cell structure and function · with mitosis/meiosis. ! centrioles are also formed from tubulin. !...
TRANSCRIPT
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CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION Chapter 7
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WARM UP EXERCISE
¢ Please complete the pretest that you picked up as you came in.
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LIFE IS CELLULAR
¢ Robert Hooke- coined the term “cells” ¢ The Cell Theory
� All living things are composed of cells. � Cells are the basic units of structure and
function in living things. � New cells are produced from
existing cells.
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PROKARYOTES AND EUKARYOTES
¢ All cells have 2 characteristics in common: � They are surrounded by a barrier called a cell
membrane � They contain DNA
¢ Cells fall into two broad categories, depending on whether or not they contain a nucleus. � Eukaryotes- cells that contain nuclei.
¢ Nucleus- a large membrane-enclosed structure that contains the cell’s genetic material in the form of DNA. The nucleus controls many of the cell’s activities.
� Prokaryotes- cells that do not contain nuclei.
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PROKARYOTES AND EUKARYOTES (CONT.)
¢ Prokaryotic cells have genetic material that is not contained in a nucleus. � Generally smaller and simpler than eukaryotic
cells. � Ex: bacteria
¢ Eukaryotic cells contain a nucleus in which their genetic material is separated from the rest of the cell. � Generally larger and more complex. Typically
contain dozens of structures and internal membranes and are highly specialized.
� Ex: plants, animals, fungi, and protists
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EXIT SLIP
¢ What are the three parts of the cell theory?
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GENERAL WARM UP EXERCISE (CLICKERS)
¢ Which of these cells contains a nucleus? � A prokaryotic cell � A bacterial cell � A eukaryotic cell
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WARM UP EXERCISE
¢ Name the three parts of cell theory.
¢ Which of these cells contains a nucleus? � A prokaryotic cell � A bacterial cell � A eukaryotic cell
¢ Name all of the cell organelles that you
already know. If you know their function, be sure to include that too!
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EUKARYOTIC CELL STRUCTURE
¢ Organelles- specialized organs in the cell. ¢ Cells are divided into 2 main parts.
� Cytoplasm- the portion of the cell outside of the nucleus
� Nucleus- the inner part of the cell- control center of the cell.
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THE NUCLEUS
¢ Nucleus- contains all of the cell’s DNA (which provides coded instructions for making proteins and other important molecules). � Surrounded by a double membrane, known as the
nuclear envelope/membrane � Chromatin- granular material found in the nucleus.
Consists of DNA bound to proteins. When a cell divides, chromatin is condensed to form chromosomes, which contain genetic information that is passed through the generations.
� Nucleolus- small, dense region located in the nucleus. This is where ribosomes are formed.
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NUCLEUS
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RIBOSOMES
¢ Ribosomes- small particles of RNA and proteins found throughout the cytoplasm. They produce proteins by following coded instructions that come from the nucleus (in the form of DNA).
¢ Endoplasmic Reticulum- (ER)- an internal membrane system in the cell. � Rough ER- involved with the synthesis and
processing of proteins- has ribosomes on its surface. � Smooth ER- contains no ribosomes. Contains
collections of enzymes with specific tasks. (ie: synthesis of membrane lipids, drug detox, etc).
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ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
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GOLGI APPARATUS
¢ Golgi Apparatus- modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and other materials from the endoplasmic reticulum for storage in the cell, or for secretion outside of the cell.
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LYSOSOMES AND VACUOLES
¢ Lysosomes- small organelles filled with enzymes. Their job is to digest and break down lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins into smaller molecules that can be used in other places in the cell. � Removes junk that accumulates in the cell.
¢ Vacuoles- saclike structures that store materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates. � In many plant cells, there is a large,
central vacuole filled with liquid.
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MITOCHONDRIA AND CHLOROPLASTS
¢ Mitochondria- organelles that convert the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are easier for the cell to use. (Energy supercenter) � Mitochondria have 2 membranes.
The inner membrane is folded up inside the organelle.
¢ Chloroplasts- organelles that
capture the energy from sunlight and convert it into chemical energy in a process known as photosynthesis. � Chloroplasts have 2 membranes.
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PLANT CELL
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EXIT SLIP- POST IT STYLE
¢ You examine an unknown cell under a microscope, and discover that the cell contains chloroplasts. What type of organism can you infer that the cell came from? How did you know?
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WARM UP EXERCISE
¢ Complete the animal and plant cell labeling worksheet you picked up as you came in.
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CELLULAR MOVEMENT
¢ Cells have three different structures that aide in their movement: � Cilia- hair-like projections from the cell that
allow for movement. � Flagella- a whip like structure that helps to
propel the cell in an aqueous environment. (commonly found on bacteria)
� Pseudopodia- “false feet” that allow cells to crawl or move.
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CYTOSKELETON
¢ Cytoskeleton- the supporting structure that gives cells their shape and internal organization. � The cytoskeleton is a network of protein filaments
that help the cell to maintain its shape. The cytoskeleton is also involved in movement.
¢ Microfilaments- threadlike structures made of a protein called actin.
¢ Microtubules- hollow structures made up of tubulin. They help maintain cell shape and help with mitosis/meiosis.
¢ Centrioles are also formed from tubulin. � Centrioles are only found in animal cells.
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CELL BOUNDARIES
¢ Cell Wall- strong layer surrounding the membrane. (Found only in plants).
¢ Cell Membrane- (aka: plasma membrane) � The cell membrane regulates what enters and leaves
the cell and provides protection and support. � Cell membranes are composed of a phospholipid
bilayer- a double layer sheet that gives the cell membrane a flexible structure and forms a strong barrier between the cell and its surroundings.
� Cell membranes also contain proteins embedded in the phospholipid bilayer.
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FLUID MOSAIC MODEL
Outside of cell
Cell membrane
Inside of cell (cytoplasm)
Protein channel
Proteins
Lipid bilayer
Carbohydrate chains
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CELL WALLS
¢ Cell walls lie outside of the cell membrane. ¢ Most cell walls are made of carbohydrates and
protein. Plant cell walls are composed mostly of cellulose, a tough carbohydrate that can provide rigidity to the plant.
¢ Cell walls are somewhat porous and can allow small molecules such as water, oxygen and carbon dioxide to enter and exit the cell.
¢ The main function of the cell wall is to provide support and protection to the cell.
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DIFFUSION THROUGH CELL MEMBRANES
¢ Every living cell exists in a liquid environment! ¢ Concentration- mass of solute/volume of
solution. � Ex: 4 g/L
¢ Diffusion- movement of solute from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. � Because the movement is from high
concentration to low concentration, this process does not require energy.
¢ Equilibrium- when the concentration of the solute is the same throughout a system.
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DIFFUSION
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WARM UP EXERCISE
¢ In diffusion, how does a solute move? � Hint: high concentration to low, or low to high?
¢ What does it mean for a substance to be in equilibrium?
¢ Draw a picture of the cell membrane. Label the hydrophilic heads and the hydrophobic tails.
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OSMOSIS
¢ Osmosis- the diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane.
¢ Permeable/Impermeable- the ability of an object to cross a certain membrane.
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OSMOTIC TERMS
¢ Isotonic- concentration inside cell and outside cell are the same. (water in = water out)
¢ Hypertonic- concentration outside the cell is greater than inside the cell. (water leaves)
¢ Hypotonic- concentration outside the cell is less than inside the cell. (water enters)
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FACILITATED DIFFUSION
¢ Facilitated Diffusion- protein channels in the cell membrane facilitate (or help) the diffusion of molecules across the cell membrane. � Still requires movement from an area
of higher concentration to lower concentration.
� Does not require energy.
Protein channel
Glucose molecules
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ACTIVE TRANSPORT
¢ Active Transport- movement of materials against the concentration gradient, using protein channels. This requires energy.
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OTHER PASSIVE TRANSPORT
¢ Endocytosis- taking materials into the cell by infoldings or pockets in the cell membrane. � Phagocytosis- “cell eating” � Pinocytosis- cells take up liquid from the
surrounding environment. “cell drinking”
¢ Exocytosis- releasing large amounts of material from the cell.
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YOU TUBE VIDEO
¢ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kAdCEEjY15c
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EXIT SLIP
¢ What are the 2 main differences between active transport and diffusion?
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WARM UP EXERCISE- CLICKERS ¢ Despite difference in size and shape, all cells have cytoplasm
and a � Cell wall � Cell membrane � Mitochondrion � Nucleus
¢ The movement of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane is known as � Exocytosis � Phagocytosis � Osmosis � Pinocytosis
¢ A susbtance that moves across a cell membrane without using the cell’s energy tends to move � Away from equilibrium � Away from the area where it is less concentrated � Away from the area where it is more concentrated � Toward the area where it is more concentrated.
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WARM UP EXERCISE
¢ Please complete the cell movement graphic organizer you picked up as you came in.
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UNICELLULAR VS. MULTICELLULAR ORGANISMS
¢ Unicellular Organism- organism with 1 cell. � Do everything a multicellular organism can do (grow,
respond to environment, transform energy, reproduce, etc).
� Outnumber multicellular organisms.
¢ Multicellular Organisms- have many cells. � Depend on communication and cooperation among
specialized cells. � Require Cell Specialization- where cells develop in
different ways that allow them to perform unique tasks.
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LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
Levels of organization in a multicellular organism are:
¢ Cells- the basic unit of living things. ¢ Tissues- groups of similar cells that perform a
particular function. ¢ Organs- groups of tissues working together. ¢ Organ Systems- a group of organs that work together
to perform a specific function.
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MAJOR TISSUE TYPES
¢ Epithelial- includes glands and tissues that cover the interior and exterior body surfaces.
¢ Connective- provides support for the body and connects all body parts.
¢ Nervous- transmits nerve impulses throughout the body.
¢ Muscle- enables the body to move.
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LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
Smooth muscle tissue Muscle cell Stomach Digestive system
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EXIT SLIP
¢ Using what you know about the ways muscle moves, predict which organelles would be most common in muscle cells.
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WARM UP
¢ What are the levels of cellular organization?
¢ What are the four major tissue types?
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STEM CELLS
¢ Stem Cells- an unspecialized cell that can reproduce indefinitely and under appropriate conditions, differentiate into specialized cells.
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BACTERIAL CELLS
¢ DNA is found in a concentrated, non-enclosed region called the nucleoid.
¢ Contains ribosomes for protein synthesis. ¢ Has three exterior layers: capsule, cell
wall, and plasma membrane. ¢ Contain flagella to help with locomotion. ¢ Many bacterial cells also contain pilli,
which help them attach onto other surfaces.
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BACTERIAL CELL
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NERVE CELLS (NEURONS)
¢ Most of the neurons’ organelles, including the nucleus, are found in the cell body.
¢ Nerve signals are received by the dendrites, transmitted through the cell body, down the axon, and onto other neurons.
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NERVE CELLS (NEURONS)
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NERVE CELL(NEURON)
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BLOOD CELLS
¢ Red blood cells carry oxygen, and remove carbon dioxide from all tissues in the body.
¢ White blood cells are to fight infection.
¢ Platelets are for blood clotting.