cellulitis facts

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Cellulitis facts

Cellulitis is a spreading bacterial infection of the skin and tissues

beneath the skin.

Staphylococcus andStreptococcus are the types of bacteria that areusually responsible for cellulitis, although many types of bacteria can

cause the condition.

Sometimes cellulitis appears in areas where the skin has broken open,

such as the skin near ulcers or surgical wounds.

Cellulitis is not contagious.

Cellulitis is treated with oral or intravenous antibiotics.

What is cellulitis?

Cellulitis is a bacterial infection of the skin and tissues beneath the skin.Unlike impetigo, which is a very superficial skin infection, cellulitis is an

infection that also involves the skin's deeper layers: the dermis and

subcutaneous tissue. The main bacteria responsible for cellulitis

areStreptococcus and Staphylococcus("staph"), the same bacteria that can

cause impetigo. MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staph aureus) can also cause

cellulitis. Sometimes, other bacteria (for example, Hemophilus

influenzae,Pneumococcus, and Clostridium species) may cause cellulitis as

well.

Cellulitis is fairly common and affects people of all races and ages. Men and

women appear to be equally affected. Although cellulitis can occur in peopleof any age, it is most common in middle-aged and elderly people.

What are cellulitis symptoms and signs?

Cellulitis usually begins as a small area of tenderness, swelling, and redness

that spreads to adjacent skin. As this red area begins to enlarge, the

affected person may develop a fever, sometimes with chills andsweats,

tenderness, and swollen lymph nodes ("swollen glands") near the area of

infected skin.

Where does cellulitis occur?

Cellulitis may occur anywhere on the body, but the lower leg is the most

common site of the infection (particularly in the area of the tibia or shinbone

and in the foot; see the illustration below), followed by the arm, and then

the head and neck areas. In special circumstances, such as following surgery

or trauma wounds, cellulitis can develop in the abdomen or chest areas.
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People with morbid obesity can also develop cellulitis in the abdominal skin.

Special types of cellulitis are sometimes designated by the location of the

infection. Examples include periorbital (around the eye socket) cellulitis,

buccal (cheek) cellulitis, facial cellulitis, and perianal cellulitis.

What does cellulitis look like?

The signs of cellulitis include redness, warmth, swelling, tenderness, and

pain in the involved tissues. Any skin wound or ulcer that exhibits these

signs may be developing cellulitis.

Other forms of noninfected inflammation may mimic cellulitis. People with

poor leg circulation, for instance, often develop scaly redness on the shins

and ankles; this is called "stasis dermatitis" and is often mistaken for the

bacterial infection of cellulitis.

What does cellulitis look like?
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Cellulitis Pathophysiology And RemediesFor The Skin

Introduction

There are a few skin infections and cellulitis is one amongst them. It iscaused by some of the bacteria and various symptoms are there for persons,who are affected by Cellulitis. Staphylococcus aureus and streptococcus

pyogenes are some of the important bacteria that

create cellulitis skin disease. Cellulitis Pathophysiology is well known termeven for the common persons.

Causes

There are other reasons also for the cellulitis, such as animalbites, insect bites and due to cuts and wounds. When the bacteria enter into

the opening of the skin, slowly they start to affect the area of the body by

invading the inner layer of the skin and produce enzymes that destroy thecells in that particular area of the body.

About Symptoms

There are some symptoms for cellulitis, such as, redness, itchiness,swelling and increase in the body temperature. Of course, only in some

cases, the rise in body temperature is realized by the sufferers of cellulites.But, in rare cases, functional movement is also affected and the persons feel

very tired, since they lose their resistance power to fight against the disease.

Cellulitis Pathophysiology is the skin problem and generally, variousprocedures are performed to the patients for providing relief to them.

Destabilized immune system is the attraction for the cellulitis to affect the

aged persons.

People should be very careful if they have any cuts in their body or woundand special protection should be given, especially in that area. There shouldbe no skin openings for the bacteria to enter into the body. It would pave

the way for the bacteria even to develop other parts of the body, when it is

not diagnosed early. It would be better for the patients to visit the specialist,instead of visiting the general physicians. In the United States, there are

many specialized physicians, who are providing specializedtreatment for all
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the skin problems. Since early diagnosing is highly essential to start themedical procedures, only experts would be able to handle the patients, who

are suffering from cellulitis.

Dermatology is the section, which deals with all skin problems and the

physicians, who have specialized in the subject are known as dermatologists.They are the experts for providing special treatments to cellulitis. Whenthe cellulitis attacks the person, they should take immediate medical

treatment and if they are careless with this specific disease, the entire body

would be completely dominated by the disease.Blood count tests are also performed, since there is a possibility of losing

life, because of the cellulitis.

Conclusion of Article

People should know how to prevent Cellulitis Pathophysiology and thereare some tips for this purpose. If there is any wound or cut in the body, it

should be cleaned with necessary solution and should be protected from

external dust and bacteria. Most important fact is that they should not haveself treatment, without consultation with the expert, since it would fetch

more complications for them. People should avoid the habit of over-the-counter purchase of medicines without proper prescriptions of physicians.

The pathophysiology ofcellulitis begins when bacteria enters the skin. This

bacteria causes an infection, which may cause skin symptoms such as

redness and swelling around the site of the infection. If the bacteria gets intothe bloodstream or into the deeper layers of the skin, complications can

occur. Typically, cellulitis is treated with antibiotics.Several types of bacteria can set the pathophysiology of cellulitis into

motion, the most common being streptococcus and staphylococcus. Areas

where the skin is dry and flaking, broken, or wounded are the most likelysites for bacteria to enter the body. Insect bites may also transmit bacteria

that can cause a skin infection.The pathophysiology of cellulitis commonly starts out affecting the lower leg.

The infected skin may be red, swollen, and painful to the touch. The red rash
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area may get worse or spread over time. A fever may accompany thesesymptoms. It is important to see a doctor early, before the cellulitis

infection worsens and affects a larger area.Any condition that causes chronic skin disruption, such as eczema, can

increase the likelihood of a skin infection. Open wounds can leave a person

vulnerable to bacteria entering the skin, as can intravenous drug use,because it constantly ruptures the skin. The pathophysiology ofcellulitis can

be made more severe by a weakened immune system caused by conditionssuch as diabetes or HIV.

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Leg Cellulitis

Posted on May 17, 2012

Cellulitis Infection of The Legs

Cellulitis of the legs is defined as an skin infection on the leg which is

manifested by redness,swelling, pain and warmth.The lymph nodes in thebody may also become swollen and tender. People of all ages can be

infected by cellulitis in lower leg. Except on the lower leg, infections can

occur anywhere on the human organic structure (systematic symptoms).Even so, this infection mostly attacks legs, hands and feet. Previously named

types of this medical condition are usually known as cellulitis of extremities.Details about cellulitis foot infection find on new page here.

Symptoms and Signs

Symptoms and signs of cellulitis in lower leg may take place at the location

of the infected region of patients skin (local symptoms), or they can takeplace along several parts of the human organic structure (known as

systematic symptoms).
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Cellulitis in Lower Leg Bacterial Causes

Cellulitis in lower leg is an disease induced by bacteria. Streptococcus groupA bacteria is the most common cause of infections in lower leg in otherwise

healthy adults. This bacteria is usually found on the skin and in the throat .

Some other cause of cellulitis in lower leg in adults is abacteria Staphylococcus Aureus , usually found on human skin and lining of

mouth and nose (also known as mucosa). The most common cause of lowerleg cellulitis in children under 3 years old is Haemophilus Influenzae type B

(Hib). This bacteria can cause serious infection.

Specific and General Risk Factors

Medical discoveries in the area of cellulitis was revealedthat individuals with certain risk factors have a greater tendency to cellulitis

in lower leg than others.General risk factors including following:Vein


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troubles; Problems with the lymphatic system; Breaks in the skin;Obesity; Swelling of the leg. Specific risk factors for cellulitis in lower

leg include: Skin ulcer (diabetic ulcer); Surgical wounds; Radiation therapy;Eczema, Psoriasis or otherskin conditions that may get a break in the skin; A

previous episode of cellulitis; Coronary arthery bypass surgery; IV antibiotics

use; Chemotheraphy; Pregnancy; Certain other conditions including HIVorAIDS, Diabetes, Leukemia, Lymphoma, Psoriasis, Lupus, Dyshidrosis and

Heart failure.Risk factors for this condition in lower leg are not a direct cause of these

type of cellulitis, but risk factors still increase the chances of disease

development. Individuals who believe that they may be at risk for cellulitisin lower legshould talk about with their medical practitioner.

Diagnosing

Doctors usually diagnose cellulitis in lower leg by analyzing the

patients medical history,performing a physical examination andordering blood test. Looking at the infected area of skin is most reliable way

of diagnosing this type of infection in lower leg. Affected area probably willbe: swollen, red, warm and painful to touch. Medical adviser will also look

for breaks in the skin (scrapes, cuts, bruises, ulcers, skin conditions) where

bacteria could be entered into patients body. Medical practitioner will orderan blood test in case if there is any indication of cellulitis infection.


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Lower Leg Cellulitis Treatment

The aim of cellulitis in lower leg treatment is treatment the affected skin

area and any underlying shapes that may increase the likeliness of a returnof this type of skin and soft tissue infection. Effective treatment involves

healing process include antibiotics and recurrence prevention. Antibiotics areusual first line of treatment, so if you have any allergic reaction on penicillin

you must tell your medical adviser. During healing period for cellulitis

in lower leg you should keep the infected leg elevated and use coldcompress to help reduce pain.

Medical research has shown that 50% of individuals who receive treatmentexperience a recurrence (return) of cellulitis in lower leg. In this case

medical adviser may prescribe antibiotics drugs for a longer period of time.

ANA

CellulitisAnatomy

To better understand cellulitis, it helps to understand the anatomy of the

skin.

The skin contains three main layers:

Epidermis:

o The superficial layer that makes up the surface of the skin

o It is composed of skin cells and can be divided into 5 layers

based on cell type.

o The top layer of the epidermis, the stratum corneum, is made of

dead, flat skin cells that shed about every 2 weeks.

o The thickness of the epidermis varies, according to location: it is

very thick over the soles of the feet, and very thin over the ears.

Dermis:

o Lies beneath the epidermis

o Also varies in thickness depending on the location of the skin. It

is .3 mm on the eyelid and 3.0 mm on the back.

o The dermis is composed of 2 layers that contain a connective

tissue called collagen

o The dermis contains blood vessels, nerves, sweat glands, and

hair follicles.
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o The number of structures in the dermis varies, according to

location.

o The dermis under the arms contains more sweat glands and hair

follicles than the dermis on the back.

Subcutaneous layer:o Mainly fat and connective tissue.

o Contains blood vessels and nerves.

The Anatomy Of Cellulitis

Cellulitis is the infection of the skin and soft tissues typified by swelling,redness, warmth, and pain in the affected areas. The severity of the

infection depends on its opportunity to spread and affect other parts of theskin or body. Its infectious nature alone involves complex processes that canbecome deadly. In fact, cellulitis can affect virtually any part of the body,

which is why there are several types of cellulitis, including facial, breast, leg,perianal, periorbital, and orbital cellulitis. This article will discuss cellulitis

pathophysiology.

Risk Factors Linked To The Onset Of Cellulitis

Cellulitis is often triggered by broken skin, such as with lacerations, cuts,puncture wounds, fissures, and animal/insect bites. Cellulitis can also be

more prevalent among individuals who have lymphatic obstruction, toe web

intertrigo, tinea pedis, pressure ulcers, venous insufficiency, obesity,impaired immune systems, and diabetes.

What Happens Under The MicroscopeWhen the infectious bacterium invades a vulnerable area (such as an open

wound), it overcomes the defensive cells in our body, which includes mastcells, eosinophils, basophils, and neutrophils. These defecnsive cells often

act to hold inflammation in just one area. When infection further progresses

cellular debris builds up, and infectious bacteria soon engulfs tissuesurrounding and located at the affected area.

Cellulitis pathophysiology: ComplicationsIf the affected area is left untreated, complication is a high possibility. When

the skin turns red or a rash occurs, this may indicate a deeper and more

severe infection. In this case, infection has most likely reached the innerlayers of the skin. When the infectious bacteria are able to reach below the

skin, they can spread faster. In this case, bacteria are able to get into thelymph nodes, reach the bloodstream and extend all throughout the body.

The infection can spread so easily that if left untreated, bacteria can spread

to the deep layer of tissue, or fascial lining. This is called a deep-layer
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infection. This type of infection is characterized by the flesh-eating strep ornecrotizing fasciitis. The prevalence of this condition is quite rare, but

individuals who do not treat severe cellulitis definitely have a higher risk ofdeveloping necrotizing fasciitis.

Streptoccoccus pyogenes is responsible for the flesh-eating strep and

actually belongs to the group A streptococcus type of bacteria that causescellulitis. The flesh-eating bacteria spreads in the deeper skin layer, as that

area of the body is softer. Bacteria initially break through the protective skinlayer. These organisms contain enzymes that digest protein and therefore

enable them to eat their way through the fascia. Soon the bacteria is able to

reach muscles and tendons. The fascia becomes liquefied with the enzymesand provide bacteria with the perfect condition to thrive and proliferate at a

faster rate. Extremely serious cases like this requires emergency treatment,which may involve surgical procedures, IV antibiotics, oral antibiotics,

supportive therapy, or a combination of these.

Cellilitis pathophysiology may vary among the different types of celliulitis.For instance, the signs and symptoms surrounding orbital cellulitis (infection

of the eye) can be a manifestation of other health conditions such as sinusproblems. The most typical paths of infection in this case come from the

sinuses or teeth and/or injury in those areas. Proper diagnosis will oftendetermine any underlying cause of cellulitis or the severity of the infection.

Cellulitis

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Cellulitis is a common skin infection caused by bacteria.

See also:

Orbital cellulitis

Periorbital cellulitis

Causes

Staphylococcus and streptococcus bacteria are the most common causes ofcellulitis.

Normal skin has many types of bacteria living on it. When there is a break in

the skin, these bacteria can cause a skin infection. Skin in the infected areawill become red, hot, irritated, and painful.
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Risk factors for cellulitis include:

Cracks or peeling skin between the toes

History ofperipheral vascular disease

Injury or trauma with a break in the skin (skin wounds)

Insect bites and stings, animal bites, or human bites Ulcers from certain diseases, including diabetes and vascular disease

Use of corticosteroid medications or medications that suppress the

immune system

Wound from a recent surgery

Symptoms

Symptoms of cellulitis include:

Fever

Pain or tenderness in the affected area Skin redness or inflammation that gets bigger as the infection spreads

Skin sore or rash that starts suddenly, and grows quickly in the first 24

hours

Tight, glossy, "stretched" appearance of the skin

Warm skin in the the area of redness

Signs of infection:

Chills or shaking

Fatigue

General ill feeling

Muscle aches and pains

Warm skin

Sweating

Other symptoms that can occur with this disease:

Hair loss at the site of infection

Joint stiffness caused by swelling of the tissue over the joint

Nausea and vomiting

Exams and Tests

The health care provider will perform a physical exam. This may reveal:

Redness, warmth, and swelling of the skin

Possible drainage, if there is an infection

Swollen glands (lymph nodes) near the affected area
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Your health care provider may mark the edges of the redness with a pen, tosee if the redness goes past the marked border over the next several days.

Tests that may be done:

Blood culture Complete blood count (CBC)

Culture of any fluid or material inside the affected area

Treatment

Most of the time, treatment involves antibiotics taken by mouth and close

follow-up by your doctor. You may be given painkillers.

You should raise the infected area higher than your heart to reduce swelling.Rest until your symptoms improve.

You may need to stay in a hospital if:

You are very sick (for example, you have a very high temperature,

blood pressure problems, or nausea and vomiting that does not goaway)

You have been on antibiotics and the infection is getting worse

Your immune system is not working well (due to cancer, HIV)

You have an infection around your eyes

You require antibiotics through a vein (IV)

Outlook (Prognosis)

Cellulitis usually goes away with 7 - 10 days of antibiotics. Longer treatmentmay be needed if cellulitis is more severe. This may occur if you have a

chronic diseases or your immune system is not working properly.

People with fungal infections of the feet may have cellulitis that keepscoming back. The cracks in the skin from the fungal infection allows the

bacteria entry to the skin.

Possible Complications

Blood infection (sepsis)

Bone infection (osteomyelitis)

Inflammation of the lymph vessels (lymphangitis)

Inflammation of the heart (endocarditis)

Meningitis

Shock

Tissue death (gangrene)
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When to Contact a Medical Professional

Call your health care provider if:

You have symptoms of cellulitis

You are being treated for cellulitis and you develop new symptoms,

such as persistent fever, drowsiness,lethargy, blistering over thecellulitis, or red streaks that spread

Seek medical attention immediately if the cellulitis is on your face.

Prevention

Protect your skin by:

Keeping your skin moist with lotions or ointments to prevent cracking

Wearing shoes that fit well and provide enough room for your feet

Learning how to trim your nails to avoid harming the skin around them

Wearing appropriate protective equipment when participating in workor sports

Whenever you have a break in the skin:

Clean the break carefully with soap and water. Apply an antibiotic

cream or ointment every day.

Cover with a bandage and change it every day until a scab forms.

Watch for redness, pain, drainage, or other signs of infection.

Alternative Names

Skin infection - bacterial

Cellulitis Overview

Cellulitis is a common infection of the skin and the soft tissues underneaththe skin. It occurs when bacteria invade broken or normal skin and start to

spread under the skin and into the soft tissues. This results in infection andinflammation. Inflammation is a process in which the body reacts to the

bacteria. Inflammation may cause swelling, redness, pain, and/or warmth.

People at risk for developing cellulitis include those with trauma to theskin or other medical problems such as the following:

o Diabetes
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o Circulatory problems such as inadequate blood flow to the

limbs, poor venous or lymphatic drainage, such as after surgical vein

harvesting, or varicose veins

o Liver disease such as chronichepatitis or cirrhosis

o Skin disorders such as eczema,psoriasis, infectious diseases

that cause skin lesions such aschickenpox, athlete's foot, or severe acne

Treatment Overview

The intent of cellulitis treatment is to decrease the severity of the infection,

speed up recovery, relieve pain and other symptoms, heal the skin, and

prevent the infection from coming back.

Antibiotics are usually used to treat cellulitis. If the infection is limited to a

small area, has not spread to the bloodstream or lymph system, and you

don't have any other medical problems, antibiotics you take by mouth (oral)are effective. If the infection is more widespread, or if you're having a slow

recovery on oral antibiotics, antibiotics may be used intravenously (IV) or byinjection.

For cellulitis of the leg or arm, treatment also includes elevating the limb to

reduce swelling.

Treatment for children depends on their age and which part of the body isinfected. An antibiotic is usually given intravenously. Facial cellulitis in young

children requires immediate treatment and responds well to antibiotics.1

SOURCE:

Cellulitis Causes

A number of factors can increase the chance that bacteria may invade theskin and cause infection. These include the following:

Injuries that break the skin

Infections related to a surgical procedure
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Any breaks in the skin that allow bacteria to invade the skin

(examples are chronic skin conditions such as eczema or psoriasis)

Foreign objects in the skin

Infection of bone underneath the skin (An example is a long-standing

open wound that is deep enough to expose the bone to bacteria.Sometimes this occurs in people with diabetes who have lost sensation in

their feet.)

What are cellulitis risk factors?

Most commonly, cellulitis develops in the area of a break in the skin, such as

a cut, small puncture wound, or insect bite. In some cases when cellulitis

develops without an apparent skin injury, it may be due to microscopic

cracks in the skin that is inflamed or irritated. It may also appear in the skin

near ulcers or surgical wounds.

In other circumstances, cellulitis occurs where there has been no skin break

at all, such as with chronic leg swelling (edema). A preexisting skin infection,

such as athlete's foot (tinea pedis) or impetigo can predispose to thedevelopment of cellulitis. Likewise, inflammatory conditions of the skin

like eczema, psoriasis, or skin damage caused by radiation therapy can lead

to cellulitis.

People who have diabetes or conditions that compromise the function of the

immune system (for example, HIV/AIDS or those receiving chemotherapy or

drugs that suppress the immune system) are particularly prone to

developing cellulitis.

Conditions that reduce the circulation of blood in the veins or that reduce

circulation of the lymphatic fluid (such as venous insufficiency,

obesity, pregnancy, or surgeries) also increase the risk of developing

cellulitis.
http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=24729http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=12699http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=366http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=64425http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=459http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=7782http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=343http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=263http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=42678http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=7778http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=33915http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=24729http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=12699http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=366http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=64425http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=459http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=7782http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=343http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=263http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=42678http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=7778http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=33915


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Abscess

is the limited purulent dissolution of the soft tissues. The hypodermin well

expressed in children in MFA. It has protective ammortisativefunctions,makes round counters of the face. But due to lack of the blood

supply thishypoderm is involved into the inflammatory processes very often.

As a result thecavity is formed and is filled in with the pus.

Phlegmon

is spreaded purulent dissolution of the soft tissues.This conditionis an acute,

diffuse inflammatory infiltration of the loose connective tissue

foundunderneath the skin. It is believed today that cellulitis and phlegmon

areinterchangeable terms. The term cellulitis has prevailed and so the termphlegmonhas just about been abandoned.

Etiology:

causative agent of abscesses and phlegmons are mixed microflorawith

dominating of

Streptococcus

and

Staphylococcus

in combination with

Escherichia coli

and other kinds of bacillus.

Clinical Presentation.

This disease is characterized by edema, headache, andreddish skin. The

edema, whose margins are diffuse and not defined, may presentin various

areas of the face and its localization depends on the infected

toothresponsible. For example, if the mandibular posterior teeth are

involved, theedema presents as submandibular, and, inmore severe cases,


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spreads towards thecheek or the opposite side, leading to grave

disfigurement of the face. When theinfection originates in the maxillary

anterior teeth, the edema involves the upperlip, which presentswith a

characteristic protrusion. In the initial stage, cellulitisfeels soft or doughy

during palpation, without pus present, while in moreadvanced stages, aboard-like induration appears, whichmay lead to suppuration.At this stage,

the pus is localized in small focal sites in the deep tissue. Abscesses and

phlegmons of odontogenic region appear as the result of infection spreading

from the apical region due to exacerbation of chronicperiapical inflammation

of primary and permanent teeth, suppuration of theradical cysts.

Osteomielitis can be accompanied with abscesses and phlegmons.They can

be as a complication of periostitis.

Peculiarities of the clinical course

:1. Soft tissues in children are characterized with the less tightness of fascias

andaponeurosis which limit the anatomical space.2. The hypoderm is more

loosen.3. Immaturity of the cellular barrier leads to the infection spreading

on the newtissues.4. Functional lymph system immaturity leads to lymph

nodes involving in theinflammatory process more often.5. Facial blood

supply is better expressed in comparison with other areas and ithas positive

and negative (quick infection spreading) sides.6. Significant pain reactions.7.

Rapid formation of the purulent process (2-3 days).

8. Superficial abscesses and phlegmones are accompanied with well

expresseddeformation of the face, and deep ones

with disturbances of chewing,swallowing and speech.

Classification:

1.

Odontogenic, nonodontogenic2.


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Superficial

Deep

-

Mental and submental area - Retroorbital cellular space

-

Canine fossa - Subtemporal fossa

-

Buccal area - Pterygomandibular space

-

Temporal area - Bottom of the oral cavity

-

Zygomatical area - Peripharyngeal space

-

Parotideomasseterica area - Temporal area

-


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Submandibular area

-

Sublingual area

-

Alveololingual groove

3.

Upper jaw Lower jaw

-

Fossa canina (infraorbital area) - mental and submental area

-

Zygomatical area - buccal

-

Orbital area - submandibular area

-

Temporal fossa - pterygomandibular area


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-

Subtemporal and pterygopalatinal fossae - peripharyngeal

-

Hard and soft palate - parotideomasseterica area

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