centar za krs i speleologiju sarajevo

INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE “MAN AND KARST”

INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “ALCADI 2018”

(HISTORY OF SPELEOLOGY AND KARSTOLOGY IN THE ALPS, CARPATHIANS

AND DINARIDES)

Livno, 26-29 June 2018

Publisher Center for karst and speleology

Branilaca Sarajeva 30, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina

Editor Jasminko Mulaomerović

Printed AMB, Visoko

Printed in 100 copies

------------------------------------------------

CIP - Katalogizacija u publikaciji

Nacionalna i univerzitetska biblioteka Bosne i Hercegovine, Sarajevo

551.435.8(497)(048.3)

INTERNATIONAL conference "Man and Karst" (2018 ; Livno)

Book of abstracts / International conference "Man and Karst" = International

symposium ALCADI 2018" (History of speleology and karstology in the Alps, Carpathians and

Dinarides, Livno, 26-29 June 2018. - Sarajevo : Center for Karst and Speleology, 2018. - 41 str.

; 30 cm

ISBN 978-9926-8278-0-9

I. International symposium "ALCADI 2018" (History of speleology and karstology in the Alps,

Carpathians and Dinarides) (2018 ; Livno)International conference "Man and Karst" (2018 ;

Livno)

COBISS.BH-ID 25857030

<-----------------------------------

http://vbbh.izum.si/scripts/cobiss?command=DISPLAY&base=COBIB&RID=25857030

INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE “MAN AND KARST” & INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “ALCADI 2018” Livno, 26-29 June 2018

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PROGRAMME

Tuesday, 26th June 2018

8:00-9:30 Registration

9:30 – 9:45 Opening ceremony

9:45- 11:00 Presentation

Nadja Zupan Hajna: Karst sediments and their studies; examples from Slovenia

Oana A. Dumitru, Bogdan P. Onac, Victor J. Polyak, Joan J. Fornós, Yemane Asmerom , Joaquín Ginés, Angel Ginés:Early-to-Middle Pliocene sea-level stands in the western Mediterranean from U-Pb ages on speleothems

Hasan, Ozren; Miko, Slobodan; Ilijanić, Nikolina; Bakrač, Koraljka; Brunović, Dea; Šparica Miko, Martina: Paleoenvironmental reconstruction of karst Holocene environment in Novigrad Sea and Karin Sea (Croatia)

Bogdan P. Onac, Dylan Parmenter, Eric Weaver, Steve Baumann, Tiberiu B. Sava: Climate reconstructions using ice and guano deposits from lava tubes in El Malpais National Monument, New Mexico (USA)

11:00-11:30 Coffee break

11:30-13:00 Presentation

Ivo Lučić: Karstology and cponcept of karst exploration by Petar Milanović

Stipe Tutiš, Petra Kovač Konrad, Dalibor Jirkal, MateaTalaja, Tamara Mihoci: Start of project implementation “Center of excellence - Cerovaĉke caves; sustainable management of natural heritage and karst underground”

Carolyn L. Ramsey, Paul A. Griffiths: Karst Creek Trail: a self-guiding karst site in Strathcona Park, British Columbia, Canada

Rosario Ruggieri: Karst Geosites of the Favignana Island (Aegadian archipelago, Sicily)

Ivana Boljat, Josip Terzić, Jasmina Lukač Reberski: Identification of the hydrogeological and hydrochemical characteristics – northern part of the Dinaric karst in Croatia

13:00-15:00 Lunch

15:00-18:00 Afternoon trip – Duman sprig and caves

19:00 Velcome dinner

Wednesday, 27th June 2018

9:30 – 11:00 Presentation

Andrej Mihevc: Characteristics of seasonal oscillations of air temperature in caves Velika ledena jama v Paradani and Potoĉka zijalka in Slovenia

Gojko R. Nikolić: Paleogegrafski razvoj terena i model paleoreljefa Nikšićkog polja (Paleogographic development of terrain and model of paleorelief of the Nikšićko polje)


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Nediljko Ţevrnja, Tonći RaĎa, Tino Milat: Jama Zovine – zanimljiv paleontološki i speleološki objekt u zaleĊu Biokova (Jama Zovina pit - an interesting paleontological and speleological object in the hinterland of Biokovo)

Gordan S. Karaman: The subterranean genus Niphargus Schiödte, 1849 (Crustacea, Amphipoda, Niphargidae) in Greece

Mihajlo Stanković: New species in fauna invertebrates of carbon teres and higher plans of Bosnia and Herzegovina

11:00-11:30 Coffee break

11:30-13:00 Presentation (ALCADI)

Andrej Kranjc: The 18th century World’s depths record?

Alessio Fabbricatore: Ludwig Karl Moser collection in Vienna and Postojna Museum

Maurizio Tavagnutti: The topographic surveys of the Cave of Postumia (1924-1928) in the work of the capitano Luigi Gallino of Gorizia

Andrej Mihevc: Some karst toponyms used on land cadastre maps from the first half of 19th century in W Slovenia Jasminko Mulaomerović: The oldest list of Bosnia and Herzegovina caves

13:00-15:00 Lunch

15:00-18:00 Afternoon trip - Franciscan monastery Gorica

19:00: Poster presentation

Mirnes Hasanspahić, Jasminko Mulaomerović: Caves from Bosnia and Herzegovina on the oldest postcards

Jasminko Mulaomerović: Caves as illustrations in popular and scientific publications until the First World War

Jasminko Mulaomerović: Letter by Edouard Martel to Jovan Cvijić: Preparations for excursion to South France in year 1925

Draţen Perica, Denis Radoš, Mirjana Milićević: Natural-geographical features of Karišnica and Bijela river

Denis Radoš, Filip Krišto, Mirko Šarac: Mills of the Duvanjsko and Livanjsko polje

Thursday, 28th June 2018

8:00 - Whole-day field trip – North-western part of the Livanjsko polje and Resanovaĉke pećine caves

Friday, 29th june 2018

8:00 - Whole-day field trip - South-eastern part of the Livanjsko polje and the Duvanjsko polje


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IDENTIFICATION OF THE HYDROGEOLOGICAL AND HYDROCHEMICAL

CHARACTERISTICS – NORTHERN PART OF THE DINARIC KARST IN CROATIA

Ivana Boljat, Josip Terzić, Jasmina Lukač Reberski

Zavod za hidrogeologiju i inţenjersku geologiju Hrvatski geološki institut, Sachsova 2, Zagreb, Hrvatska [email protected] Insufficient understanding of hydrogeological, hydrochemical and dynamic relations of the Internal Dinarides in Croatia had a key role in selection of a case study for the project CAMARO-D (EU, Interreg Danube 2014-2020). New hydrogeological insights will be the basis for the future water management and flood protection of karstic part of Kupa River catchment area and its surroundings. Complex geological setting of the research area, which encompasses two hypsometric levels of spring and sinking zones, is mainly caused by structural-tectonic relations (and significant human interventions – tunnels, hydroelectric power plants, canals…). The case study comprised monitoring on 18 springs and 3 surface water-flows with the purpose to determine the hydrogeological characteristics of this complex aquifer system defined as the boundary between Internal and Outer Dinarides. The southern boundary of the research area is placed north of Kapela Mtn and Plitvice Lakes, northern boundary is the boundary between Dinaric karst and Pannonian basin in Croatia, while eastern and western boundaries coincide with state boundaries with Croatia and Bosnia and Hercegovina (East) and Slovenia (West) – partially following Una and Kupa rivers’ streams. This karst terrain is significantly different than other parts of the Dinaric karst terrains in Croatia. It is fluviokarst, often called shallow karst. Hydrochemical characteristic of groundwater has been studied by sampling and analyzing physic-chemical parameters: oxygen content, electrical conductivity, pH, temperature, total organic carbon, major anions (HCO3

−, Cl−, SO42−) and cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+), as well

as heavy metals. In addition, stable isotope contents (δ18O, δD) is being monitored in spring and rain water in monthly intervals from beginning of 2018 till the end of 2019. Karstification processes of different rocks from this area will also be explored within this study. Geological and hydrogeological characteristic of this area will be presented in this paper, as well as first results of physic-chemical parameters in order to identify hydrogeochemical facies.

ISTRAŢIVANJE HIDROGEOLOŠKIH I HIDROKEMIJSKIH ZNAĈAJKI SJEVERNOG DIJELA DINARIDSKOG KRŠA U HRVATSKOJ

Nedovoljno poznavanje hidrogeoloških, hidrokemijskih i dinamičkih odnosa u pojasu Unutarnjih Dinarida odigralo je ključnu ulogu u odabiru istraţnog područja projekta CAMARO-D (EU, Interreg Dunav2014-2020). Nova hidrogeološka saznanja biti će temelj za


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buduće upravljanje vodama i zaštitu od poplava krškog dijela slijeva rijeke Kupe i susjednih područja. Istraţno područje je sloţene geološke graĎe koja uključuje dvije hipsometrijske razine zona izviranja i poniranja uzrokovanih strukturno-tektonskim odnosima (no dijelom i ljudskim intervencijama – tuneli, hidroelektrane, kanali…). Istraţivanje obuhvaća opaţanja na 18 izvora i 3 površinska toka s ciljem odreĎivanja hidrogeoloških značajki sloţenog sustava definiranog kao granično područje izmeĎu Unutarnjih i Vanjskih Dinarida. Juţna granica područja istraţivanja je sjeverno od planine Kapele i Plitvičkih jezera, sjeverna je ujedno granica Dinaridskog krša s Panonskim bazenom, a istočna i zapadna definirane su drţavnim granicama s Bosnom i Hercegovinom i Slovenijom, što u velikom dijelu koincidira s rijekama Unom i Kupom. Ovaj je krški teren u velikoj mjeri različit od krša u ostatku Hrvatskih Dinarida. Riječ je o fluviokrškom terenu, te se ponekad naziva i plitki krš. Podzemne vode bit će istraţivane sakupljanjem i analiziranjem fizikalno-kemijskih parametara: sadrţaj kisika, elektrolitička vodljivost, pH – vrijednost vode, temperature vode, udio organskog ugljika, glavnih aniona (HCO3

−, Cl−, SO42−) i kationa (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+)

kao i teških metala. TakoĎer, u izvorima i u kišnici se opaţaju stabilni izotopi vode (δ18O, δD) u mjesečnim intervalima od početka 2018. do kraja 2019. godine. Istraţit će se i procesi okršavanja stijena koje izgraĎuju ovaj teren. Ovaj rad predstavlja geološke i hidrogeološke značajke istraţnog područja kao i prve rezultate fizikalno-kemijskih parametara u svrhu identificiranja hidrogeokemijskih facijesa.


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LUDWIG KARL MOSER COLLECTIONS IN VIENNA AND POSTOJNA

Alessio Fabbricatore Via Fatebenefratelli, 26 I – 34170 Gorizia (Italy), [email protected] June the 2nd 1918 - June the 2nd 2018. This year has been celebrated the Jubileum of death of prof. Ludwig Karl Moser and for this event I will present the results of the studies I carried out regarding the paleontological and archaeological finds of the Moser collection held at the Naturhistorische Museum NHM / Natural History Museum, Vienna (Austria) and at Notranjski muzej / Notranjski museum, Postojna (Slovenia). In 1871 Moser graduated with the PhD. In 1876 they appointed him a Chair at the Staatsgymnasium / German State Gymnasium of Trieste. The new life location in Trieste supported the development of his scientific research in the Karst region. He studied in the speleological field, in particular the ice formation in the caves and on the cave clay (based on his theory in 1918, the State imposed the nationalization of phosphate deposits). At the NHM, the Karl Moser collection counts more than a thousand finds from research and exploration carried out in the Österreichisches Küstenland, in Istrien and in Krain with numerous excavations, mainly in the caves, during which he brought to light many archaeological and paleontological finds. With the contribution of the Ministry of Finance he also carried out excavations in Bosnia and Herzegovina (Megara Cave and in the Caves of Nevesinje, in the first probably identified remains of a Cave bear). In my report you find information related to both single and list finds (non-exhaustive) and their contextualization by analyzing the sites investigated by L.K. Moser (attached documentation: photos and maps). In the chapter Analysis of archaeological and paleontological finds excavated by L.K. Moser collected at the museums of Vienna and Postojna, the finds are analyzed and it is reported the correlation between the nomenclature of the cave studied by Moser and the current name and cadaster number. Much attention has been paid to the names of sites and caves of Trieste Karst, often identified in German, Slovenian languages. As far as the paleontological findings are concerned, those of the Grotta dell'Orso (R 33) are to be mentioned: Ursus spelaeus, Gulo gulo, Crocuta crocuta spelaea, Panthera leo spelaea, Equus (Wildesel), kept at NHM. From archaeological point of view I would like to note the fragments of axe and of pot from the Grotta del Pettirosso (R148) and fragment of rython from the Grotta Moser (R476), kept at the Notranjski muzej Postojna and the pintadera from the Grotta Fioravante (R411), the rython fragment of the Grotta del Pettirosso (R148) and the rhyton fragment of the Grotta Moser (R476) kept at the NHM.


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To support my research both in Vienna and Postoina, I analyzed the mail, interesting manuscripts, as well as the reports of the activity that L. K. Moser forwarded as a member of the Anthropologische Gesellschaft and as reporter of the k.k. Zentral-Kommission für Erforschung und Erhaltung der Kunst- und Historischen Denkmale of Vienna.


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PALEOENVIRONMENTAL RECONSTRUCTION OF KARST HOLOCENE ENVIRONMENT

IN NOVIGRAD SEA AND KARIN SEA (CROATIA)

Ozren Hasan, Slobodan Miko, Nikolina Ilijanić, Koraljka Bakrač, Dea Brunović, Martina Šparica Miko

Croatian geological survey, Sachsova 2, 10000 Zagreb [email protected] The main objective of this paper is to reconstruct Holocene evolution in four neighbouring catchments in the Eastern Adriatic coast (Croatia). Marine geoacoustic geophysical survey was paired with high-resolution multiproxy analysis (chemical analysis, grain size, magnetic susceptibility (MS), L*a*b* spectrum, C/N analysis, bulk XRD analysis, AMS 14C) of four long marine sediment cores (at Zrmanja river mouth, Novigrad Sea, Karin Sea and Modrič bay) together with fifteen soil sediment cores or profiles sampled in their respective catchments. This data enabled us to create palaeoenvironmental reconstruction of the Holocene sediment sequence and partially of underlying Pleistocene sediments in the Novigrad and Karin Sea. During the early Holocene surface of today’s area of Novigrad and Karin Sea hosted river channels incised in Pleistocene clastites. Multiple channels suggest the existence of braided river system. Three marine sediment cores penetrated marine sediment sequences and terminated in terrestrial alluvial/colluvial/beach sediments predating the Holocene sea level rise. Terrestrial sediments have elevated siliciclastic component, MS and C/N ratio. These sediments are poorly sorted, with larger grain size than the rest of the core. Assemblage of foraminifera (or their absence) indicates alluvial/colluvial/beach sediments. As the sea level rose, seawater intruded Novigrad Sea area thru Novigradsko ţdrilo. First evidence of marine environment exists in core NOV-3 at 11440 cal. yr. BP, later in MOD-A after 10.210 cal. yr. BP, and in KAR-A at 9.870 cal. yr. BP. Sedimentation consists of fine-grained dominantly silty sediments with dominance of calcite and quartz, low MS, TOC, C/N and Sr/Ca ratios typical for marine sedimentation. This type of sedimentation lasts until today. Described unit is detected on geophysical profiles as upper unit with uniform sedimentation and thickness of 9 m to 16 m. Upper parts of all marine sediment cores show increase of siliciclastic material input, MS and C/N ratios, while Ca concentration decreases. Bimodal grain size distribution suggests variable sediment sources. Those parameters indicate higher terrestrial sediment input mainly due to anthropogenic influence caused by deforestation or agriculture in the catchments. The highest terrestrial siliciclastic material input is visible between 720 and 515 cal. yr. BP. Similar event is visible in the floodplain of Krupa river (tributary to Zrmanja river, location Krupa-1. Due to deforestation in its catchment, sedimentation of organic peat-like material was abruptly replaced around 1900 cal. yr. BP by terrigenous siliciclastic input.


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CAVES FROM BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA ON THE OLDEST POSTCARDS

Mirnes Hasanspahić, Jasminko Mulaomerović Centar za krš i speleologiju, Branilaca Sarajeva 30, 71000 Sarajevo [email protected]; [email protected] With the occupation of Bosnia and Herzegovina by the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy in 1878, and later by the administration, the first postcards showing various cities and landscapes are also appearing. Some smaller places after this period have never had their postcards, and postcard with motive along the roads and railroad tracks that are very common during this period are unknown. The caves were a natural phenomenon, so several of them founded themselves on postcards. The largest number of postcards shows the caves below the Pliva waterfall in Jajce and the caves at Duman spring in Livno because they are important cities. Until now, we know postcards showing the Dejanova pećina cave (the spring of Trebišnjica river in Bileća), the natural stone bridge in the canyon of Miljacka river between Sarajevo and Pale, the cave on Bentbaša in Sarajevo, the natural stone bridge in Krupa on Vrbas, Buna spring, Novakova pećina cave on Romanija mountain and caves near Old bridge in Mostar. Until now, there was no postcards from this period showing the interior of a cave.

PEĆINE BOSNE I HERCEGOVINE NA STARIM RAZGLEDNICAMA Sa okupacijom Bosne i Hercegovine od strane Austro-Ugarske monarhije 1878. godine, a kasnije i upravom, pojavljuju se i prve razglednice koje prikazuju razne gradove i predjele. Neka manja mjesta nakon tog perioda više nikad nisu ni imala svoje razglednice, a nepoznate su i razglednice sa motovima uz ceste i pruge koje su vrlo česte u ovom periodu. Pećine su kao prirodni fenomeni bile zanimljive pa se nekoliko njih našlo i na razglednicama. Najveći broj razglednica pokazuje pećine ispod vodopada Plive u Jajcu i pećine na vrelu Duman u Livnu jer se radi o značajnim gradovima. Do sada su nam poznate razglednice koje pokazuju Dejanovu pećinu (vrelo Trebišnjice), prirodni kameni most u kanjonu Miljacke izmeĎu Sarajeva i Pala, pećinu na Bentbaši u Sarajevu, prirodni kameni most u Krupi na Vrbasu, vrelo Bune, Novakovu pećinu na Romaniji i pećine kod Starog mosta u Mostaru Do sada nije poznata niti jedna razglednica iz ovog perioda koja prikazuje unutrašnjost neke pećine


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THE SUBTERRANEAN GENUS NIPHARGUS SCHIÖDTE, 1849 (CRUSTACEA, AMPHIPODA, NIPHARGIDAE) IN GREECE

Gordan S. Karaman Crnogorska akademija nauka i umjetnosti Rista Stijovića 5, 81000 Podgorica, Crna Gora [email protected] The subterranean genus NIphargus (Crustacea: Amphipoda, fam. Niphargidae) is presented in the subterranean waters of almost entire Europe (exept the North) and Near East till Irak, presented by over 200 different taxa (species and subspecies). In the Greece this genus is presented by nearly 20 different taxa [mainly endemic for Greece], living in the caves, wells, springs and other subterranean waters, living in the pure freshwaters as well as in the slightly brackish waters. Nearly half of these species are is known from the subterranean waters of the continental Greece [N. jovanovici S. Kar. 1931, N. lourensis Fiser et al 2006; N. fautor G. Kar. 2017, N. graecus S. Kar. 1934, N. lindbergi S. Kar. 1956, etc. ), and other are known from the subterranean waters of the Greek islands [N. spasenijae G. Kar. 2015, N. denarius G. Kar. 2017, etc.). Creta Island is the Greek island settled with several species of genus Niphargus [N. zarosiensis Zettler & Zettler 2017, N. impexus G. Kar. 2016, N. lakusici G. Kar. 2017, etc.], and many other Greek islands are settled with only one Niphargus species [N. rhodi S. Kar. 1950, etc.]. The zoogeographical relation of Greek Niphargus fauna is with that of adjacent regions (Macedonia, Albania, Turkey, etc.) is very complex.

PODZEMNI ROD NIPHARGUS SCHIÖDTE, 1849 (CRUSTACEA, AMPHIPODA, NIPHARGIDAE) U GRĈKOJ

Podzemni rod Niphargus (Amphipoda, Niphargidae) naseljava podzemne vode skoro cijele Evrope (osim sjeverno dijela), Bliskog Istoka do Iraka, i poznato je preko 200 vrsta i podvrsta ovog roda. U Grčkoj ovaj rod je zastupljen sa pribliţno 20 različitih vrsta i podvrsta [od kojih su večina endemi Grčke], koji naseljavaju vode pećina, bunara, izvora i drugih podzemnih staništa; prisutni su u čistim slatkim vodama kao i u brakičnim vodama. Pribliţno polovina opisanih vrsta su poznata iz podzemnih voda kontinentalnog dijela Grčke [N. jovanovici S. Kar. 1931, N. lourensis Fišer et al 2006; N. fautor G. Kar. 2017, N. graecus S. Kar. 1934, N. lindbergi S. Kar. 1956, etc.], a druge vrste su poznate iz podzemnih voda grčkih otoka [N. spasenijae G. Kar. 2015, N. denarius G. Kar. 2017, etc.].


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Kreta je grčki otok naseljen sa nekoliko vrsta roda Niphargus [N. zarosiensis Zettler & Zettler 2017, N. impexus G. Kar. 2016, N. lakusici G. Kar. 2017, etc.], dok mnogi drugi grčki otoci su naseljeni sa samo jednom podzemnom vrstom [N. rhodi S. Kar. 1950, etc.]. Zoogeografski odnosi faune vrsta roda Niphargus Grčke sa faunama susjednih regiona (Makedonija, Turska, Albanija, itd.] su veoma sloţeni.


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THE 18TH CENTURY WORLD’S DEPTHS RECORD?

Andrej Kranjc Slovenska akademija znanosti in umetnosti Novi trg 3, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia [email protected] Through the ages metalliferous miners have been responsible for much cave exploration by the very nature of their work. In the Mendip Hills English lead miners came across the cave of Lamb Leer a little before 1676. Miners lowered a man down the 21,5 m free-hanging pitch. Another miners’ discovery was Pen Park Hole in 1669. On the vertical parts they used ropes and they reached the bottom at a depth of about 50 m. In 1723 the Minorite priest, Lazarus Schopper and Johann Walter descended Macocha vertical-sided doline, 138 m deep. They used the rope through which they had driven wooden pegs as footholds. At Padirac local people used winches by which the men were let down sitting on wooden cross-bars at the ends of ropes. In 1839 Lindner and Svetina explored Grotta di Padriciano (-226 m) (at that time the deepest explored cave in the world according to Shaw); and in April 1841 Abisso di Trebiciano (Labodnica) (-329 m) which held the World’s depth record for the next 80 years. Therefore from 1748 to 1839 with descent of Padriciano (226 m) the deepest cave was Macocha (-138 m, Czech Republic). On the Slovenian Pre-Alpine limestone plateaus miners (better “ore gatherers”) for centuries already were digging in karst potholes and caves for the iron ore in hundreds. Their work is quite well known and documented but nobody looked upon their work as a speleological achievement. Among these potholes special attention has to be paid to the one called Za Krasco No. 4 (Rudno polje, Pokljuka Plateau) which was 247 m deep as reported in 1792. So for about 40 years, between 1780 and 1841 this one has to be the deepest known cave in Europe if not in the World.

GLOBINSKI SVETOVNI REKORD V XVIII. STOLETJU? Dolga stoletja so bili rudarji, ki so kopali kovinske rude, zaradi narave njihovega dela, nosilci večine jamskih raziskav. Malo pred 1676 so angleški kopači svinca v gričevju Mendip naleteli na jamo Lamb Leer. Po previsu, globokem 21,5 m so vanjo spustili nekega človeka. Drugo rudarsko odkritje leta 1669 je bila jama Pen Park Hole. Za premagovanje vertikalnih delov so uporabljali vrvi in dosegli dno v globini okoli 50 m. 1723 sta se spustila po navpični steni 138 m globokega udornega vhoda v Macocho (Češka) minorit Lazarus Schopper in Johann Walter. Uporabila sta vrv skozi katero sta pretaknila lesene klince za stopnje. Lokalni prebivalci so v Padiracu uporabljali vitel, s katerim so spuščali ljudi v globino, sedeče na kolu na koncu vrvi. 1839 sta Lindner in Svetina raziskala Padriško brezno (-226 m, po Shawu v tistem času najgloblje na svetu), 1841 pa Labodnico (Abisso Trebiciano) (-329 m), ki je obdrţalo svetovni globinski rekord za naslednjih 80 let. Od 1748 do 1839, ko so se spustili v Padriško brezno, je bila najgloblja jama na svetu Macocha. Na apnenčastih predalpskih planotah v Sloveniji so rudarji (bolje nabiralci rude) ţe stoletja iskali ţelezovo rudo v stotinah kraških jam in brezen. To je dobro znano in dokumentirano, a do sedaj na njihove podvige ni bilo gledano s speleološkega gledišča. Med omenjenimi brezni zasluţi posebno pozornost


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tisto Za Krasco št. 4 (na Rudnem polju na Pokljuki), ki je, po poročilu iz 1792, globoko 247 m. Torej je bilo to brezno med leti okoli 1780 in 1841 najgloblje brezno v Evropi, če ne na svetu.


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KARSTOLOGY AND PETAR MILANOVIĆ'S KARST RESEARCH CONCEPT

Ivo Lučić Centar za krš i Speleologiju, Branilaca Sarajeva 30, 71000 Sarajevo [email protected] The term karstology refers to a scientific endeavour that seeks to encompass the karst as whole. The paradox is that in Dinaric Karst, the cradle of karstology, that expression is very rare, certainly less frequent than in some other prominent karstological zones. It was used only by several domestic researchers, mostly on the margins of their research. One of them is Petar Milanović, a geologist who spent most of his career exploring extremely demanding Trebišnjica karst basin. At that time, completely new scientific research was carried out, the results of which had a strong echo in the worldwide professional literature. In 2018 Milanović marks 80 years anniversary. On this occasion, we try to analyse how this controversial and symptomatic phenomenon was copied through his work. This paper will discuss biographical and social contexts of Milanović's use of karstology or karst research; then a regional scientific tradition related to this problem; it will also question terminology Milanović used in describing karst, a phenomenon that was usually researched in his work in a more comprehensive way than a single discipline. Although Milanović used the term “karstology” quite rare in his work, he often crossed the boundaries set by the definition of that concept. In doing so, he was faced with the limitations of his own scientific and professional environment and social circumstances. For all that he was able to preserve the need for a broader and more open view of karst.

KARSTOLOGIJA I KONCPET ISTRAŢIVANJA KRŠA PETRA MILANOVIĆA Izraz karstologija odnosi se na znanstveno bavljenje koja teţi obuhvatiti cjelinu krša. Paradoks je da se u Dinarskom kršu, kolijevci karstologije, taj izraz čuje vrlo rijetko, svakako rjeĎe u odnosu na neke druge vaţne karstološke centre. Koristilo ga je, većinom marginalno, nekoliko domaćih istraţivača. Jedan od njih je Petar Milanović, geolog koji je najveći dio svoje karijere proveo istraţujući iznimno zahtjevan sliv Trebišnjice. U to vrijeme poduzeta su do tada nezapamćena znanstvena istraţivanja, čiji su rezultati imali snaţnog odjeka u svjetskoj stručnoj literaturi. Milanović ove, 2018., obiljeţava 80 godina svoga ţivota. Tim povodom nastojali smo analizirati kako se kroz njegov rad preslikavala ta kontroverzna i simptomatična pojava. U radu se uzimaju u obzir biografski i društveni konteksti za Milanovićevu upotrebu karstologije odnosno istraţivanja krša; zatim regionalna znanstvena tradicija s obzirom na taj problem; analizira se kojim pojmovima obuhvaća istraţivanje krša koje je najčešće šire od jedne discipline. Iako je Milanović formalno vrlo rijeko koristio taj termin, često je u svom radu prelazio granice koje je postavio definicijom toga pojma. Pri tome, on se suočavao s ograničenjima vlastitog znanstveno-stručnog okruţenja i društvenih prilika, ali je usprkos tome znao sačuvati potrebu za širim i otvorenijim pogledom na krš.


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SOME KARST TOPONYMS USED ON LAND CADASTRE MAPS FROM THE FIRST HALF OF 19TH CENTURY IN W SLOVENIA

Andrej Mihevc Karst Research Institute ZRC SAzU, Titov Trg 2, 6230 Postojna, Slovenia [email protected] In 19th century names of many karst forms and phenomena, originating from Slovene or Slav languages spoken on Dinaric karst, have been included into scientific terminology. When written down they also changed, because of misunderstanding with non-native speaking cartographers or bad understanding between the new and original users. Many changes is due to the fact that toponyms and proper names of karst features changed as they were written or even translated into foreign languages. The purpose of the article is to draw attention to some proper names: Kačna jama, Jama na Prevali, Griţni dol, Kriva dolina, and names of karst features like kras, polje, dolina, kolešeuka, griţa that are written in some late 19th papers and books, and especially on cadastral and military maps. Especially important are cadastral maps. They represent probably the best and oldest source of original karst toponyms and names of karst features.


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CHARACTERISTICS OF SEASONAL OSCILLATIONS OF AIR TEMPERATURE IN CAVES VELIKA LEDENA JAMA V PARADANI AND POTOĈKA ZIJALKA IN SLOVENIA

Andrej Mihevc Karst Research Institute ZRC SAzU, Titov Trg 2, 6230 Postojna, Slovenia [email protected] The temperature of the cave air as well as the temperature of the host rock is usually similar to the average temperature on the surface above the cave. Due to the movements of the air, large differences in air temperature can occur in caves, especially in parts close to the entrances. Under the influence of cold “winter” air entering, we have parts of caves that are colder than expected values. In extreme cases, permanent ice may be retained in them. Similarly temperatures in some caves are higher than expected because of impact of warmer, “summer” air. In paper I will present an annual temperature trend in individual parts of the cave Paradana, with permanent ice in the entrance parts, as well as the air circulation and the annual distribution of temperatures in warm cave Potočka zijalka. Both examples well demonstrate the effects of air circulation in cave systems, which is result of geometry of caves and seasonality of climate in middle latitudes.


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THE OLDEST LIST OF BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA CAVES

Jasminko Mulaomerović Centar za krš i speleologiju, Branilaca Sarajeva 30, 71000 Sarajevo [email protected]; [email protected] While searching the information about the visit of famous French speleologist Édouard Martel to Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1893, in the Archive of Bosnia and Herzegovina I have found an interesting document under the number N/39/94 (Fund of Countries government in Sarajevo). The document is titled The list of the caves that are located in Herzegovina, which could serve as a shelter for the robbers. There are two copies of this List in the Archive. The document is in the manuscript, probably reproduced by lithography, 21 x 34 cm format, and is 57 pages long. It is a transcript that was created in 1895 in the District Office in Mostar. The original documents contain a list with data of 723 caves which are located in the districts of Mostar, Nevesinje, Bileca, Ljubinje, Konjic, Ljubuski, Gacko, Stolac. The first list was created in Mostar on May 6th 1885, and subsequently, two more documents, also lists, were added, and they were made in Pocitelj, on May 8th 1885, (it contains the caves from the region of village of Prebilovci and Tasovcici - the lower river flow of Bregava) and in Donje Hrasno on May 11th 1885, (it contains the caves from Donje Hrasno and Zaba mountain - which is today the area of the municipality of Neum). The list for each cave contains information about the district, place (village), the closer location and availability, and the number of people who can hide in the cave. Total data were provided for 708 caves per district: Mostar 48, Nevesinje 113, Bileca 106, Ljubinje 22, Konjic 100, Ljubuski 49, Gacko 198, Stolac 62 and on the two additional lists: Hrasno area and Zaba mountain 12 and Pocitelj 13 caves .

NAJSTARIJI POPIS PEĆINA BOSNE I HERCEGOVINE Traţeći podatke o posjeti poznatog francuskog speleologa Édouarda Martela Bosni i Hercegovini 1893. godine, u Arhivu Bosne i Hercegovine naišao sam na zanimljiv dokument pod brojem N/39/94 (Fond Zemaljske vlade u Sarajevu). Dokument nosi naslov Popis pećina koje se nalaze u Hercegovini, koje bi razbojnicima mogle poslužiti kao sklonište. U Arhivu postoje dvije kopije ovog Popisa. Dokument je u rukopisu, umnoţen vjerovatno tehnikom litografije, formata 21x 34 cm, obima 57 strana. Radi se o prijepisu dokumenta koji je izvorno nastao 1893. godine, načinjenom u Okruţnom uredu u Mostaru, 6. maja 1895. godine. Izvorni dokument sadrţi popis sa podacima o 699 pećine koje se nalaze u kotarima: Mostar, Nevesinje, Bileća, Ljubinje, Konjic, Ljubuški, Gacko, Stolac. Naknadno su izvornom popisu dodana još dva dokumenta, takoĎer popisa, nastala u Donjem Hrasnu (sadrţe pećine iz Donjeg Hrasna i planine Ţaba - danas područje općine Neum) i Počitelju (sadrţe pećine iz okolice sela Prebilovci i Tasovčići – donji tok rijeke Bregave) nastala 1895. godine. Popis za svaku pećinu sadrţi podatke o kotaru, mjestu (selu), bliţoj lokaciji i dostupnosti te broju ljudi koji se u pećini mogu skloniti. Ukupno su dati podaci za 708 pećina – po kotarima:


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Mostar 48, Nevesinje 113, Bileća 106, Ljubinje 22, Konjic 100, Ljubuški 49, Gacko 198, Stolac 62 i na dva dodatna spiska: područje Hrasna i planine Ţabe 12 te Počitelja 13 pećina.


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CAVES AS ILLUSTRATIONS IN POPULAR AND SCIENTIFIC ARTICLES

Jasminko Mulaomerović Centar za krš i speleologiju, Branilaca Sarajeva 30, 71000 Sarajevo [email protected] The first illustrations of the caves appeared in the publishing with the release of Glasnik Zemaljskog muzeja, the first scientific journal in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Already in the first issue (1890), Hristofor Mihajlović published the first plan of the Vjetrenica cave near Zavala, and the entrance to the cave drawn by Ewald Arndt and first travertine form. A few years later (1893), Josip Vavrović also published in the Glasnik Zemaljskog muzeja the first serious technical draft of the same cave with the drawings of a travertine forms. Franjo Fiala in his excavation work at Marinova cave near Pale also brings a simple plan of the cave (1892). Among the archeologists we have to mention Vaclav Radimsky, who in his book Prehistorička nalazišta (1891) shows a drawing of cave as an instruction how to draw a profile and a cave floor during the archaeological excavations. Philip Ballif in his book, Waserbauten in Bosnien und der Hercegovina. I. Theil. Meliora-tionsarbeiten und cisternen im karstgebiete (Wien, 1896.), presents a photography of the sinkhole near Čaprazlije, the Kameniti ponor sinkhole and the Veliki ponor sinkhole near Čaić village and several excellent technical drawings of this sinkhole on the Livanjsko polje with the aim of draining large fled waters. The same objects during the works are also shown in the photography in the popular magazine Nada in 1902. In this journal we find the first photos of the cave Ledenica from Prenj mountain (1902). The magazine Nada also published two photography of caves from Croatia along with the article by Dragutin Hirc: Nekoje znamenite pećine u Hrvatskoj (1900).

PEĆINE KAO ILUSTRACIJE U POPULARNIM I NAUĈNIM ĈLANCIMA Sa izdavanjem prvog naučnog časopisa u Bosni i Hercegovini, Glasnika Zemaljskog muzeja, pojavljuju se i prve ilustracije pećina u publicistici. Već u prvom broju (1890) Hristofor Mihajlović objavljuje prvi plan pećine Vjetrenice kod Zavale, ulaz u pećinu koji je nacrtao Ewald Arndt te prvi sigasti ukras. Nekoliko godina kasnije (1893.) Josip Vavrović objavljuje, takoĎer u Glasniku Zemaljskog muzeja prvi ozbiljan tehnički nacrt ove iste pećine sa crteţima sigastih ukrasa. I Franjo Fiala u radu o iskopavanjima u Marinovoj pećini kod Pala donosi jednostavan plan pećine (1892.). Od arheologa treba još spomenuti Vaclava Radimskog koji u svojoj knjizi Prehistorička nalazišta (1891.) donosi crteţ unutrašnjosti pećine kao uputstvo na koji treba crtati profil i tlocrt pećine kod arheoloških iskopavanja. Philip Ballif u svojoj knjizi Waserbauten in Bosnien und der Hercegovina. I. Theil. Meliora-tionsarbeiten und cisternen im karstgebiete (Wien, 1896.), donosi fotografiju Ponora kod Čaprazlija, Kamenitog i Velikog ponora kod Čaića i nekoliko izvrsnih tehničkih nacrta ureĎenja ovog ponora na Livanjskom polju sa ciljem odvodnje velikih plavnih voda.


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Isti objekti tokom radova prikazani su i na fotografijama u popularnom časopisu Nada 1902. godine. U ovom časopisu nalazimo i prve fotografije Ledenica sa Prenja (1902. godine). Časopis Nada objavio je i dvije fotografije pećina iz Hrvatske uz članak Dragitina Hirca: Nekoje znamenite pećine u Hrvatskoj (1900).


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LETTER BY EDOUARD MARTEL TO JOVAN CVIJIĆ: PREPARATIONS FOR EXCURSION TO SOUTH FRANCE IN YEAR 1925

Jasminko Mulaomerović Centar za krš i speleologiju, Branilaca Sarajeva 30, 71000 Sarajevo [email protected] Jovan Cvijić, a Serbian geographer (1865-1927), had a very rich correspondence with many scientists in the world but also with the ordinary people from Yugoslav province. Most of this correspondence is now in the Archive of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts (SANU). Among the well-known scientists involved in underground research, it is particularly interesting his correspondence with Edouard A. Marlel from Paris, the leading speleologist of that time in Europe. The Archive from SANU keep a few letters and two postcards sent by Martel to Jovan Cvijic. Interestingly, only the correspondence from the beginning (1895-1897) and the end (1924-1925) of their long acquaintance and cooperation was preserved. Part of their correspondence has already been published (Mulaomerović 2016). This is probably one of the last letters that Martel sent to Cvijić on March 11, 1925 (Cvijić died in January 1927). From the text it is seen that Martel recommends hotels and contacts in towns Millau, Le Rozier, Peyreleau, Meyrueis, La Malene, Rocamadour in the south of France in the Causses u Cévennes region, that is rich in caves and karst phenomena, which will be the destination of Cvijić's excursions in September that year. Acknowledgments: Archive of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts and personnel staff to be able to gain insight into Cvijić correspondence. Mulaomerović, J. 2016. Edouard Alfred Martel and Jovan Cvijić: Excerpts from the corres-pondence. Str. 29-36., In: 150th Anniversary of Jovan Cvijić’s birth : Proceedings of the International Conference held at the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, October 12–14, 2015, Beograd : Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, 820 p.

PISMO EDOUARDA A. MARTELA JOVANU CVIJIĆU : PRIPREME ZA EKSKURZIJU U JUŢNU FRANCUSKU 1925. GODINE

Jovan Cvijić, srpski geograf (1865-1927), imao je vrlo bogatu korespodenciju sa brojnim naučnicima u svijetu, ali i sa običnim svijetom iz tadašnje jugoslavenske provincije. Najveći dio te korespodencije danas se nalazi u Arhivu Srpske akademije nauka i umetnosti (SANU). MeĎu poznatim naučnicima koji su se bavili istraţivanjem podzemlja posebno je interesantna korespodencija sa Edouard A. Marlelom iz Pariza, vodećim speleolog tog vremena u Evropi. Arhiv SANU čuva nekoliko pisma i dvije dopisnice koje je Martel uputio Jovanu Cvijiću. Interesantno je da se sačuvala samo korespodencija sa početka (1895-1897) i kraja (1924-


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1925) njihovog dugog poznanstva i saradnje. Jedan dio njihove korespodencije je već objavljen (Mulaomerović 2016). Ovdje će biti riječi o, vjerovatno, jednom od posljednjih pisama koje je Martel 11. marta 1925. godine uputio Cvijiću (Cvijić je umro u januaru 1927. godine). Iz teksta se vidi da Martel preporučije hotele i kontakte u mjestima Millau, Le Rozier, Peyreleau, Meyrueis, La Malene, Rocamadour na jugu Francuske u kraju Causses u Cévennes bogatom pećinama i kraškim fenomenima koji će biti cilj Cvijićeve ekskurzije u septembru mjesecu te godine. Zahvale: Arhivu Srpske akademije nauka i umjetnosti i zaposlenima na mogućnosti da dobijem uvid u Cvijićevu korespeodenciju


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NATURAL-GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURES OF KARIŠNICA AND BIJELA RIVER

Draţen Perica1, Denis Radoš1, Mirjana Milićević2 1Sveučilište u Zadru, Odjel za geografiju [email protected]; [email protected] 2Sveučilište u Mostaru, FPMOZ, Geogrfaski odsjek [email protected] This two short karst rivers are situated in the western part of Bukovica and are belonging to Karin sea basin. Appearance of water on the surface is a result of the terrain structure, dominating rocks of lower water permeability, Promina conglomerates and marl from eocene age. River Karišnica is long about 2,5 km and it has seasonal character. Through its riverbed water flows from november to june. River springs from cave called Karišnica which is long about 120 m, at the altitude of 20 a.s.l. below Milenkovo brdo (hill). In the last part of the cave chanel is vertical and 10 m deep. To the sea, this short river shaped a canyon deep up to 100 meters, which is in the lowest part wide from 80 to 200 meters. Riverbed is characterised by slight slope, relatively small depth of water – up to 0,5 meters, while the relative wideness is about 15 meters. Bijela river springs from the cave Bijela voda, which is 225 meters long and it is situated on the altitude on 180 m a.s.l., below Obaljenica hill. Different from the Karišnica river, Bijela river in the upper part of its flow shaped a narrow, up to 200 meters high canyon, with numerous rapids and falls. Basic feature of the Bijela river is high sedimentation of the tuff in the riverbed which is giving white color to it, according to which this river has got its name.

PRIRODNO-GEOGRAFSKE ZNAĈAJKE KARIŠNICE I BIJELE RIJEKE Ove dvije kratke krške tekućice nalaze se u zapadnom dijelu Bukovice i pripadaju slijevu Karinskog mora. Pojava vode na površini posljedica je graĎe terena, odnosno prevlasti stijena slabije vodopropusnosti, konglamerata Promina naslaga i lapora, gornje eocenske starosti. Riječica Karišnica duga je oko 2,5 km i sezonskog je karaktera. Voda njenim koritom protječe od 11. do 6. mjeseca. Izvire iz istoimene špilje duge 120 m, na nadmorskoj visini od svega 20 m, podno Milenkovog brda. U krajnjem dijelu špilje kanal je vertikalan i dubok 10 metara. Prema moru, ova kratka rječica oblikovala je kanjon dubine do 100 metara, a koji je u najniţem dijelu širok od 80 do 200 m. Riječno korito karakterizira blag nagib, relativno mala dubina vode – do 0,5 m, dok mu je prosječna širina oko 15 m. Bijela rijeka izvire iz špilje Bijela voda, duţine 225 m, a nalazi se na visini od 180 m, podno brda Obaljenica. Suprotno Karišnici, Bijela rijeka, u gornjoj polovici svog toka oblikovala je uski, mjestimično i do 200 m visoki kanjon, sa brojnim brzacima i slapovima.


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Osnovna značajka Bijele rijeke taloţenje je velike količine sedre u koritu, što mu daje bijelu boju, pa od toda potječe i njeno ime.


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MILLS OF THE DUVANJSKO AND LIVANJSKO POLJE

Denis Radoš1; Filip Krišto2; Mirko Šarac3 1Sveučilište u Zadru, Odjel za geografiju, [email protected] 2Sveučilište u Zadru, Odjel za geografiju, student 3Udruga Naša baština, Tomislavgrad Water mills, often called „mlinice“ have been important economic objects on the karst poljes in the time when agriculture was dominant in economy. Water mills were built on periodic karst rivers which were completely loosing water or water level was significantly lower. By the industrial development of society, importance of mills decreases, and they are abandoned with availability of electrical mills. Abandoning the mills dissapears one important part of the architectural heritage of the karst poljes. Goal of this work is to determine how many mills existed on karst rivers of Duvanjsko and Livanjsko polje and to reconstruct toponyms which were not preserved, except perhaps in the oral tradition.

MLINOVI DUVANJSKOG I LIVANJSKOG POLJA Mlinovi na vodu, često nazvani i mlinice bili su vaţni gospodarski objekti na krškim poljima za vrijeme dok je u gospodarskom smislu dominirala poljoprivreda. Gradili su se na periodičnim krškim rijekama koje u toplijem dijelu godine ostaju bez vode ili u kojima se razina vode značajno smanjuje. Industrijskim razvojem društva značaj mlinova se smanjuje, a potpuno se napuštaju dostupnošću električnih mlinova. Napuštanjem mlinova nestaje jedan vaţni dio graditeljske baštine krških polja. Cilj ovog rada je utvrditi koliko je mlinova postojalo na krškim rijekama Duvanjskog i Livanjskog polja te rekonstruirati toponime koji nisu očuvani, osim moţda u usmenoj predaji.


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KARST CREEK TRAIL: A SELF-GUIDING KARST SITE IN STRATHCONA PARK, BRITISH COLUMBIA, CANADA

Carolyn L. Ramsey, Paul A. Griffiths Independent Contractor c/o 544 Springbok Road, Campbell River, BC, Canada V9W8A2 [email protected] The provincial parks system in British Columbia, Canada, has few directed-access self-guiding karst sites that are readily accessible to the general public. The Karst Creek Trail site, located in Strathcona Park on Vancouver Island, is situated along a paved public “highway” near the shores of Buttle Lake in a temperate rainforest setting. In and of itself, the karst at this particular site is not especially spectacular. The surface expression of karst is relatively subdued and the site has been subject to different land-use impacts and natural disturbances in the past. On the positive side, Karst Creek Trail is readily accessible to the general public and already possesses some of the basic infrastructure necessary to make the trail an interesting and relaxing nature walk for many park visitors. Given its accessibility and manageable size, we suggest that with modest investments in basic karst research, infrastructure improvements and improved and expanded interpretation, Karst Creek Trail has the potential to be an excellent regional public educational site for karst.


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KARST GEOSITES OF THE FAVIGNANA ISLAND (AEGADIAN ARCHIPELAGO, SICILY)

Rosario Ruggieri

Hyblean Center for Speleo-Hydrogeological Research Ragusa, Italy, [email protected] Scientific Commission of Geosites of Sicily Region

The island of Favignana (the Roman Aegusa, the medieval Faugnana) is the main island of the Aegadian archipelago, which also includes the island of Marettimo, Levanzo and another two smaller islands Formica and Maraone. It is part of the province of Trapani and 17 km from the town of Trapani, it has an area of 19.38 km2, a total length of 9 km in a WNW-ESE direction and a maximum width of 4 km in N-S direction. From a geological point of view, the Egadi archipelago represents the emerged part of the submarine mountain chain connecting the Sicilian-Maghrebian Chain with the Tunisian one. In this context, the island of Favignana assumes the configuration of an orogenic prism, consisting of the overlapping of various embryonic tectonic bodies, laid down during the neogenic tectonic phases. The island consists mainly of Mesozoic carbonate rocks, and secondly of Quaternary rocks, which have undergone, from the early stages of their emergence, a widespread process of karst corrosion, both on the surface and in depth. This highlights a marked karst morphological in the landscape imprinted with karren and cavities in the hinterland, consisting of the carbonate ridge of Santa Caterina, and along the coast, the latter also characterized by numerous sea caves. To study this interesting geomorphological context a research project on the karstic aspects of the island was carried out by the CIRS Ragusa, also having the purpose of documenting the presence of geomorphological features of scientific and / or aesthetic relevance to be proposed as Geosites under the Regional Law 25/2012, for their protection and fruition with minimum impact. With these objectives the study was structured in three phases, with a series of field-trips for the surveying of the surface karst features, the exploration and surveying of different type of caves and for the surveying of sea karren along the coastal belt. The surveying of the surface karst morphologies has allowed for the highlighting of the widespread presence of corrosion forms in the dolomites and dolomitic limestone of the Upper Trias - Lias period, constituting the lithostructural framework of the Santa Caterina ridge. In this regard, among the various detected and described morphologies, the phytokarst solution pools represent the most re-current forms, especially in the upper parts of the ridge, followed by polygenic infiltration forms consisting of pinnacles and spiers, Stone Forest type. These forms are present in the medium-slope sectors of the ridge, emerging in the very evocative context among the fragrances and colors of the Mediterranean bush of the Island. Among the 22 documented caves, classified as epigenetic, singenetic, hypogenic, structural and littoral, the study has highlighted: the Ciacca Niura, as the deepest and widest cave of the island and interesting under a speleological profile, being mainly a vertical cave and therefore indicated for a speleological fruition. The cave also shows a mineralogical importance for the presence of particular mammellonar speleothems, whose genesis presupposes paleogeographic conditions decidedly different from the current ones, in addition to a widespread variety of speleothems detected in the lower part, explored during the research; the Grotta d'Oriente, an interesting cave for its calcitic mineralizations, of


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various morphologies, varicolors and spectacular flowstone formations. Among the singenetic and / or hypogenic caves (according to Klimchouk, 2014), the research highlighted the Grotta delle Pecore, the Grotta della Ucceria and the Grotta Faraglione, present respectively in the western marine paleo-cliff of Capo Grosso and in the Faraglioni promontory. These caves owe their origins to solution processes acting specifically in telogenetic limestones, by the mixing of seawater and fresh water lens. Finally, among the documented paleo-sea caves, the Grotta dell'Acqua, presents a particular paleontological, paleoenvironmental and paleogeographic interest, due to the discovery of fossil coral incrustations on the walls whose future study and dating can contribute to a better understanding of the geological events that have affected the island of Favignana in the Mediterranean context during the Pleistocene period. Finally, the surveying of sea morphologies along the coastal belt of the island has highlighted

the presence of a varied and rich range of marine karren as a result of the erosion and

corrosion processes, both physical and biological. Among the various detected and

described morphologies of particular interest are those found along the western coastal strip

“Grosso - Punta Faraglione”, where the aforementioned phenomena of sea erosion and bio-

corrosion has affected the Pleistocene calcarenites to form a maze feature of three-

dimensional micro-reliefs and vacuolarity of great effect and suggestion.

On the basis of the results obtained, the establishment of seven Geosites were proposed,

made up of six Karst caves and one Stone Forest area, according to Regional Law 25/2012,

for the valorization and protection of their karst features of particular scientific, aesthetic and

cultural importance. Furthermore, for the purposes of the valorization and fruition, the

following actions havebeen proposed, addressed to different people in relation to their

professional, scientific or naturalistic or tourist development:

- Proposals of karst geomorphological educational excursions.

1. Creation of didactic footpath for the discovery of the surface karst morphologies.

2. Creation of educational footpath for the discover of coastal karren morphologies, with

particular reference to the marine morphologies of “Grosso-Punta Faraglione”.

- Suggestions for visit of caves, with minimal impact, with expert guides.

1. Faraglione Cave;

2. Cave of the East, lower level;

3. Cave of the Ucceria;

- Suggestions for visit of caves with expert speleological guides.

1. Ciacca Niura cave;

2. Cave of the sheep or of the Madonna;

3. Cave of the East, upper level.


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THE TOPOGRAPHIC SURVEYS OF THE CAVE OF POSTUMIA (1924-1928) IN THE WORK OF THE CAPITANO LUIGI GALLINO OF GORIZIA

Maurizio Tavagnutti Centro Ricerche Carsiche "C. Seppenhofer" via Ristori, 31/4 - 34170 Gorizia, Italy [email protected] From a recent research carried out at the Inštitut za raziskovanje krasa ZRC SAZU in Postojna, and thanks to the precious collaboration of Mr. Franjo Drole, who works at this institute, it was discovered that most of the topographic surveys of the Postojna Cave are the work of the Captain Luigi Gallino who in those years, following the so-called "Treaty of Rapallo", was also working on tracing the new Italian border. Captain Luigi Gallino, born July 19, 1894 in Castiglione d'Asti, he married Elizabeth Ciuffarin of Gorizia, and for many years lived in Gorizia, becoming his citizen. He works side-by-side with Luigi Vittorio Bertarelli and from these he also learns all the secrets of underground exploration, even on a large scale detecting the smallest details of the famous Postojna Cave. His work, truly valuable, as Eugenio Boegan had to say, will remain for many years as an example for the following generations. Later he will also devote himself to the detection of the Planina Cavernone with equal effort and expertise . But the biggest surprise lies in the fact that these topographic surveys, carried out in the years between 1924 and 1928 with four years of intense work, were carried out with such precision that leaves us really amazed today. A detailed work that only a topographer officer with the help of a military body could complete with that precision. The topographic survey complex of Postojna Cave has been reproduced on 30 plates (15 and 15 in plan view in cross-section), in large scale, which depict the individual branches of the great cave. The tables put together make up a huge mosaic in which you can see the subterranean hypogeum system in its entirety.

I RILIEVI TOPOGRAFICI DELLA GROTTA DI POSTUMIA (1924-1928) NELL’OPERA DEL CAPITANO LUIGI GALLINO DI GORIZIA

Da una recente ricerca svolta presso l’Inštitut za raziskovanje krasa ZRC SAZU di Postumia, e grazie alla preziosa collaborazione del sig. Franjo Drole, che lavora presso questo istituto, si è scoperto che gran parte dei rilievi delle Grotte di Postumia sono opera del capitano Luigi Gallino che in quegli anni, in seguito al cosiddetto “Trattato di Rapallo”, stava lavorando anche nel tracciamento del nuovo confine italiano. Il capitano Luigi Gallino, nato il 19 luglio 1894 a Castiglione d’Asti, si sposò con la goriziana Elisabetta Ciuffarin, e per anni risiedette a Gorizia, divenendone suo cittadino.


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Egli lavora fianco a fianco con Luigi Vittorio Bertarelli e da questi apprende anche tutti i segreti dell’esplorazione sotterranea, rilevando in grande scala anche i particolari più minuti delle famose Grotte di Postumia. La sua opera, veramente pregevole, come ebbe a dire anche Eugenio Boegan, resterà per molti anni da esempio per le successive generazioni. In seguito egli si dedicherà anche al rilevamento del Cavernone di Planina con uguale impegno e perizia. Ma la sorpresa maggiore sta nel fatto che questi rilievi, effettuati negli anni che vanno dal 1924 al 1928 con ben quattro anni di intenso lavoro, sono stati eseguiti con una tale precisione che ci lascia davvero sbalorditi ancora oggi. Un lavoro di dettaglio che solamente un ufficiale topografo con l’ausilio di un corpo militare poteva portare a termine con quella precisione. Il complesso rilievo delle Grotte di Postumia è stato riprodotto su 30 tavole (15 in pianta e 15 in sezione), in grande scala, che raffigurano i singoli rami della grande grotta. Le tavole messe assieme compongono un enorme mosaico in cui si può vedere il sistema ipogeo di Postumia nella sua interezza.


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KARST SEDIMENTS AND THEIR STUDIES; EXAMPLES FROM SLOVENIA

Nadja Zupan Hajna

ZRC SAZU Karst Research Institute, Titov trg 2, 6230 Postojna, Slovenia [email protected] In last 30th years in Slovenia study and interpretations of the cave sediments and sediments on karst surfaces went through different stages in accordance with then prevailing various theoretical models, knowledges about karst processes and especially the development of dating methods. Clastic sediments on the surface and in the caves are different in e.g. size, shape, color, texture and have various proveniences (Zupan Hajna, 2005). One of the characteristics of the Kras is red soil (terra rossa) although the sediments color in Kras comprehends all varieties from yellow to red. Red clays, according to mineral composition, represent more developed terra rossa-type of soils with polygenetic origin. (e.g. limestone insoluble residues, weathered flysch rocks, eolian sediments, alluvium from unroofed caves). The color of unconsolidated clastic sediments on Kras was in the past defined by climate; the yellow color reflected the sedimentation in cold climate. The study of the mineral composition showed that yellow color is usually an indicator of sediments of Eocene flysch origin, which were weathered in different degree. In contact with percolating water those sediments can become reddish due to rubification (oxidation). In sediments from caves close to the surface and from unroofed caves sediments no minerals indicating loess origin were found. In opened fissures and fault zones were studied infiltrated loam and tectonic clays (Zupan, 1989). By mineral composition studies of cave alluvial sediments was also noticed that in many cases high amount of carbonate clasts is significant originated from incomplete solution of cave walls (Zupan Hajna, 2003). With the research of clastic sediments along karst surface, geomorphological explanation of denuded caves was determined (Mihevc & Zupan Hajna, 1996). Paleomagnetic data in combination with other dating methods, especially U-series dating and biostratigraphy have shifted the possible beginning of cave infilling processes and speleogenesis in Slovenia below the Tertiary/Quaternary boundary (Zupan Hajna et al. 2008, 2010). From the results were done interpretations on geomorphologic and tectonic evolution of the karst areas (Häuselmann et al. 2015; Vrabec et al. 2018).

Häuselmann, P., Mihevc, A., Pruner, P., Horáček, I., Čermák, S., Hercman, H., Sahy, D., Fiebig, M., Zupan Hajna, N., & Bosák, P., 2015: Sneţna jama (Slovenia): Interdisciplinary dating of cave sediments and implication for landscape evolution. Geomorphology, 247, 10-24.

Mihevc, A. & Zupan Hajna, N., 1996: Clastic sediments from dolines and caves found during the construction of the motorway near Divača, on the Classical Karst. Acta carsologica, 25, 169-191.

Vrabec, M., Pruner, P., Zupan Hajna, N., Mihevc, A. & Bosák, P., 2018: Unraveling neotectonic vertical-axis rotations in the Adria-Eurasia collision zone: paleomagnetic data from Pliocene-Quaternary cave sediments (Slovenia). In: Ustaszewski, K. (Ed.), Grützner, C. (Ed.), Navabpour, P. (Ed.). TSK Jena 2018. 1st ed. Jena: Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Institute of Geological Sciences, p. 134.


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Zupan Hajna, N., 2003: Incomplete solution: weathering of cave walls and the production, transport and deposition of carbonate fines. Carsologica, 3, Zaloţba ZRC, 167 p.

Zupan Hajna, N., 2005: Clastic sediments and soils on the Kras. In: Mihevc, A. (Ed.). Kras: water and life in a rocky landscape. Zaloţba ZRC, 37- 43.

Zupan Hajna, N., Mihevc, A., Pruner, P., and Bosák, P., 2008: Palaeomagnetism and magnetostratigraphy of karst sediments in Slovenia: Carsologica 8, Postojna-Ljubljana, Zaloţba ZRC, 266 p.

Zupan Hajna, N., Mihevc, A., Pruner, P., and Bosák, P., 2010: Palaeomagnetic research on karst sediments in Slovenia. International Journal of Speleology, 39/2, 47–60.

Zupan, N., 1989: Mineralogija tektonske gline v Pivki jami. Acta carsologica, 18, 141-156.


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JAMA ZOVINA PIT - AN INTERESTING PALEONTOLOGICAL AND SPELEOLOGICAL OBJECT IN THE HINTERLAND OF BIOKOVO

Nediljko Ţevrnja1, Tonći RaĎa2, Tino Milat1

1Prirodosolovni muzej i zoo, Kolombatovićevo šetalište 2, 21000 Split, Hrvatska [email protected]; [email protected] 2Speleološko društvo „Špiljar“, Varaţdinska 53, 21000 Split, Hrvatska [email protected] Zovine Pit is one of four researched caves in the area of the village Biokovsko Selo. It is situated around 850 m from from a part of village named Donje Bakote in S-SW direction. The research was carried out during 2017 as a part of survays in the wide area of hinterland of Biokovo mountain conducted during last several years by Speleological Society „Špiljar“ from Split. During the research, numerous underground fauna samples were with diverse and interesting endemic species. Also, bones of deer and bear were documented. During 2018, in cooperation with Natural History Museum and Zoological Garden from Split, and with the support by „More Mandić Ltd.“ from Sv. Filip i Jakov, all recorded bone remains were collected and transported to the Museum for preservation and further scientific research. The collected bones were part of torsos (pelvis bones, long bones, ribs, vertebrae and series of tiny bones), a bear scull and a deer scull with horns. The estimation of sample age by relative specific activity of 14C is in process.

JAMA ZOVINE – ZANIMLJIV PALEONTOLOŠKI I SPELEOLOŠKI OBJEKT U ZALEĐU BIOKOVA

Jama Zovine (br. pločice: 726-0328) je jedan od 4 istraţena speolološka objekta na području Biokovskoga Sela. Od zaseoka Donje Bakote udaljena je oko 850 m zračne linije u smjeru J-JZ. Istraţivanje jame obavljeno je 2017. godine u sklopu istraţivanja na širem području zabiokovlja koje provodi zadnjih godina SD „Špiljar“ iz Splita. Tijekom istraţivanja jame sakupljeni su brojni biospeleološki uzorci s nizom zanimljivih endemičnih vrsta, te su uočene kosti jelena i medvjeda. U suradnji s Prirodoslovnim muzejom i zoološkim vrtom iz Splita, a uz potporu „More Mandić“ d.o.o. iz Sv. Filipa i Jakova, 2018. godine izvaĎeni su na površinu svi uočeni koštani ostaci te predani Muzeju na čuvanje, stručnu zaštitu i daljnju znanstvenu obradu. Sakupljene su kosti trupa (kosti zdjelice, duge kosti, rebra, kralješci te niz sitnih kostiju), jedna medvjeĎa i jedna jelenska lubanja s rogovljem. U tijeku je odreĎivanje relativne specifične aktivnosti 14C / starosti materijala.

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