Cell Transport

Cell TransportFall 20121 Notes: Cell MembraneIntroduction: A basic principle in biology is that all living things are made of ________________. While they come in a wide variety of sizes and shapes, all cells are filled with ________________, a fluid filled inside (made up mostly of _________________) and are surrounded by a cell membrane.

cellswatercytoplasm2The cell membrane, also known as the ________________ ____________________, is the boundary that separates all living cells from their nonliving surroundings. The job of this membrane:_______________ the cell from the outside environmentcontrols chemical _______________ into & out of the cell (decides what can enter & leave).

It is described as being _____________ ____________ which means it allows some substances to cross more easily than others.

Selectively permeableseparatetrafficPlasma membrane3In 1972 S.J. Singer and G.L. Nicolson created the ______________ ________________ Model, which describes the structure of the cell membrane (shown below).

Fluid Mosaic4The cell membrane is made up of three main types of organic compounds:_________________ (phospholipids make up most of the cell membrane)_________________________ (large/dark structures act as gateways)_________________________ (look like antennae these are ID tags)

The cell membrane is not solid, rather it is ______________ and fluid*

By creating a barrier between the cell and its environment, it allows the cell to maintain ______________________ (internal balance).

http://youtu.be/Qqsf_UJcfBc

LipidsProteinscarbohydratesflexiblehomeostasis5Lipids Many ______________________ bond together make up the majority of the cell membrane

The heads are water-soluble (hydrophilic =_________ ________).

The tails are not water soluble (hydrophobic = _________ __________)

PhospholipidPhospholipidsWater lovingWater fearing6LipidsThe phospholipids line up ________ to ________ to form a ___________(double layer) The hydrophobic tails are protected from the water on the inside and outside of the cell.

Tail tailbilayer7Lipids__________________ - is a lipid that helps hold the cell membrane together.cholesterol

8ProteinsIntegral proteinspass _____________ the lipid bilayer.They allow large and/or charged molecules get into or out of the cell.

Primary Function: To control chemical _______________ in & out of the cell.

trafficthrough

9ProteinsProteins are also used to receive ___________ ___________ from outside the cell.

Chemical messages

Hormones have a specific shape and travel through the blood until they find their target cell.

10ProteinsPeripheral proteins located on the ___________ of the cell membrane.

surface

PeripheralIntegralhttp://youtu.be/GW0lqf4Fqpg 11CarbohydratesThese antenna are used by the cells to help __________________ one another.

Nicknamed the cells ____ _______; These are unique for each person; Determine things like your _______________

Recognize ID TAGSBlood Type12CarbohydratesCan attach to the ____________________ or the ____________ on the outer surface of a cell.

phospholipidsproteins13Matching

BDAFGC/DCDB14Cell Membrane Diagram & QsCell Membrane Review

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17Notes: Passive Transport

pages 4-5Fall 201218Differences in ConcentrationConcentration of a solution is determined by the amount of _________________ (dissolved material) you have in the amount of _____________________ (liquid its dissolved in).

solutesolvent19Differences in Concentration

20Differences in ConcentrationThe glass on the left does not have an equal concentration throughout. The bottom of the glass is more concentrated than the top (which is dilute).If left alone, the molecules will spread out in the glass until the concentration is equal throughout the glass (like the glass on the right).

DiluteConcentratedequal21Important Terms to Know________________ a solution with a higher concentration than another solution.

________________ a solution with a lower concentration than another solution.

_____________ a solution that has an equal concentration to another.

hypertonichypotonicisotonic22Passive Transport the movement of material across a cell membrane without the use of energy. Three types of passive transport include: DiffusionOsmosisFacilitated diffusion

23Diffusion_____________- The process in which molecules of a substance move from areas of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration._______________is reached when the concentration is equal throughout.DiffusionEquilibrium = Dots moving24How does diffusion affect a cell?Cell membranes are described as being ____________________________ since they allow some substances to pass through, but not others. The oval represents a ________

The dotted line is the _______ ______________

Dots in the diagram are ___________(dissolved material)

Selectively permeablecellCell membranesolute

25How does diffusion affect a cell?In this picture, the solution _______ the cell has a higher solute concentration than the solution _________ of it.

Therefore we say the inside is ________________ to the outside of the cell or the outside is ______________ to the inside of the cell.insideoutsidehypertonichypotonic Before diffusion26How does diffusion affect a cell?When the solute is small enough to pass across the cell membrane:It will move from a high concentration to a low concentration.

Before diffusion

Goal of diffusionSolute (dots) Draw an arrow on the before diagram to show if the solute would move in or out of the cell.

Always label your arrows, so that you know what is moving across the cell membrane.

27Selectively PermeableMembrane

28Facilitated DiffusionFacilitate = _______________

Facilitated Diffusion - molecules are moved across a cell membrane from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration with the help of a ____________________

Proteins are usually needed to move solute across the cell membrane when the solute is too _______________or _______________and cant pass between the phospholipids.

To helpProtein channellargecharged29Facilitated DiffusionThe carrier protein or channel simply opens up a larger hole in the cell membrane and allows the solute to flow from one side of the cell membrane to the other (does not require __________).

Before facilitated diffusionSolute (dots)Goal of facilitated diffusionenergy30

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34Notes: Osmosis

Page 6Fall 201235Notes: Passive movement across the cell membrane (continued: Part 2)Osmosis - The diffusion (movement) of ___________ molecules across a selectively permeable membrane.Since it does not require energy, it is a form of PASSIVE TRANSPORT.

The goal of the water molecules is to get the substance on either side of the membrane to be at _______________ (same concentration on both sides).

waterEquilibrium36

37OsmosisBelow we see a concentration ____________ (difference) between the inside and the outside of the cellThe dots are solute (sugar)The _________________is represented by the space around the dots.Since water is a ________________ molecule, it is able to move across the cell membrane very quickly.Water moves from an area with more water (lower solute concentration) into an area that has less water (a higher solute concentration) to dilute it.

WaterDraw an arrow on the diagram to show the movement of the water.Always label your arrows, so that you know what is moving across the cell membrane.

gradientVery smallwater38Concentration GradientHow do cells respond to being placed into solutions of different concentrations:___________ the bursting of an animal cell when placed in a hypotonic solution.

cytolysis

39Concentration Gradient___________________ the force that pushes out on a plants cell wall when it is put into a hypotonic solution makes cells rigid.

Turgor pressureHow do cells respond to being placed into solutions of different concentrations:

40Concentration GradientHow do cells respond to being placed into solutions of different concentrations:plasmolysis

______________ the shrinking of a plant cell placed in a hypertonic solution.

animation

41Animal Cell (Red Blood Cells)Which solution is best for an animal cell?

Plant CellWhich solution is best for a plant cell?

H2O makes things growSalt ShrinksMake sure you remember the statements:Practice Problems page 7: The Affects of OsmosisOsmosis is the movement of _______ across the cell membrane.

The goal is to make the concentration on the inside and outside of the cell the same.

WATER45Practice Problems: Osmosis the movement of WATER (White space)2. The cells below have just been placed into 3 different solutions. Complete each column by using the picture at the top.Cell #1Cell #2Cell #3Determine how osmosis would affect each cell shown here.What kind of solution is each cell in? (ISOTONIC, HYPOTONIC or HYPERTONIC)If osmosis was to occur, which direction would water move? (IN, OUT or IN & OUT)How will the cell change? Will it SHRINK, GROW or STAY THE SAME SIZE.HypertonicOutshrinkhypotonicingrowisotonicIn & outStay the same46Practice Problems: Osmosis the movement of WATER (White space) Cell 1 Cell 2 Cell 3

3. Since an animal cell lacks a cell wall, it is important that it be surrounded by a/an (hypertonic; hypotonic; isotonic) solution, so that it does not shrink & shrivel up or swell & rupture due to the effects of osmosis.

4. If red blood cell is surrounded by a hypotonic solution, then the cell would most likely (shrink, swell or stay the same size).

47Practice Problems: Osmosis the movement of WATER (White space) Cell 1 Cell 2 Cell 3

4. When plant cells are full of water, the pressure within the cell pushes out onto the cell wall, thus allowing the cell to become more rigid (has turgor pressure). Since this is a good thing for them, plant cells should be surrounded by a/an (hypertonic; hypotonic; isotonic) solution.

48Practice Problems: Osmosis the movement of WATER (White space) Cell 1 Cell 2 Cell 3

6. If a plant is watered with saltwater (a hypertonic solution), then the cells would most likely (shrink, swell or stay the same size).

7. The passive movement of large molecules across the cell membrane with the help of a protein is called (diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion).

49Question #2: What type of solution is found outside the red blood cell?

YESIt got smallerhypertonic

50Question #2: What type of solution is found outside the red blood cell?

NoIt stayed the same sizeisotonic

51Question #2: What type of solution is found outside the red blood cell?

yesIt got biggerhypotonic

52Passive Transport Worksheets

page 853DiffusionDots are O2

1. What molecules are moving?

3. Why are the arrows pointing in that direction?2. Draw the arrows on the diagram above to show the direction of movement in this example.O2To reach equilibrium

To have concentration be equal on the inside & outside of the cell54OsmosisDots are starch molecules

4. What molecules are moving?

6. Why are the arrows pointing in that direction?5. Draw the arrows on the diagram above to show the direction of movement in this example.H2OTo reach equilibrium

To have concentration be equal on the inside & outside of the cell55Facilitated DiffusionDots are calcium ions

7. What molecules are moving?

8. Draw the arrows on the diagram above to show the direction of movement in this example.Calcium ions56OsmosisDots are sucrose molecules

9. What molecules are moving?10. Draw the arrows on the diagram above to show the direction of movement in this example.H2O57Facilitated DiffusionDots are sodium ions (Na+)

11. What molecules are moving?12. Draw the arrows on the diagram above to show the direction of movement in this example.Sodium ions58DiffusionDots are O2

13. What molecules are moving?

14. Draw the arrows on the diagram above to show the direction of movement in this example.O259Notes:Active Transport page 960Active Transport requires ____________to get materials across a cell membrane against a concentration difference (or gradient).

Substances are often forced to move from an area of __________concentration into an area of _________concentration (into a place that is already crowded).

lowerhigherenergy61There are several types of Active Transport:Protein PumpsEndocytosisExocytosis62__________ a special type of __________ __________ that is used to push molecules from an area of low concentration into an area of high concentration.

Ex: Sodium (Na+) and Potassium (K+) pumps.

PUMPSCarrier protein63

http://youtu.be/FJmnxbYBlr464_________________ taking material into the cell, usually by forming pockets (called vesicles) around the material (the cell membrane folds around something outside of the cell).

____________________ intake of large particles or cells (solid material) through the cell membrane w/in a vesicle.

_________________ using a vesicle or pocket to take in liquid or dissolved substances (solutes).

ENdocytosisPhagocytosisPinocytosis65________________ A vesicle from inside the cell fuses with the cell membrane, releasing their contents into the external environment.

Exocytosishttp://youtu.be/4gLtk8Yc1Zc66The _______ ______________ prepares proteins to leave the cell by putting them in a vesicle.

Golgi Apparatus

68What molecules are moving in this example? __________

Draw the arrows on the diagram above to show the direction of movement in this example.

2. Explain why the arrows are pointing in that direction?

The process taking place is Active Transport by protein pump.

The dots represent Na+ molecules

Na+The goal of active transport is to increase the concentration gradient (to make unequal)69Practice with Active Transportpage 1070

1. If a pump is moving material across the cell membrane, the pump requires ____________ to work because it is trying to push molecules AGAINST / WITH (circle one) the concentration gradient.

2. Unlike passive transport, a pump is trying to make the concentration of the inside and the outside of the cell EQUAL / UNEQUAL (circle one).

energy71

3. If active transport (a pump) is moving calcium in the above picture, which way is the calcium being pushed? INTO / OUT OF (circle one) the cell. Draw the arrows on the diagram above to show the direction of movement.

4. Explain why you think the arrow should be point in that direction? _______________________________________ ________________________________________________

In active transport, the molecules are pushed against the gradient to make the concentration unequal. 72

5. What molecules are moving in this example?

Draw the arrows on the diagram above to show the direction of movement in this example.

6. Explain why the arrows are pointing in that direction?

Phago = cell eating taking solids IN.

The diagram to the left depicts phagocytosis by a white blood cell.

The large dot represents bacteria; the space represents water

bacteria73

7. What is moving?

Draw the arrows on the diagram above to show the direction of movement in this example.

Why?

The process taking place is pinocytosis.

The dots represent dissolved solute; the space represents water

Dissolved solute (or water)Pino = cell drinking (taking liquid IN)74

8. What is moving?

Draw the arrows on the diagram above to show the direction of movement in this example.

Why?

The process taking place is exocytosis .

The dots (particles) represent proteins; the space represents water

proteinsEXO = out pockets pushed out of the cell. 75

9. What is moving?

Draw the arrows on the diagram above to show the direction of movement in this example.

Why?

A PUMP is moving material in this example.

The dots represent starch molecules; the space represents water

starchPumps push material against gradient (to make the inside & outside unequal). 76Cell Transport Test Review

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