connect i. Any collection of axons that connect one side of the brain with the other sideone side of the brain with the other side

Terms that refer to the external morphology of the Terms that refer to the external morphology of the brainbraina. Surface convolutionsa. Surface convolutions i. Gyrus: ridge on the surface of the cerebrum (and i. Gyrus: ridge on the surface of the cerebrum (and cerebellum)cerebellum) ii. Sulcus: groove ii. Sulcus: groove iii. Fissure: a deep grooveiii. Fissure: a deep groove

Important sulci and gyriImportant sulci and gyri

Central sulcusCentral sulcus i. Separates frontal (anterior) i. Separates frontal (anterior) and parietal lobes (posterior)and parietal lobes (posterior)

Precentral gyrusPrecentral gyrus i. Commonly known as the motor cortexi. Commonly known as the motor cortex

Sylvian (lateral) fissureSylvian (lateral) fissure i. Separates temporal and i. Separates temporal and frontal lobesfrontal lobes ii. Temporal is inferior to the ii. Temporal is inferior to the frontal and extends to the frontal and extends to the caudally located occipital lobecaudally located occipital lobe iii. Parietal lobe is superior to iii. Parietal lobe is superior to lateral fissurelateral fissure

InsulaInsula i. Fold created by the temporal i. Fold created by the temporal lobelobe ii. Commonly referred to as the ii. Commonly referred to as the operculumoperculum

Parieto-occipital sulcusParieto-occipital sulcus i. Extends from superior to i. Extends from superior to inferior surfaceinferior surface ii. Divides parietal from ii. Divides parietal from occipital lobesoccipital lobes

Calcarine sulcusCalcarine sulcus i. Medial surface of the i. Medial surface of the occipital lobeoccipital lobe ii. Defines the location of the ii. Defines the location of the visual cortexvisual cortex

Cingulate sulcus Cingulate sulcus i. Medial surface of the frontal i. Medial surface of the frontal and parietal lobesand parietal lobes ii. Inferior to this sulcus is the ii. Inferior to this sulcus is the limbic lobelimbic lobe

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Organization of the nervous systemOrganization of the nervous system

Functionally organized into two divisionsFunctionally organized into two divisionsa. Central nervous system (CNS)a. Central nervous system (CNS) i. Brain (Cerebellum, cerebrum and i. Brain (Cerebellum, cerebrum and brain stem)brain stem) ii. Spinal cordii. Spinal cordb. Peripheral nervous system (PNS)b. Peripheral nervous system (PNS) i. Somatici. Somatic ii. Autonomicii. Autonomic

Organization of gray and white matterOrganization of gray and white mattera. CNSa. CNS i. Gray matter is organized on the surface of i. Gray matter is organized on the surface of the brain in laminathe brain in lamina ii. White matter is organized centrallyii. White matter is organized centrally iii. White matter constitutes the majority of iii. White matter constitutes the majority of brain massbrain massb. PNSb. PNS i. Gray matter is centrally locatedi. Gray matter is centrally located ii. White matter is organized on the surfaceii. White matter is organized on the surface

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General characteristicsGeneral characteristics

Organized into functional areasOrganized into functional areasa. Motora. Motor i. Voluntary control of movementi. Voluntary control of movementb. Sensoryb. Sensory i. Conscious awareness of sensationi. Conscious awareness of sensationc. Associationc. Association i. Integrationi. Integration ii. Emergent propertiesii. Emergent properties

Contralateral control of the body Contralateral control of the body a. Each hemisphere is concerneda. Each hemisphere is concerned with the opposite of the bodywith the opposite of the body

Functions are lateralizedFunctions are lateralizeda. Each hemisphere has unique a. Each hemisphere has unique functionsfunctions

Function arises from concerted activityFunction arises from concerted activity

LobesLobes

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Motor areasMotor areas

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Cortical areas involved in movementCortical areas involved in movementa. Primary motor cortexa. Primary motor cortexb. Premotor cortexb. Premotor cortexc. Broca’s areac. Broca’s aread. Frontal eye fieldd. Frontal eye field

Primary motor cortex (Brodmann 4)Primary motor cortex (Brodmann 4)a. Located in the precentral gyrus of frontal lobea. Located in the precentral gyrus of frontal lobeb. Conscious control of motor executionb. Conscious control of motor executionc. Pyramidal cells give rise to the corticospinal tractsc. Pyramidal cells give rise to the corticospinal tractsd. Somatotopy d. Somatotopy i. Body is mapped (motor homunculus)i. Body is mapped (motor homunculus) ii. Representation is proportionate to level of motor controlii. Representation is proportionate to level of motor control iii. Innervation is primarily contralateraliii. Innervation is primarily contralateral

Premotor cortex (Brodmann 6)Premotor cortex (Brodmann 6)a. Learned motor skillsa. Learned motor skills i. Patterned or repetitiousi. Patterned or repetitious

Broca’s area (Brodmann 44/45)Broca’s area (Brodmann 44/45)a. Directs muscles of the tongue, throat and lipsa. Directs muscles of the tongue, throat and lipsb. Motor planning for speech related activityb. Motor planning for speech related activity

Frontal eye field (Brodmann 8)Frontal eye field (Brodmann 8)a. Voluntary movement of the eyesa. Voluntary movement of the eyes



Sensory areasSensory areas

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Cortical areas involved in processing sensationCortical areas involved in processing sensation

Primary somatosensory cortex (Brodmann 1, 2 & 3)Primary somatosensory cortex (Brodmann 1, 2 & 3)a. Parietal lobea. Parietal lobe i. Postcentral gyrusi. Postcentral gyrusb. Somatic sensesb. Somatic senses i. Pain and temperaturei. Pain and temperature ii. Touch and proprioceptionii. Touch and proprioceptionc. Somatotopyc. Somatotopy

Body is mappedBody is mapped(somatosensory (somatosensory

homunculus)homunculus)

Representation is Representation is proportionateproportionate

to number of sensory to number of sensory receptorsreceptors

Innervation is primarilyInnervation is primarilycontralateralcontralateral

Somatosensory association area (Brodmann 5 & 7)Somatosensory association area (Brodmann 5 & 7)a. Integrate various somatic sensory inputsa. Integrate various somatic sensory inputs

Visual areasVisual areas

a. Primary visual cortex (Brodmann 17)a. Primary visual cortex (Brodmann 17) i. Occipital lobei. Occipital lobe ii. Located primarily in the calcarine ii. Located primarily in the calcarine

sulcussulcus iii. Sensory function with largest cortical iii. Sensory function with largest cortical

representationrepresentation iv. Innervation is primarily contralateraliv. Innervation is primarily contralateral

b. Visual association areas (Brodmann 18 b. Visual association areas (Brodmann 18 & 19)& 19)

i. Interpretation of visual stimulii. Interpretation of visual stimuli ii. Past visual experiencesii. Past visual experiences

Auditory areasAuditory areas

a. Primary auditory cortices (Brodmann a. Primary auditory cortices (Brodmann 41)41)

i. Superior margin of temporal lobei. Superior margin of temporal lobe ii. Pitch, rhythm and loudnessii. Pitch, rhythm and loudness

b. Auditory association area (Brodmann 42 & 43)b. Auditory association area (Brodmann 42 & 43) i. Recognition of stimuli as specific auditory i. Recognition of stimuli as specific auditory

experiences (e.g., speech)experiences (e.g., speech)

Olfactory cortexOlfactory cortexa. Medial aspects of temporal lobea. Medial aspects of temporal lobe i. Piriform lobe (uncus)i. Piriform lobe (uncus)

Gustatory cortex (Brodmann 43)Gustatory cortex (Brodmann 43)a. Parietal lobe deep to the temporal lobea. Parietal lobe deep to the temporal lobe



Association areasAssociation areas

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CharacteristicsCharacteristicsa. Analyze, recognize and act on sensory in a. Analyze, recognize and act on sensory in

putsputsb. Multiple inputs and outputsb. Multiple inputs and outputs

Association areas (in addition to these discussed before)Association areas (in addition to these discussed before)

a. Prefrontal cortexa. Prefrontal cortexb. Gnostic areab. Gnostic areac. Language areasc. Language areas

Prefrontal cortex (Brodmann 11 & 47)Prefrontal cortex (Brodmann 11 & 47)a. Anterior portion of frontal lobea. Anterior portion of frontal lobeb. Intelligence, complex learned behavior and personalityb. Intelligence, complex learned behavior and personalityc. Understanding written and spoke languagec. Understanding written and spoke language

General interpretation areaGeneral interpretation areaa.Encompasses parts of temporal, parietal and occipital lobesa.Encompasses parts of temporal, parietal and occipital lobes i. Generally found on the left sidei. Generally found on the left sideb. Storage of complex sensory memoriesb. Storage of complex sensory memories

Language areasLanguage areas

a. Bilaterally locateda. Bilaterally locatedb. Wernicke’s areab. Wernicke’s area i. Posterior temporal lobe on left sidei. Posterior temporal lobe on left side ii. Sounding out unfamiliar wordsii. Sounding out unfamiliar words

c. Affective language areasc. Affective language areas i. Located contralateral to Broca’s and Wernicke’s areasi. Located contralateral to Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas ii. Nonverbal and emotional components of languageii. Nonverbal and emotional components of language ii. Sounding out unfamiliar wordsii. Sounding out unfamiliar words



Organization of the cortexOrganization of the cortex

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Common featuresCommon featuresa. Cell bodies are arranged in sheets (layers)a. Cell bodies are arranged in sheets (layers) i. Parallel to surface of braini. Parallel to surface of brainb. Layer I lacks cell bodiesb. Layer I lacks cell bodies i. Molecular layeri. Molecular layerc. At least one layer has pyramidal cellsc. At least one layer has pyramidal cells i. Emit large apical dendritesi. Emit large apical dendrites ii. Extend up to layer Iii. Extend up to layer I

CytoarchitectureCytoarchitecturea. Laminaa. Lamina i. Layers of cells parallel to brain surfacei. Layers of cells parallel to brain surfaceb. Columnsb. Columns i. Row of cells perpendicular to brain surfacei. Row of cells perpendicular to brain surface ii. Share a common functionii. Share a common function

Neocortical layersNeocortical layersa. Layer Ia. Layer I i. Few cells; primarily axons, dendrites and synapsesi. Few cells; primarily axons, dendrites and synapsesb. Layers II & IIIb. Layers II & III i. Pyramidal cells that project to and receive projections i. Pyramidal cells that project to and receive projections from other cortical regionsfrom other cortical regionsc. Layer IVc. Layer IV i. Stellate cells that receive most of thalamic input and i. Stellate cells that receive most of thalamic input and project locally to other laminaproject locally to other laminad. Layer V & VId. Layer V & VI i. Pyramidal neurons that project to subcortical regions i. Pyramidal neurons that project to subcortical regions such as the thalamus, brainstem, and spinal cord, and other such as the thalamus, brainstem, and spinal cord, and other cortical areascortical areas


Subcortical structuresSubcortical structures

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Basal nuclei (ganglia)Basal nuclei (ganglia)

StructuresStructuresa. Caudatea. Caudateb. Putamenb. Putamenc. Globus pallidusc. Globus pallidus

OrganizationOrganizationa. Receive inputs from most cortical structuresa. Receive inputs from most cortical structuresb. Project to motor cortex via the thalamusb. Project to motor cortex via the thalamus

FunctionFunctiona. Motor controla. Motor control i. Starting, stopping and monitoring movementi. Starting, stopping and monitoring movement ii. Inhibit unnecessary movementii. Inhibit unnecessary movement


Subcortical structuresSubcortical structures

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DiencephalonDiencephalon

OrganizationOrganizationa. Core of forebraina. Core of forebrain i. Surrounded by cerebral hemispheresi. Surrounded by cerebral hemispheresb. Three bilateral structuresb. Three bilateral structures i. Thalamusi. Thalamus ii. Hypothalamusii. Hypothalamus iii. Epithalamusiii. Epithalamus

ThalamusThalamus

a. Comprised of multiple nucleia. Comprised of multiple nuclei i. Each nucleus receives specific i. Each nucleus receives specific afferent projections afferent projections ii. Nuclei interconnectii. Nuclei interconnect iii. Nuclei project (relay) processediii. Nuclei project (relay) processed information to particular cortical areasinformation to particular cortical areasb. Process and relay informationb. Process and relay information

HypothalamusHypothalamus

a. Locationa. Location i. Between optic chiasm and i. Between optic chiasm and mammillary bodiesmammillary bodies ii. Below thalamusii. Below thalamus

b. Connected to the pituitaryb. Connected to the pituitary i. Via infundibulumi. Via infundibulum

c. Visceral control center of the bodyc. Visceral control center of the body i. Autonomic control (e.g., BP, HR)i. Autonomic control (e.g., BP, HR) ii. Emotional response (fear, sex drive)ii. Emotional response (fear, sex drive) iii. Regulation of body temperatureiii. Regulation of body temperature iv. Regulation of feedingiv. Regulation of feeding v. Regulation of thirstv. Regulation of thirst vi. Regulation of circadian rhythmvi. Regulation of circadian rhythm vii. Control of endocrine functionvii. Control of endocrine function

EpithalamusEpithalamus

a. Pineal bodya. Pineal body i. Control of sleep-cyclei. Control of sleep-cycle ii. Melatonin ii. Melatonin b. Choroid plexusb. Choroid plexus i. Production of cerebral spinal fluid (CSF)i. Production of cerebral spinal fluid (CSF)



Brain StemBrain Stem

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OrganizationOrganizationFunctional areasFunctional areasa. Midbraina. Midbrainb. Ponsb. Ponsc. Medulla oblongatac. Medulla oblongata

FunctionsFunctions1. Autonomic behavior1. Autonomic behavior2. Pathway for fiber 2. Pathway for fiber tractstracts3. Cranial nerves3. Cranial nerves

MidbrainMidbrainStructuresStructuresa. Cerebral pedunclesa. Cerebral peduncles i. Fiber tracts connecting cerebrum with i. Fiber tracts connecting cerebrum with inferior structuresinferior structuresb. Corpora quadrigeminab. Corpora quadrigemina i. Superior and inferior colliculii. Superior and inferior colliculic. Substantia nigrac. Substantia nigra i. Color is due to melanin (DA precursor)i. Color is due to melanin (DA precursor) ii. Nucleus of DA neuronsii. Nucleus of DA neuronsd. Red nucleusd. Red nucleus i. Motor reflexi. Motor reflexe. Reticular formatione. Reticular formation i. Some of the RF nuclei are found herei. Some of the RF nuclei are found here

PonsPons1. Lies between midbrain and medulla1. Lies between midbrain and medulla2. Comprised mostly of conducting fibers2. Comprised mostly of conducting fibersa. Connection between higher brain areas a. Connection between higher brain areas and spinal cordand spinal cord i. Longitudinal projectionsi. Longitudinal projectionsb. Pontine nucleib. Pontine nuclei i. Relay information between motor i. Relay information between motor cortex and cerebellumcortex and cerebellum3. Nuclei for several cranial nerves3. Nuclei for several cranial nervesa. Trigeminal (V)a. Trigeminal (V)b. Abducens (VI)b. Abducens (VI)c. Facial (VII)c. Facial (VII)

Medulla oblongataMedulla oblongata1. Lies between pons and spinal cord1. Lies between pons and spinal corda. No obvious demarcation between a. No obvious demarcation between medulla and spinal cordmedulla and spinal cord2. Landmarks2. Landmarksa. Pyramidsa. Pyramids i. Descending corticospinal tractsi. Descending corticospinal tracts ii. Decussateii. Decussate3. Nuclei for several cranial nerves3. Nuclei for several cranial nervesa. Hypoglossal (XII)a. Hypoglossal (XII)b. Glossopharyngeal (IX)b. Glossopharyngeal (IX)c. Vagus (X)c. Vagus (X)d. Accessory (XI)d. Accessory (XI)e. Vestibulocochlear (VIII)e. Vestibulocochlear (VIII)

4. Control of visceral motor function4. Control of visceral motor functiona. Cardiovascular centera. Cardiovascular center i. Cardiac centeri. Cardiac center ii. Vasomotor centerii. Vasomotor centerb. Respiratory centerb. Respiratory center i. Control rate and depth of breathingi. Control rate and depth of breathingc. Reflexc. Reflex i. Vomiti. Vomit ii. Hiccupii. Hiccup iii. Swallowingiii. Swallowing iv. Coughingiv. Coughing v. Sneezingv. Sneezing


CerebellumCerebellum

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AnatomyAnatomy

1. Location1. Locationa. Dorsal to pons and medullaa. Dorsal to pons and medullab. Caudal to occipital lobeb. Caudal to occipital lobe

2. Structure2. Structurea. Bilaterala. Bilateralb. Consists of cerebellar hemispheresb. Consists of cerebellar hemispheres i. Connected by vermisi. Connected by vermisc. Hemispheres consists of lobesc. Hemispheres consists of lobes i. Posteriori. Posterior ii. Anteriorii. Anterior iii. Flocolonodulariii. Flocolonodulard. Gray and white matter is organized like cerebrumd. Gray and white matter is organized like cerebrum i. Gray outside/white insidei. Gray outside/white insidee. Cerebellum is connected via cerebellar pedunclese. Cerebellum is connected via cerebellar peduncles i. Fiber tracts connecting brain stem and sensory i. Fiber tracts connecting brain stem and sensory cortices with cerebellumcortices with cerebellum

FunctionFunction

Precise timing of skeletal contractionPrecise timing of skeletal contractiona. Sensory and motor information is integrateda. Sensory and motor information is integrated


Brain SystemsBrain Systems

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Limbic systemLimbic system

1. Group of cortical structures1. Group of cortical structuresa. Located on medial aspect of the cerebral a. Located on medial aspect of the cerebral hemisphere and diencephalonhemisphere and diencephalonb. Connectivity is complexb. Connectivity is complex

2. Structures2. Structuresa. Upper part of brainstema. Upper part of brainstemb. Rhinencephalonb. Rhinencephalon i. Septal nucleii. Septal nuclei ii. Cingulate gyrusii. Cingulate gyrus iii. Parahippocampal gyrusiii. Parahippocampal gyrus iv. Hippocampusiv. Hippocampusc. Amygdalac. Amygdalad. Diencephalon structuresd. Diencephalon structures i. Hypothalamusi. Hypothalamus ii. Anterior nucleus of the thalamusii. Anterior nucleus of the thalamuse. Fiber tractse. Fiber tracts i. Fornixi. Fornix ii. Fimbriaii. Fimbria

3. Function3. Functiona. Emotional and affective statea. Emotional and affective state

Reticular formationReticular formation

1. Complex of nuclei and white matter1. Complex of nuclei and white mattera. Disperse and widespread connectivitya. Disperse and widespread connectivity2. Location2. Locationa. Central core of medulla, pons and midbraina. Central core of medulla, pons and midbrain3. Function3. Functiona. Maintain wakefulness and attentiona. Maintain wakefulness and attention i. Coordination of all afferent sensory i. Coordination of all afferent sensory informationinformationb. Coordination of muscle activityb. Coordination of muscle activity i. Modulation of efferent motor informationi. Modulation of efferent motor information


Protection of the BrainProtection of the Brain

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Primary mechanismPrimary mechanism

1. Bone1. Bonea. Brain is encased in a bony skullcapa. Brain is encased in a bony skullcap2. Membranes2. Membranesa. Meningesa. Meninges3. Fluid3. Fluida. Cerebrospinal fluida. Cerebrospinal fluidb. Blood-brain barrierb. Blood-brain barrier

MeningesMeninges

1. Structure1. Structurea. Three connective tissue membranesa. Three connective tissue membranes i. Dura mater (tough mother)i. Dura mater (tough mother) ii. Arachnoid mater (spider mother)ii. Arachnoid mater (spider mother) iii. Pia mater (gentle mother)iii. Pia mater (gentle mother)

2. Dura2. Duraa. Two fused layersa. Two fused layers i. Periosteal layeri. Periosteal layer ii. Meningeal layerii. Meningeal layerb. Periosteal layer is attached to the skullb. Periosteal layer is attached to the skull i. Spinal cord does not have a periosteal layeri. Spinal cord does not have a periosteal layerc. Meningeal layer covers brain and spinal cordc. Meningeal layer covers brain and spinal cordd. Dura projects inward to help anchor the braind. Dura projects inward to help anchor the brain

e. Dural septae. Dural septa i. Falx cerebrii. Falx cerebri ii. Falx cerebelliii. Falx cerebelli iii. Tentoriumiii. Tentoriumf. Dural sinusesf. Dural sinuses i. Spaces between dural layersi. Spaces between dural layers ii. Collect venous blood flow from brainii. Collect venous blood flow from brain iii. Directs blood flow back to jugular veinsiii. Directs blood flow back to jugular veins

3. Arachnoid3. Arachnoida. Loose cover over braina. Loose cover over brain i. Does not enter sulcii. Does not enter sulcib. Small space between dura and arachnoidb. Small space between dura and arachnoid i. Subdural spacei. Subdural spacec. Subarchnoid spacec. Subarchnoid space i. Deep to arachnoidi. Deep to arachnoid ii. Filled with CSFii. Filled with CSF iii. Secured to pia by weblike extensions of iii. Secured to pia by weblike extensions of the arachnoidthe arachnoid

d. Arachnoid villid. Arachnoid villi i. Act like valvesi. Act like valves ii. Projection of archoid through dura into ii. Projection of archoid through dura into dural sinusesdural sinuses iii. Permits CSF to be absorbed into venous iii. Permits CSF to be absorbed into venous bloodblood

4. Pia4. Piaa. Clings tightly to braina. Clings tightly to brainb. Invested with blood vesselsb. Invested with blood vessels

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

FunctionFunctiona. Form a liquid cushion for a. Form a liquid cushion for CNS organsCNS organsb. Provides nutrientsb. Provides nutrientsc. CSF composition is c. CSF composition is monitoredmonitored i. Control of autonomic i. Control of autonomic functionsfunctions

Found in ventricles and Found in ventricles and central canal of spinal cordcentral canal of spinal cord

Choroid plexusesChoroid plexusesa. Produce CSFa. Produce CSFb. Located in ventriclesb. Located in ventricles

FlowFlowa. Produced in ventriclesa. Produced in ventriclesb. Exit 4th ventricleb. Exit 4th ventriclec. Bath brainc. Bath braind. Absorbed into venous d. Absorbed into venous blood through arachnoid villiblood through arachnoid villi

Anatomy of the ventricular systemAnatomy of the ventricular system

a. Four fluid-filled chambersa. Four fluid-filled chambers i. Paired laterali. Paired lateral ii. Third ii. Third iii. Fourthiii. Fourthb. Chambers are continuous with b. Chambers are continuous with each other and with the central each other and with the central canal of the spinal cordcanal of the spinal cordc. Interventricular foramen c. Interventricular foramen connect lateral with thirdconnect lateral with third

d. Third is connected with fourth d. Third is connected with fourth via cerebral aqueductvia cerebral aqueducte. Fourth is continuous with e. Fourth is continuous with central canalcentral canalf. Fourth has openings to f. Fourth has openings to subarachnoid spacesubarachnoid space i. Lateral aperturesi. Lateral apertures ii. Median apertureii. Median aperture

Blood-brain barrierBlood-brain barrierBrain environment is tightly controlledBrain environment is tightly controlleda. Most bloodborne substances cannot readily a. Most bloodborne substances cannot readily enter the brainenter the brainMechanismMechanisma. Capillary endothelium is joined by tight a. Capillary endothelium is joined by tight junctionsjunctions i. Relatively impermeablei. Relatively impermeableBarrier is selectiveBarrier is selectivea. Facilitated diffusion of particular substancesa. Facilitated diffusion of particular substances i. Glucose and othersi. Glucose and othersb. Cannot prevent fat-soluble molecules from b. Cannot prevent fat-soluble molecules from diffuses into braindiffuses into brain

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Gross anatomyGross anatomySpinal CordSpinal Cord

ProtectedProtecteda. Bonea. Bone i. Vertebral columni. Vertebral columnb. Membranesb. Membranes i. Meningesi. Meningesc. Fluidc. Fluidi. CSFi. CSF

MeningesMeningesa. Single layera. Single layer i. Spinal dural sheathi. Spinal dural sheathb. Epidural spaceb. Epidural space i. Padding of fat between i. Padding of fat between vertebrae and dural sheathvertebrae and dural sheathc. Subarachnoid spacec. Subarachnoid space i. Filled with CSFi. Filled with CSFd. Extend to S2d. Extend to S2 i. Spinal cord only extends to L1i. Spinal cord only extends to L1

AttachmentsAttachmentsa. Denticulate ligamentsa. Denticulate ligaments i. Attached to vertebrae laterallyi. Attached to vertebrae laterallyb. Filum terminaleb. Filum terminalei. Attached to coccyx caudallyi. Attached to coccyx caudally

Cross-sectional anatomyCross-sectional anatomy

MeningesMeningesa. Duraa. Durab. Arachnoidb. Arachnoidc. Piac. Pia

Gray matter and spinal rootsGray matter and spinal rootsa. Gray is organized like a butterflya. Gray is organized like a butterfly i. Bridge—gray commissurei. Bridge—gray commissureb. Gray matter columnsb. Gray matter columns i. Posterior (dorsal) horni. Posterior (dorsal) horn ii. Anterior (ventral) hornii. Anterior (ventral) horn iii. Lateral horn (thoracic and superior iii. Lateral horn (thoracic and superior lumbar regions only)lumbar regions only)

Anterior hornAnterior horna. Cell bodies of somatic motor neuronsa. Cell bodies of somatic motor neuronsb. Send axons via ventral rootb. Send axons via ventral root

Lateral hornLateral horna. Cell bodies for autonomic motor neuronsa. Cell bodies for autonomic motor neurons i. Sympathetic NSi. Sympathetic NSb. Leave via ventral rootb. Leave via ventral root

Dorsal root ganglionDorsal root gangliona. Cell bodies of sensory neuronsa. Cell bodies of sensory neuronsb. Axons project to cord via dorsal rootb. Axons project to cord via dorsal root i. Some enter white matter tracks and i. Some enter white matter tracks and ascendascend ii. Some synapse with interneuron located ii. Some synapse with interneuron located in posterior hornin posterior horn

Spinal nervesSpinal nervesa. Lateral fusion of ventral and dorsal rootsa. Lateral fusion of ventral and dorsal rootsb. Part of PNSb. Part of PNS

Spinal pathwaysSpinal pathways

CharacteristicsCharacteristicsa. Most pathways decussatea. Most pathways decussateb. Most are poly-synapticb. Most are poly-synaptic i. Two or three neuronsi. Two or three neuronsc. Most are mappedc. Most are mapped i. Position in cord reflects location on bodyi. Position in cord reflects location on bodyd. All pathways are pairedd. All pathways are paired

Ascending (sensory) pathways Ascending (sensory) pathways a.a. Dorsal column (fasciculi cuneatus and gracilis)Dorsal column (fasciculi cuneatus and gracilis)

i. Touch and proprioceptioni. Touch and proprioceptionb.b. Spinothalamic (anterior and lateral) Spinothalamic (anterior and lateral) i. Pain and temperaturei. Pain and temperature

Descending (motor) pathways Descending (motor) pathways a. Upper motor neuronsa. Upper motor neurons i. Cell bodies in braini. Cell bodies in brainb. Lower motor neuronsb. Lower motor neurons i. i. Cell bodies in anterior horn of spinal cordCell bodies in anterior horn of spinal cord

c. Directc. Direct i. Anterior and lateral (pyramidal) i. Anterior and lateral (pyramidal) corticospinal tractscorticospinal tracts

d. Indirect (tracts)—multi-neuronald. Indirect (tracts)—multi-neuronal i. Rubrospinali. Rubrospinal ii. Vestibulospinalii. Vestibulospinal iii. Reticulospinaliii. Reticulospinal iv. Tectospinal iv. Tectospinal

central nervous system terminology cerebral hemispheres cerebral hemispheres subcortical structures...

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