cell membrane: a thin, flexible barrier which surrounds all cells. - regulates what enters &...
DESCRIPTION
Two processes to this movement: * Passive Transport * Active TransportTRANSCRIPT
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CELL MEMBRANE: a thin, flexible barrier which surrounds all cells. - regulates what enters & leaves cell - provides protection and support.- semi-permeable (allowing only certain molecules (like water) to pass freely through into or out of the cell)
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Two processes to this movement: * Passive Transport * Active Transport
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PASSIVE TRANSPORTTakes place without the support of cell energy. The most common form of passive transport is diffusion.
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DIFFUSION: The movement of molecules (other than water) from a higher concentrated area to a lower concentrated area.Examples: gases such as oxygen and carbon dioxide, lipids, alcohol, some vitamins
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Importance of Diffusion to Cells and Humans:
Cellular RespirationAlveoli of LungsCapillariesRed blood cellsTime-released medications
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Rate of diffusion -depends on temperature and size of molecules.-molecules diffuse faster at higher temperatures then lower temperatures.-- small molecules diffuse faster than large molecules
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OSMOSIS: The diffusion of pure water (and only water) from a higher concentrated area to a lower concentrated area.
salt
Cell membrane
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Importance of Osmosis on Cells and Humans:
- Cells remove water produced by cellular respiration- Large intestines cells transport water to the bloodstream- Kidney cells form urine
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THE EFFECTS OF OSMOSIS ON CELLS
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HYPERTONIC SOLUTION: the concentration of solutes is higher outside the cell than inside – cell loses water and shrinks.
Example: pouring salt onto a snail/slug.
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HYPOTONIC SOLUTION: the concentration of solutes is lower outside the cell then inside the cell – cell gains water and swells (If the cell bursts, this is referred to as lysis or cytolysis)
Example: Putting 100% pure water into a patient’s IV bag would cause excess water to get into their cells. To keep cells from bursting, IV’s usually contain a salt or sugar solution.
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ISOTONIC SOLUTION: the concentration of solutes are equal inside and outside of the cell – cell stays the same size
Example: Blood is isotonic to body cells. This means that the body cells will not shrink or burst when they come in contact with blood.
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FACILITATED DIFFUSION: Protein Channels assist molecules such as glucose, amino acids, ions, etc. across the cell membrane WITHOUT the use of the cell’s ENERGY.
Cellmembrane
Proteins
Proteinchannel Lipid bilayer
Carbohydratechains
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Importance of Facilitated Diffusion to Cells and Humans:Cells obtain food to carry out cellular respirationNeurons can communicateSmall intestines cells transport food to the blood streamMuscle cells contract
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Active Transport• Molecules move from areas of low
concentration to areas of high concentration with the aid of ATP energy.
• Requires protein carriers called Pumps.
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Importance of Active TransportGets rid of unwanted molecules such as sodium from urine in the kidneysMaintains internal conditions that are different from the environmentControls cellular pH levels
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BULK MOVEMENT: large molecules, like proteins, are transported across the cell membrane. 2 processes:
* Exocytosis * Endocytosis
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EXOCYTOSIS: wastes & cell products such as polysaccharides, hormones and mucous are packaged by the Golgi Apparatus and secreted out of the cell.
Tears
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ENDOCYTOSIS: portion of the cell membrane surrounds a desirable molecule (such as food) outside of the cell and takes it in (Phagocytosis & Pinocytosis).
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Phagocytosis• “Cellular Eating” – engulfing large
molecules, whole cells, bacteria • Ex. Macrophages ingesting bacteria or
worn out red blood cells.• Ex. Unicellular organisms engulfing
food particles.
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Pinocytosis• “Cellular Drinking” – engulfing liquids
and small molecules dissolved in liquids; unspecific what enters.
• Ex. Intestinal cells, Kidney cells, Plant root cells