cell powerpoint - 2012.pdf
TRANSCRIPT
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CellUnit of life
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Discovery of Cell
Matthias Scleiden (1838)
Theodor Schwann (1839)
Robert Hooke (1665)
tiny compartments in cork
tissue (cells)
R. J. H. Dutrochet
( 1824)
Robert Brown (1833)
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Cells basic structural and
functional unit
Physical framework formetabolism
Diverse shapes, sizes,
and composition
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Cell Shape Dimension
Mitotic cells Cube 12m 3 12m 3 12m
Epidermal cell Flat, paving stone 45m 3 143m 3 15m
Photosynthetic cells of
pear
Short cylinder 7.4 m diam 3 55m
Water conducting
vessels in oak
Short cylinder 270 m diam 3 225m
Fiber cells in hemp Long cylinder 20 m diam 3 60,000m
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Two basic types of cells1. prokaryote
without nucleus and other membranebounded organelles.
e.g eubacteria and archaebacteria
2. Eukaryotecell with nucleus and membranebounded organelles.
e. g. protists, fungi, plants, animals.
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A plant cell consists of three general parts:
1. the cell wall
2. the protoplasm
3. the cell inclusion
http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/plants/plantmodel.html -
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Cell wall Almost all plant cells have
a cell wall, except spermcells
Inert secretion
Provides strength andprotection
An active, dynamicorganelle
.
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Cell wall composition
Cellulose microfibril 10-25nm
Hemicelluloses bound together
the microfibrils
Middle lamella an adhesive layer(composed of pectic substances)
Primary wall and secondary wall
Secondary wall - impregnated with
lignin
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Association of Cells
1. secretion of signal molecules unicellular organisms
2. connections between cells- multicellular organims
Plasmodesmata- cytoplamicchannels
symplast interconnectedprotoplasm of all cells.
apoplast intercellularspaces and the cell wall
Permit rapid diffusion of gases
because plants do not have lungs.
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Cell membrane- osmoregulator, semi-permeable, phospholipid bilayer, fluid mosaic model.
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phospholipid bilayer
60% protein and 40% lipids
heterogenous fluid mosaic
Composition of membranes
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Properties of membranes
1. Dynamic and can grow
2. Transport materialsa. exocytosis
b. endocytosis
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Properties of membranes
3. Selective permeability1. diffusion2. osmosis
3. facilitated diffusion
4. active transport
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Diffusion
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Osmosis- movement of water across a semi-permeablemembrane following concentration gradient
Isotonic = equal
concentration of solute
Hypotonic- lesser
solute concentration
Hypertonic- greater
solute concentration
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Osmosis in plant cells
Normal plant cells in
isotonic solution
plant cells in hypotonic
solution
Turgidity
plant cells in
hypertonic solution
Plasmolysis
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Facilitated Diffusion
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Active Transport- transport of materials (ions, amino acids,etc)against concentration gradient.
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Nucleusarchive or permanent storage of organismsgenetic information
Onion cells with nucleus
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Chromatin complex of nuclear DNA + Histones
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Central vacuole tonoplastwater, starch, protein, granules or fibrous materials
Mit h d i
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Mitochondrion- respiratory site of the cells (ATP)
have their own DNA and ribosomes
circular mitochondrial DNA without histones
ribosomes resembles prokaryote
1 m in diameter by 5 m in length
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Plastidssynthesis, storage, export, formation ofcolors, synthesis of amino acids: isoleucine and valine
synthesis of aromatic rings : phenylalanine, tryptophan,
tyrosine
DNA without histones and circular DNA
Proplastids
plastids of young dividing cells
1. chloroplast
2. amyloplast
3. chromoplast
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Chloroplastmostly disc-shaped organelles, 4 to 6 m,capture light energy
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Leucoplastidscolorless plastids Amyloplast stores starch.
Aleuroneplast- stores protein
Elaioplast stores oils and fats.
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Chromoplast- fat-soluble pigments giving colors to fruitsand flowers
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Endoplasmic reticulum - network of narrow tubes andsheets of membranes that carries protein and secretes
lipids.
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Dictyosomes stack of thin vesicles held together in a flat orcurve array
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Ribosomes- non-membrane bounded organelles for proteinsynthesis
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Microbodies-small, spherical bodies 0.5m to 1.5m indiameter, single membrane
2 types:
1. peroxisomes- produces and degrades hydrogenperoxide (H2O2), detoxifies harmful products of
photosynthesis
2. glyoxysomes convert fats into sugars, importantin germination of fat-rich oily seeds.
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Microtubules
act as cytoskeleton
Motility of organelles and or whole cellsAlpha-tubulin and beta-tubulin
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Microfilaments
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Storage products
Starch
Lipids
Plant Crystals
1. calcium oxalate
2. calcium carbonate
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Styloid crystals
Rosette crystals
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Crystals (CaCO3)
cystolith
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Thank you..
Ross D. Vasquez
June 2012