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TRANSCRIPT
Cells
Cells are often called the “building blocks of life”. They are the basic unit of living organisms. Anything that is living is made of cells. This means you are made of cells, trees are made of cells, an ant is made of cells, and an apple is made of cells. Can you name other things that are made of cells? Long ago, people did not know that cells even existed. Cells are so tiny, we cannot see them with our naked eyes. The invention of the microscope gave people to see and discover cells for the very first time.
The first recorded discovery of cells was in 1655, when an English scientist named Robert Hooke took Anton van Leeuwenhoek's light microscope and improved upon its design and studied a slice of cork under the lens. While looking through the microscope, he saw tiny box-shaped sections which reminded him of the small rooms in which monks lived in at the monastery. These were called cells; therefore Hooke decided that “cells” was the best name for his new finding. Since Hooke was only viewing something with dead cells, he was only able to see the cell wall. While Hooke was looking at dead cells, Anton van Leeuwenhoek, a Dutch fabric merchant, decided to see if there was anything interesting in a drop of water. Using his microscope, he found that the drop of water housed living organisms. These living organisms were comprised of these cells that Hooke had discovered while looking at the cork. Leeuwenhoek called his discovery “animalcules.” It wasn’t long until further cell discoveries were made. In 1838, German Botanist Matthias Schleiden discovered that plant parts were made of cells. In 1839, Theodor Schwann extended Schleiden’s plant cell theory to animals. Schwann discovered that animals, just like plants, were also comprised of tiny cells. This led to the knowledge that all living things were made of cells. In 1855, German physician Rudolph Virchow theorized that all living cells come from other living cells. The contributions of these people led to what we now refer to as the cell theory. This theory states:
1. All living things are made of one or more cells. 2. The cell is the smallest unit of a living organism. 3. Cells come from other cells.
Over the years, with the improvement of the microscope, scientists discovered that cells were made up of tiny parts that performed specific functions within the cell. These tiny parts are called organelles.
Inside a Plant Cell – Organelles and their Functions
1. chloroplasts
8. Golgi body or Golgi apparatus
2. rough endoplasmic reticulum
9. ribosomes
3. smooth endoplasmic reticulum
10. cell membrane
4. nucleolus
11. vacuole
5. nucleus
12 lysosomes
6. nuclear membrane
13. cytoplasm
7. mitochondrion
14. cell wall
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Inside a Plant Cell- Organelles and their Functions
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chloroplasts
These organelles are found only in plant cells and some protists. They contain pigments that absorb sunlight. They use the sunlight to produce the energy they need in order to make food (photosynthesis).
2. rough endoplasmic reticulum
This organelle is a system of tubes and membranes that twist and turn through the cell which creates passages for materials to pass through. It also has ribosomes attached to it which allows it to aide in protein synthesis.
3. smooth endoplasmic reticulum
This organelle is a system of tubes and membranes that twist and turn through the cell which creates passages for materials to pass through. It helps manufacture proteins and lipids which aide in the building of the cell membrane.
4. nucleolus
This organelle produces ribosomal RNA and is located inside the nucleus.
5. nucleus
This organelle contains DNA and controls many functions of the cell by controlling protein synthesis.
6. nuclear membrane
The membrane that surrounds the nucleus.
7. mitochondrion
Inside these organelles, sugar breaks apart as it reacts with oxygen. This releases carbon dioxide, water, and a lot of energy. They are often called the "powerhouses" of the cell.
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Inside a Plant Cell- Organelles and their Functions
8. Golgi body or Golgi apparatus This organelle is a system of membranes
which receives proteins and then packages the proteins and carbohydrates in order to be "shipped" outside the cell.
9. ribosomes These organelles assemble proteins which allow the cell to perform chemical reactions.
10. cell membrane A thin, flexible covering made of fat and protein that surrounds a cell. It allows water, food, and gases to enter a cell and wastes to leave a cell.
11. vacuole A large, membrane-bound sac filled with fluid that stores, water, food, waste, and other substances in which the cell processes. This gives the cell its shape.
12 lysosomes This small, ball-shaped organelle is more common in animal cells than plant cells. It assists in breaking down nutrients and old cell parts.
13. cytoplasm This is a jellylike material between the cell membrane and nucleus in which the organelles are located.
14. cell wall Composed of cellulose and fiber, this
organelle has a rigid outer layer which surrounds the cell membrane and protects the cell. It gives the plant most of its structure and allows it to stand upright. Pores in this organelle allow materials to pass in and out of the cell.
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Animal Cell- Organelles and their Functions
1. cell membrane
9. ribosomes
2. rough endoplasmic reticulum
10. mitochondrion
3. smooth endoplasmic reticulum
11. nuclear membrane
4. nucleolus
12. centrosome
5. nucleus
13 lysosome
6. Golgi body or Golgi apparatus
14. cytoplasm
7. microtuble
15. cilia
8. vacuole
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Inside an Animal Cell- Organelles and their Functions
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cell membrane
A thin, flexible covering made of fat and protein that surrounds a cell. It allows water, food, and gases to enter a cell and wastes to leave a cell.
2. rough endoplasmic reticulum
This organelle is a system of tubes and membranes that twist and turn through the cell which create passages for materials to pass through. It also has ribosomes attached to it which allows it to aide in protein synthesis.
3. smooth endoplasmic reticulum
This organelle is a system of tubes and membranes that twist and turn through the cell which create passages for materials to pass through. It helps manufacture proteins and lipids which aide in the building of the cell membrane.
4. nucleolus
This organelle produces ribosomal RNA and is located inside the nucleus.
5. nucleus
This organelle contains DNA and controls many functions of the cell by controlling protein synthesis.
6. Golgi body or Golgi apparatus
This organelle is a system of membranes which receives proteins and then packages the proteins and carbohydrates in order to be "shipped" outside the cell.
7. microtuble
This organelle is like a conveyor belt inside of a cell. They move vesicles, granules, organelles and chromosomes by using attachment proteins.
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Inside an Animal Cell- Organelles and their Functions
8. vacuole A membrane-bound sac filled with fluid that stores, water, food, waste, and other substances in which the cell processes.
9. ribosomes These organelles assemble proteins which allow the cell to perform chemical reactions.
10. mitochondrion Inside these organelles, sugar breaks apart as it reacts with oxygen. This releases carbon dioxide, water, and a lot of energy. They are often called the "powerhouses" of the cell.
11. nuclear membrane The membrane that surrounds the nucleus.
12 centrosome The area in the cell where microtubles are produced.
13. lysosome This small, ball-shaped organelle is more common in animal cells than plant cells. It assists in breaking down nutrients and old cell parts.
14. cytoplasm This is a jellylike material between the cell membrane and nucleus in which the organelles are located.
15. cilia Projections ("tiny hairs") from the cell, designed to move the cell or substances around the cell.
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