Cellular

Respiration

Respiration• The transfer of stored energy in food molecules to a form usable by the

organism• Involves the exchange of

gases between the organism and the

environment

Process

• Through the process of respiration, the organism

produces adenosine triphosphate (ATP) which will be used for energy

1. Cellular Respiration

• Involves a series of enzyme-controlled

reactions in which energy in food is broken down

into energy that the organism can use (ATP)

a) When ATP is broken down, energy is released and ADP

is formed ADP = adenosine diphosphate

H2O + ATP ADP + P + energy

• This is the energy used by the body to carry out the functions of

life

Types of Respiration

1. Aerobic Respiration -involves the use of

oxygen

2. Anaerobic Respiration -oxygen is not used

Anaerobic Respiration

• Also known as Fermentation• Does not require oxygen

• Takes place in the cytoplasm of cell

• Glucose is either broken down into lactic acid or alcohol and CO2

• As a result of anaerobic respiration, there is a net gain of

2 ATP’s

Equations for Anaerobic

Respiration

glucose 2 lactic acids + 2 ATP’s

glucose 2 alcohol + 2 CO2 + 2 ATP’s

• In each equation, enzymes are used and a net gain of 2 ATP’s are produced

Anaerobic Respiration

Glucose

Pyruvic acid

+2 ATP

Lactic Acid

4 ATP

“Lactic Acid Fermentation”

“Lactic Acid Fermentation

Anaerobic Respiration

Glucose

Pyruvic acid

+2 ATP

Alcohol + CO2

4 ATP

“Alcoholic Fermentation”

“Alcoholic Fermentation”

Aerobic Respiration

• Requires oxygen• Takes place in the

mitochondria•When we say that glucose

is oxidized, we say that it is broken down with the

help of oxygen molecules

Equation for Aerobic

Respiration

glucose + O2 H2O + CO2 + 36 ATP’s

• Again, enzymes are used and a net of 36 ATP’s are produced

Aerobic Respiration

Glucose

Pyruvic acid

-2 ATP

+4 ATP

+O2 Water + CO2

+34 ATP

***Net Gain = 36 ATPs***

Summary

• Anaerobic Respiration = 2 ATP’s

• Aerobic Respiration = 36 ATP’s

• Therefore, Aerobic respiration is more efficient than anaerobic respiration

Adaptations for taking in gases

and materials for Cellular

Respiration

Monera, Protista, and Fungi

•Gas exchange occurs by diffusion through a thin, moist cell membrane

Plants• Leaves- have stomates for gas

exchange• Stems- have lenticels

for gas exchange, and xylem and

phloem for transport of materials.

• Roots- gas exchange occurs across a

moist membrane of root hairs (diffusion)

Hydra• Each cell of the

hydra is in contact with the watery environment and gas exchange occurs by diffusion

Earthworm• Secretes mucus on skin

to keep it moist• The moist surface

allows the diffusion of gases through the skin and into and out of the blood (capillaries)

• Blood in the capillaries “pick up” the oxygen and transport it to the cells of the organism.

• Hemoglobin aids in the transport of oxygen to body cells.

Grasshopper• Blood does not play a role in

the transport of oxygen or carbon dioxide

(no hemoglobin)• Gas exchange and transport

is accomplished by tracheal tubes.

• Access to tracheal tubes is through the spiracles.

• Spiracles are openings located on the tracheal tubes that allow for gas exchange between the organism and the environment.

• Once oxygen is in the tracheal tubes, it diffuses through the moist membrane of the tube and into the cells.

Human Respiratory and Circulatory Systems