cell organelles (4th hour) 2011 - hartlandapbio.weebly.com€¦ · • free ribosomesproduce...
TRANSCRIPT
Cell Organelles
Brought to you by 4th hour
AP Biology 2011
By: Shane Macfarlane and Amy Halonen
•Has a nuclear membrane
•Contains chromatin r
•The nucleus contains genetic material (DNA)
•The liquid inside is called the nucleoplasm
Function
• The nucleus is found in eukaryotes
• Contains and replicates genetic material (DNA)
• Regulates cell activity
• Uses messenger RNA to help produce proteins
Analogy
• An analogy for the nucleus is the human brain because like the nucleus the brain controls the bodies action
• Also the nucleus contains DNA which is like the brains storage of memory.
The Ribosome - Structure
�Image 1 show the location of the ribosome in the cell.
�The ribosomes are either bound to the endoplasmic
reticulum (causing the ER to be rough) or, less often,
floating free in the cytosol.
�A ribosome is composed of two subunits: ribosomal
RNA and protein.
1
The Ribosome – Function
• Purpose of the ribosomes is to carry out protein synthesis.
• Cells that have high rates of protein synthesis have a large number of ribosomes (ex. The pancreas).
• Free ribosomes produce proteins that function within the cytosol (ex. The first steps of breaking down sugar).
• Bound ribosomes produce proteins that may be inserted into membranes, packaging with various organelles or secretion from the cell.
• The synthesis of the proteins depends on the mRNA from the nucleus.
Nucleus Ribosome = Coach Athlete
Endoplasmic Reticulum Endoplasmic Reticulum
(ER)(ER)
Maggie Hogan Maggie Hogan
&&
Amanda WrightAmanda Wright
StructureStructure�� Consists of a network of Consists of a network of
membranous tubules and membranous tubules and
sacs called cisternae. sacs called cisternae.
�� There are two regions: There are two regions:
--Smooth ERSmooth ER-- its its cytoplasmiccytoplasmic
surface lacks surface lacks ribosomesribosomes
--Rough ERRough ER-- the the cytoplasmiccytoplasmic
surface is studded with surface is studded with
ribosomesribosomes. .
FunctionFunction
�� Smooth ERSmooth ER-- Involved with diverse Involved with diverse
metabolic processes. metabolic processes.
Ex. Synthesis of lipids, metabolism of Ex. Synthesis of lipids, metabolism of
carbohydrates, detoxification of drugs and carbohydrates, detoxification of drugs and
poisons.poisons.
�� Rough ERRough ER-- Synthesizes Synthesizes secretorysecretory proteins proteins
and it produces membrane. and it produces membrane.
AnalogyAnalogy�� The endoplasmic reticulum is like a factory The endoplasmic reticulum is like a factory
making lipids and proteins. The walls of the making lipids and proteins. The walls of the
factory look like the walls of the endoplasmic factory look like the walls of the endoplasmic
reticulum. reticulum.
Golgi ApparatusGolgi Apparatus
By: Cam FrittsBy: Cam Fritts
JaymieJaymie DyerDyer
StructureStructure
�� Consists of flattened membranous sacs called Consists of flattened membranous sacs called
cisternaecisternae which are not physically connectedwhich are not physically connected
�� CisCis faceface--receives vesicles containing ER productsreceives vesicles containing ER products
�� Trans faceTrans face-- dispatches vesiclesdispatches vesicles
FunctionFunction
�� Manufacturing, warehousing, sorting, and Manufacturing, warehousing, sorting, and
shippingshipping
�� Products of the ER are modified, sorted, and Products of the ER are modified, sorted, and
sent to other destinationssent to other destinations
�� Engaged in the transfer of material between the Engaged in the transfer of material between the
Golgi and other structuresGolgi and other structures
�� Manufactures certain macromolecules by itselfManufactures certain macromolecules by itself
�� Refines its products in stages with different Refines its products in stages with different
cisternaecisternae
AnalogyAnalogy
�� An analogy to the Golgi Apparatus would An analogy to the Golgi Apparatus would
be a UPS shipping warehouse.be a UPS shipping warehouse.
�� The Golgi Apparatus modifies, stores and The Golgi Apparatus modifies, stores and
then ships vesicles to other destinationsthen ships vesicles to other destinations
�� The UPS shipping warehouse stores The UPS shipping warehouse stores
products and ships them out when products and ships them out when
requestedrequested
Lysosome and Lysosome and
PeroxisomePeroxisome
By Nicole Schnabel and By Nicole Schnabel and
Jessica PlastowJessica Plastow
Function in the CellFunction in the Cell
�� LysosomeLysosome
�� Uses a sac of hydrolytic Uses a sac of hydrolytic
enzymes to digest enzymes to digest
macromolecules.macromolecules.
�� Recycles the cellRecycles the cell’’s s
organic material.organic material.
�� In PhagocytosisIn Phagocytosis
�� Small organisms or food Small organisms or food
particles are engulfed. particles are engulfed.
�� Form a food vacuole that Form a food vacuole that
fuses with the lysosome, fuses with the lysosome,
�� Enzymes digest the food.Enzymes digest the food.
�� PeroxisomePeroxisome
�� A microbody that A microbody that
contains enzymes thatcontains enzymes that
�� Detoxifies harmful Detoxifies harmful
substancessubstances
�� Breaks down fatty acids.Breaks down fatty acids.
�� Transfers Hydrogen Transfers Hydrogen
from various substrates from various substrates
to oxygen.to oxygen.
�� Produces Hydrogen Produces Hydrogen
Peroxide which it then Peroxide which it then
breaks down.breaks down.
Structure of the LysosomeStructure of the Lysosome
�� A circular near the Nucleus that A circular near the Nucleus that
contains a sac of digestive enzymes.contains a sac of digestive enzymes.
Structure of the PeroxisomeStructure of the Peroxisome
�� Roughly sphericalRoughly spherical
�� Granular or crystalline Granular or crystalline
core that is a dense core that is a dense
collection of enzymes.collection of enzymes.
MetaphorsMetaphors
�� LysosomeLysosome
A Lysosome is the A Lysosome is the stomach of the cell. It stomach of the cell. It digests food particles. digests food particles.
�� PeroxisomePeroxisome
A Peroxisome is the A Peroxisome is the water treatment plant water treatment plant of the cell, because it of the cell, because it detoxifies the cell so it detoxifies the cell so it can continue to can continue to function. Just like function. Just like water is detoxified for water is detoxified for reuse.reuse.
The Structure of a Vacuole
• Vacuoles are membrane-bounded sacs within the cell. Food vacuoles are formed by phagocytosis. Vacuoles can be found in both animal and plant cells, but are usually much larger in plant cells. Most mature plant cells have a Central Vacuole. This is typically the largest compartment in a plant cell. The central vacuole is enclosed by a membrane called the tonoplast.
The Functions of a Vacuole
• Vacuoles can have different functions depending on the type of cell it is, but generally they function as storage for food and water, waste disposal, protection, and growth. Some vacuoles like contractile vacuoles, main function is to pump excess water out of the cell. While other vacuoles may store a pigment that color the cell, such as the pigments on a flower’s petals that help attract pollinating insects. Other Vacuoles can be filled with compounds that are poisonous to animals for protection.
The Analogy of a Vacuole
• Vacuoles in a cell are basically like the cells warehouse. They
store food, water, and other things for the cell.
By: Jen English and Marissa Shoemaker
Structure• About 1-10 mm long • The cristae give the inner mitochondrial membrane a
large surface area that enhances the productivity of cellular respiration, another example of structure fitting function.
• Enclosed by two membranes, each a phospholipidbilayer with a unique collection of embedded proteins – Outer membrane = smooth
– Inner membrane =Cristae• divides the mitochondrion into two internal
compartments
– 1) Intermembrane space, the narrow region between the inner and outer membranes
– 2) mitochondrial matrix, is enclosed by the inner membrane. The matrix contains many different enzymes as well as the mitochondrial
Function
• Used to provide energy to the cell
• “Power house” of the cell
• The sites of cellular respiration
• The sites of catabolic process that generates ATP by extracting energy from sugars, fats, and other fuels with the help of oxygen.
Analogy
• The mitochondria
is just like a
power plant. The
mitochondria
produces power
for the cell just
like a power plant
produces energy
for a city.
ChloroplastsChloroplasts
By By SavanahSavanah Moore and Jacqueline Bull Moore and Jacqueline Bull
44thth HourHour
StructureStructure
�� StromaStroma: Fluid outside of the : Fluid outside of the thylakoidsthylakoids. Contains DNA, . Contains DNA,
enzymes, and enzymes, and ribosomesribosomes
�� GranumGranum: Many : Many thylakoidsthylakoids stacked up.stacked up.
�� ThylakoidThylakoid: : MembraneousMembraneous system of flattened sacks. system of flattened sacks.
�� Inner and outer membranes: Separate the Inner and outer membranes: Separate the stromastroma and and
the the ThylakoidThylakoid space.space.
�� Plastids: Specialized plant organelles, like Chloroplast.Plastids: Specialized plant organelles, like Chloroplast.
�� Chlorophyll: Green pigment.Chlorophyll: Green pigment.
Structure Cont.Structure Cont.
FunctionFunction
�� Photosynthetic organelle; converts Photosynthetic organelle; converts
energy of sunlight to chemical energy energy of sunlight to chemical energy
stored in sugar molecules.stored in sugar molecules.
�� Chloroplasts move around cell like Chloroplasts move around cell like
mitochondria and other organelles.mitochondria and other organelles.
AnalogyAnalogy
�� Chloroplast is like a car engine. It Chloroplast is like a car engine. It
converts the raw substance (sunlight) converts the raw substance (sunlight)
into a new form of energy. Cars do the into a new form of energy. Cars do the
same thing by converting gas into kinetic same thing by converting gas into kinetic
energy.energy.
Cytoskeleton: MicrotubulesAdam Mossoian
Hayden Sowa
Structure
• Part of the three fibers that make up the cytoskeleton.
• They are found in the cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells.
• Hollow rods that measure 200 nanometers by 25 micrometers in length.
• Wall of the tube is constructed from globular proteins called tubulin.
• Microtubules can be disassembled and their tubulin can
be used to build microtubules elsewhere in the cell.
• Centrioles are formed from nine sets of three
microtubules.
Function• Carry out the function of
retaining the cells shape.
• Centrioles are in the middle of all microtubules in the
cell.
• Centrioles aid in dividing the cell during mitosis.
• Transportation system for organelles with motor
molecules.
• Responsible for the
separation of chromosomes during cellular division.
Analogy
• Trunks are to branches as centriolesare to microtubules.
• When buildings are constructed a foundation is laid on the ground in
order for the support beams, which are
similar to microtubules in the sense that they keep the whole structure
together.
• Microtubules are to cytoskeleton as a
bone is to the skeletal system.
By Lucas and Katie
Intermediate Filaments-
-Consist of fibrous
proteins super coiled into
thick strands
-Proteins are made up of
several from the keratin
familyMicrofilaments-
-Consist of two intertwined strands of the protein actin
Micro-filaments
Maintain cell-shape
(through Tension)
Change cell shape
Muscle contraction
Cytoplasmic streaming
Cell motility (pseudopodia)
Cell division
Intermediate Filaments
Maintains cell-shape (through tension)
Anchorage of nucleus and
certain other organelles
Formation of nuclear lamina
Usually more permanent fixtures
in cell
AnalogyAnalogy
Microfilaments act as cables
attached to cranes that move by
contracting or extending objects
on a construction site
Intermediate filaments
Act as cables that support a
structure such as a radio tower
Cell Wall
By: Elizabeth Glasco, and Rachel Piper
Structure• Only in plant cells and some prokaryotic cells
• Thicker than the plasma membrane
• Ranges from .1micrometer to several micrometers
• Composition varies from species to species and from one cell to another
• Has microfibrils, made of polysaccharide cellulose, that are embedded in other polysaccharides and protein
• There is a thin, flexible layer, called the primary cell wall
• Inbetween the primary walls is a thin layer of sticky polysaccharides (pectins) called middle lamella
• Secondary cell wall is between the plasma membrane and the primary cell wall
• Primary forms when the cell is young, and the secondary wall comes later
Function
• The cell wall (mainly the secondary wall) protects plant cells and helps them to keep their shape
• It prevents excess uptake of water
• It holds the cell up against the force of gravity
AnalogyA cell wall is like a building. A
building keeps the shape of the
area people live or work in along
with protecting people from
weather.
Extracellular MatrixExtracellular Matrix
By: Derek By: Derek AndreenAndreen
Jessica Armstrong Jessica Armstrong
StructureStructure
It is about 95% carbohydratesIt is about 95% carbohydrates
It is mostly It is mostly glycoproteinsglycoproteins (proteins that are (proteins that are
bonded to carbohydratesbonded to carbohydrates
FunctionFunction
They hold cells togetherThey hold cells together
Fibers are woven together to make a Fibers are woven together to make a
networknetwork
The ECM binds to integrins (receptors that The ECM binds to integrins (receptors that
are in the plasma membrane) to are in the plasma membrane) to
communicate with the cytoskeletoncommunicate with the cytoskeleton
Changes in the cytoskeleton can signal Changes in the cytoskeleton can signal
chemical pathways in the cellchemical pathways in the cell
Analogy Analogy
Weaving a blanket of different types of Weaving a blanket of different types of
threads.threads.
The ECM is composed of multiple different The ECM is composed of multiple different
fibers that are woven together to form a fibers that are woven together to form a
structure that binds cells together.structure that binds cells together.
Intercellular Junctions
4 Types
Structure
• Tight Junctions- fuse together to create belts around the cell
• Desmosomes- fasten the cells together into strong sheets
• Gap Junctions- small channels between animal cells
• Plasmodesmata- small channels between plant cells
Function
• Tight Junctions- prevents leakage of
extracellular fluid
• Desmosomes- “anchoring junctions” fastens
cells into strong sheets
• Gap Junctions- “communicating junctions”
provide channels that allow small molecules to
pass between animal cells
• Plasmodesmata- provide channels that allow
small molecules to pass between plant cells
Analogy
• Gap junctions and Plasmodesmata are similar to the tunnel between Canada and the United States. The tunnel (channel) provides the cars (molecules) with a way to travel between the two countries (cells).