Center for Sustainable Systems

2009 CEEFA Spring Meeting and Technical Session

Friday April 3, 2009

Jonathan W. Bulkley and Gregory A. KeoleianCo-Directors

Mission• CSS advances concepts of sustainability

through interdisciplinary research and education.

• CSS collaborates with diverse stakeholders to develop and apply life cycle based models and sustainability metrics for systems that meet societal needs.

• CSS promotes tools and knowledge that support the design, evaluation, and improvement of complex systems.

Program Activities• Research

– Basic: development of new life cycle methods– Applied: automotive, renewable energy, buildings, etc.

• Education– Rackham Certificate Program in Industrial Ecology– Engineering Sustainable Systems Dual Degree (CoE/SNRE)– Internships, fellowships

• Outreach– Conferences and Workshops– Campus Sustainability– Fact Sheets– CSS Reports

MaterialProcessing

Use

Manufacture& Assembly

Retirement& Recovery

ServiceDisposal

Raw MaterialAcquisition

recycling

reuse

Product Life Cycle

Primary Materials(e.g., ores, biotic resources)

Recycled Materials(open loop recycling)

Primary Energy(e.g., coal)

Air pollutants(e.g., Hg)

Water pollutants(e.g., BOD)

Solid waste(e.g., MSW)

Products(e.g., goods, services)

Co-products(e.g., recyclables, energy)

remanufacture

System: Mid-sized 1995 Sedan

Sponsors: US Consortium for Automotive Research• Chrysler • American Iron and Steel Institute• Ford • Aluminum Association• GM • American Plastics Council

Life Cycle Inventory of a Generic Vehicle

identify a set of metrics to benchmark the environmental performance

Life cycle energy(6 GJ = 1 barrel of crude oil)

0

200

400

600

800

1,000

1,200

Mtl. Prd. Mfg. &Assembly

Fuel Use Maint. E-o-L Total

life cycle stages

life

cycl

e en

ergy

(GJ)

all highway

all city

Life Cycle Analysis of a Residential Home in Michigan

Keoleian, G.A., S. Blanchard, and P. Reppe “Life Cycle Energy, Costs, and Strategies for Improving a Single Family House” Journal of Industrial Ecology (2000) 4(2): 135-156.

Energy Efficient Strategies Utilized

• Increase wall insulation (R-35 double 2x4) Use-phase• Reduce air infiltration (Caulking) Use-phase • Increase ceiling insulation (R-60 cellulose) Use phase • Insulation in basement (R-24) Use-phase• High perfomance windows (lowE-coating, argon fill) Use-phase• Energy-efficient electrical appliances Use-phase• All fluorescent lighting Use-phase• Building-integrated shading (overhangs) Use-phase• Waste hot water heat exchanger Use-phase• Air-to-air heat exchanger Use-phase• Recycled-materials roof shingles Embodied Energy • Wood foundation walls/cellulose insulation Embodied Energy

Summary of Life Cycle Results

Life Cycle Inventory of:

Unit Standard Home

Energy Efficient Home

MASS Metric Tons

306 325

ENERGY GJ 16,000 6,400

GLOBAL WARMING

GASES

Metric Tons

1,010 370

Life Cycle Costs2005 Energy Prices

Mortgage$546,314

Price = $240,000 Mortgage = 30 years, 7%10,130 kWh Annual Electricity Usage

141,554 kBtu Annual Gas Heating UsageCost of Energy Constant over 50 years

Maintenance$180,828

Electricity$41,330

Natural Gas$108,465

Standard HomeStandard HomeTotal Cost = $876,938

Mortgage$598,216

Price = $262,800 Mortgage = 30 years, 7%4,1730 kWh Annual Electricity Usage

30,400 kBtu Annual Gas Heating UsageCost of Energy Constant over 50 years

Maintenance$177,049

Electricity$17,026

Natural Gas$23,316

Energy Efficient HomeEnergy Efficient HomeTotal Cost = $815,607

Evaluation of LEEDTM Using Life Cycle Assessment Methods

PLATINUM: 52-69 pointsGOLD: 39-51 points

SILVER: 33-38 pointsCERTIFIED: 26-32 points

What does a LEEDTM

Certification mean?

The Greening of Dana

A Classroom and Laboratoryfor Sustainable Design

Gregory KeoleianCo-director, Center for Sustainable Systems

School of Natural Resources and EnvironmentUniversity of Michigan

www.snre.umich.edu/greendana

OldOld West Medical Buildingst Medical Building

UM Campus View Circa 1903

Dana Building

UM Campus View Circa 1903UM Campus View Circa 1903UM Campus View Circa 1903UM Campus View Circa 1903UM Campus View Circa 1903UM Campus View Circa 1903

Goals of the Renovation

1. Provide more space2. Create a more comfortable and

productive working environment3. Bring the building up to “code”

1. Provide more space2. Create a more comfortable and

productive working environment3. Bring the building up to “code”

Dana Building Fills Inuilding Fills In

Stewardship:Bringing the Dana Building“Up to Code”

Goals of the Greening of Dana Projectof Dana Project

• Conserve Energy– Envelope upgrade– Radiant cooling– Mechanical and electrical upgrades– Sensor lights and fluorescent lighting

• Conserve Water– Composting toilets– Waterless urinals

• Conserve Materials– Reused Materials– Recycle Materials– Renewable Materials

• Conserve Energy– Envelope upgrade– Radiant cooling– Mechanical and electrical upgrades– Sensor lights and fluorescent lighting

• Conserve Water– Composting toilets– Waterless urinals

• Conserve Materials– Reused Materials– Recycle Materials– Renewable Materials

US Energy Flow 2004

Mechanical• integrated envelope upgrade• equipment upgrades• high-tech controls and monitoring• radiant cooling

Mechanical• integrated envelope upgrade• equipment upgrades• high-tech controls and monitoring• radiant cooling

Rad Radiant Cooling iant Cooling

Electrical• efficient lighting (fluorescents, LED)• occupancy sensors• automated controls• direct/indirect/task lighting• photovoltaics

U.S. Energy Consumption by Source (2001)

Source: consumption data from Annual Energy Review (2003)

Coal23%

Natural gas24%

Petroleum39%

1% Solar

50% Biomass

6% Geothermal

1% Wind

Renewable6%

42% Hydro

Nuclear8%

Total = 96.5 Quads Total = 5.32 Quads

Photovoltaic33 k Photovoltaic33 kW system, 295 modules W

system, 295 modules

Plumbing• waterless urinals

Plumbing• waterless urinals• low-flow fixtures• proximity sensors• composting toilets•low fixtures• proximity sensors•

Composting Toilets

Reuse of Salvaged Brickd Brick

Recycle Ann Arbor takes windowsforReuse

Salvaged Paversd Pavers

Reuse of doors

Original Roof Timbers:Removal and Reuse

Reuse

Construction Waste Management is Key to Recycling Effort

Certified Wood

Cork Flooringi

Low VOC Paint

Tectum Ceiling TilesTiles

Linoleum - Made from linseed oil, pine rosin, cork powder and pigments on a burlap or jute backing - used on floors and on kitchen counters.

Carpet - 100% wool from Australia.

Rubber - Made in Pennsylvania from recycled tires and EPDM manufacturing scraps - used on floors in ground floor corridors, stair landings throughout the building, and entry foyers.

Green Flooring

Classrooms OfficesCorridors

Bambooin floors Bamboo - Matures in an average of four years - it’s actually a grass, but it performs as well as hardwood in an average of four years - it’s actually a grass, but it performs as well as hardwood in floors

recycled glass and ceramic (>55% Ceramic tile - recycled glass and ceramic (>55% recycled content) - bathroom floors and lower wall s

Bio-composite Panel Products - soy beans, sunflower seed hulls, newsprint, and wheat stubble manufactured into a panel product used for casework, ceiling panels, and countertops. Formaldehyde-free

Green Finishes

Recycled HDPE Panels - 100% recycled high-density polyethylene (#2) plastic - bathroom partitions and countertops(#2) plastic - bathroom partitions and countertops

LEED • Leadership in Energy & Environmental

Design– Green Building Rating System of the US Green

Building Council– Voluntary rating program “to evaluate

environmental performance from a whole building perspective over a building’s life cycle, providing a definitive standard for what constitutes a ‘green building’”

Dana Building LEEDTM Rating

PLATINUM: 52-69 pointsGOLD: 39-51 points

SILVER: 33-38 pointsCERTIFIED: 26-32 points

Gold Rating!

Environmental Ranking System Credits

• LEED is a credit-based system. • 64 credit points are divided among 5

environmental impact areas:• Sustainable Sites (SS)• Water Efficiency (WE)• Energy and Atmosphere (EA)• Materials and Resources (MR)• Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ)

Dana Building Today

www.snre.umich.edu/greendana

LEED 2.0 Credit List

Sustainable Sites 14 Materials & Resources 13Prerequisite Erosion and Sedimentation Control x Prerequisite Storage & Collection of Recyclables xCredit 1 Site Selection 1 Credit 1.1 Building Reuse, Maintain 75% of Ex isting Shell 1Credit 2 Urban Redevelopment 1 Credit 1.2 Building Reuse, Maintain 100% of Ex isting Shell 1Credit 3 Brownfield Redevelopment 1 Credit 1.3 Building Reuse, Maintain 100% Shell & 50% Non-Shell 1Credit 4.1 Alternative Transportation, Public Transportation Access 1 Credit 2.1 Construction Waste Management, Div ert 50% 1Credit 4.2 Alternative Transportation, Bicy cle Storage & Changing Rooms 1 Credit 2.2 Construction Waste Management, Div ert 75% 1Credit 4.3 Alternative Transportation, Alternativ e Fuel Refueling Stations 1 Credit 3.1 Resource Reuse, Specify 5% 1Credit 4.4 Alternative Transportation, Parking Capacity 1 Credit 3.2 Resource Reuse, Specify 10% 1Credit 5.1 Reduced Site Disturbance, Protect or Restore Open Space 1 Credit 4.1 Recycled Content, Specify 25% 1Credit 5.2 Reduced Site Disturbance, Dev elopment Footprint 1 Credit 4.2 Recycled Content, Specify 50% 1Credit 6.1 Stormwater Management, Rate and Quantity 1 Credit 5.1 Local/Regional Materials, 20% Manufactured Locally 1Credit 6.2 Stormwater Management, Treatment 1 Credit 5.2 Local/Regional Materials, of 20% Abov e, 50% Harv ested Locally 1Credit 7.1 Landscape & Exterior Design to Reduce Heat Islands, Non-Roof 1 Credit 6 Rapidly Renewable Materials 1Credit 7.2 Landscape & Exterior Design to Reduce Heat Islands, Roof 1 Credit 7 Certified Wood 1Credit 8 Light Pollution Reduction 1

Indoor Environmental Quality 15Water Efficiency 5 Prerequisite Minimum IAQ Performance xCredit 1.1 Water Efficient Landscaping, Reduce by 50% 1 Prerequisite Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS) Control xCredit 1.2 Water Efficient Landscaping, No Potable Use or No Irrigation 1 Credit 1 Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Monitoring 1Credit 2 Innovative Wastewater Technologies 1 Credit 2 Increase Ventilation Effectiveness 1Credit 3.1 Water Use Reduction, 20% Reduction 1 Credit 3.1 Construction IAQ Management Plan, During Construction 1Credit 3.2 Water Use Reduction, 30% Reduction 1 Credit 3.2 Construction IAQ Management Plan, Before Occupancy 1

Credit 4.1 Low-Emitting Materials, Adhesiv es & Sealants 1Energy & Atmosphere 17 Credit 4.2 Low-Emitting Materials, Paints 1Prerequisite Fundamental Building Systems Commissioning x Credit 4.3 Low-Emitting Materials, Carpet 1Prerequisite Minimum Energy Performance x Credit 4.4 Low-Emitting Materials, Composite Wood 1Prerequisite CFC Reduction in HVAC&R Equipment x Credit 5 Indoor Chemical & Pollutant Source Control 1Credit 1.1 Optimize Energy Performance, 20% New / 10% Ex isting 2 Credit 6.1 Controllability of Systems, Perimeter 1Credit 1.2 Optimize Energy Performance, 30% New / 20% Ex isting 2 Credit 6.2 Controllability of Systems, Non-Perimeter 1Credit 1.3 Optimize Energy Performance, 40% New / 30% Ex isting 2 Credit 7.1 Thermal Comfort, Comply w ith ASHRAE 55-1992 1Credit 1.4 Optimize Energy Performance, 50% New / 40% Ex isting 2 Credit 7.2 Thermal Comfort, Permanent Monitoring Sy stem 1Credit 1.5 Optimize Energy Performance, 60% New / 50% Ex isting 2 Credit 8.1 Daylight & Views, Day light 75% of Spaces 1Credit 2.1 Renewable Energy, 5% 1 Credit 8.2 Daylight & Views, View s for 90% of Spaces 1Credit 2.2 Renewable Energy, 10% 1Credit 2.3 Renewable Energy, 20% 1 Innovation & Design Process 5Credit 3 Additional Commissioning 1 Credit 1.1 Innovation in Design: Specific Title 1Credit 4 Ozone Depletion 1 Credit 1.2 Innovation in Design: Specific Title 1Credit 5 Measurement & Verification 1 Credit 1.3 Innovation in Design: Specific Title 1Credit 6 Green Power 1 Credit 1.4 Innovation in Design: Specific Title 1

Credit 2 LEED™ Accredited Professional 1

Certified 26 to 32 points Silver 33 to 38 points Gold 39 to 51 points Platinum 52 or more points