Cell Division

Chapter 10: Cell Growth and DivisionSection 11.4: MeiosisCell Division1Vocabulary:Asexual Reproduction Sexual Reproduction Mitosis Meiosis Diploid Haploid

Chromatin Chromatid Centromere Histone Nucleosomes 2Asexual Reproduction:The production of genetically identical offspring from a single parent

3Sexual Reproduction:Offspring are produced by the fusion of two sex cells one from each of two parents. These fuse into a single cell before the offspring can grow.

4Mitosis: Division of the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell Followed by cytokinesis division of the cytoplasm The two daughter cells are identical to the original cell

5Meiosis:Process that produces gametes from a diploid cell. A reductive division of the nucleus that produces four haploid gametes.

6Diploid: Cells having two sets of chromosomes2N = 46Examples: All human body cellsExcept reproductive cells (sperm and egg)

7Haploid:Cells containing only one set of chromosomesN = 23

8Chromatin:DNA and protein (histones) in the nucleus of a non-dividing cell

9Chromatid:One of the two identical parts of a replicated chromosome

10Centromere:Point of attachment between sister chromatids

11Histone:Protein molecule that DNA wraps around during chromosome formation

12Nucleosomes:The beadlike structures formed by DNA and histone molecules

13Section 10.1Cell Growth, Division, and Reproduction14THINK ABOUT ITWhen a living thing grows, what happens to its cells?

What are some of the difficulties a cell faces as it increases in size?

15Limits to Cell SizeThere are 2 main reasons why cells do not grow indefinitely:Larger cells place more demands on their DNAWhen a cell is small, the information stored in DNA is able to meet all of the cells needsIts like putting a Volvo engine in a Hummer just doesnt have the power to make it go.

16Limits to Cell Size2. Larger cells cant move enough nutrients and waste across the cell membraneFunction of the cell membrane: help exchange materials between outside and inside of the cell.A huge cell is going to need lots of food, water, and oxygen and produce lots of wastes that would have to travel through the cell and across the membrane.

17Limits to Cell SizeThe larger a cell becomes, the more demands the cell places on its DNA. In addition, a larger cell is less efficient in moving nutrients and waste materials across its cell membrane.

18Information Overload Compare a cell to a growing town. The town library has a limited number of books. As the town grows, these limited number of books are in greater demand, which limits access.

A growing cell makes greater demands on its genetic library. If the cell gets too big, the DNA would not be able to serve the needs of the growing cell.

19Exchanging MaterialsFood, oxygen, and water enter a cell through the cell membrane. Waste products leave in the same way.The rate at which this exchange takes place depends on the surface area of a cell.

20Exchanging MaterialsThe rate at which food and oxygen are used up and waste products are produced depends on the cells volume.The ratio of surface area to volume is key to understanding why cells must divide as they grow.

21Ratio of Surface Area to VolumeImagine a cell shaped like a cube... As the length of the sides of a cube increases, its volume increases faster than its surface area, decreasing the ratio of surface area to volume. If a cell gets too large, the surface area of the cell is not large enough to get enough oxygen and nutrients in and waste out.

22Traffic ProblemsTo use the town analogy again, as the town grows, more and more traffic clogs the main street. It becomes difficult to get information across town and goods in and out.

Similarly, a cell that continues to grow would experience traffic problems. If the cell got too large, it would be more difficult to get oxygen and nutrients in and waste out.

23Division of the CellBefore a cell grows too large, it divides into two new daughter cells in a process called cell division.Before cell division, the cell copies all of its DNA.It then divides into two daughter cells. Each daughter cell receives a complete set of DNA.Cell division reduces cell volume. It also results in an increased ratio of surface area to volume, for each daughter cell.

24Cell Division and ReproductionAsexual ReproductionSexual ReproductionA single parentGenetically identical offspringProkaryotic and eukaryotic single-celled organisms and many multicellular organismsSimple, efficient, & effective way for an organism to produce a large number of offspring.

Fusion of two sex cells one from each of two parentsGenetically diverse offspringMost animals and plants, and many single-celled organismsGenetic diversity helps ensure survival of species when environment changes25Section 10.2The Process of Cell Division26Chromosomes Prokaryotic Eukaryotic27ChromosomesThe genetic information that is passed on from one generation of cells to the next is carried by chromosomes.Every cell must copy its genetic information before cell division begins.Each daughter cell gets its own copy of that genetic information.Cells of every organism have a specific number of chromosomes.

28Prokaryotic ChromosomesProkaryotic cells lack nuclei. Instead, their DNA molecules are found in the cytoplasm.

Most prokaryotes contain a single, circular DNA molecule, or chromosome, that contains most of the cells genetic information.

29Eukaryotic ChromosomesIn eukaryotic cells, chromosomes are located in the nucleus, and are made up of chromatin.Chromatin is composed of DNA and histone proteins.DNA coils around histone proteins to form nucleosomes.The nucleosomes interact with one another to form coils and supercoils that make up chromosomes.

30The Prokaryotic Cell CycleBinary fission is a form of asexual reproduction during which two genetically identical cells are produced. For example, bacteria reproduce by binary fission.

Binary Fission (1:02)31The Eukaryotic Cell CycleThe eukaryotic cell cycle consists of four phases: G1, S, G2, and M.Interphase is the time between cell divisions. It is a period of growth that consists of the G1, S, and G2 phases. The M phase is the period of cell division.

Eukaryotic Cell Cycle | Biology | Genetics (4:19)32G1 Phase: Cell GrowthIn the G1 phase, cells increase in size and synthesize new proteins and organelles.

33G0 PhaseCells that leave the cell cycleDo NOT copy their DNA Do NOT prepare for cell divisionExample: cells of the central nervous system

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S Phase: DNA ReplicationIn the S (or synthesis) phase, new DNA is synthesized when the chromosomes are replicated.35

G2 Phase: Preparing for Cell DivisionIn the G2 phase, many of the organelles and molecules required for cell division are produced.McGraw Hill Control of Cell Cycle

McGraw Hill - How the Cell Cycle Works36

M Phase: Cell DivisionIn eukaryotes, cell division occurs in two stages: mitosis and cytokinesis.

Mitosis is the division of the cell nucleus.

Cytokinesis is the division of the cytoplasm.Mitosis (1:29)38Important Cell Structures Involved in MitosisChromatid each strand of a duplicated chromosome

Centromere the area where each pair of chromatids is joined

Centrioles tiny structures located in the cytoplasm of animal cells that help organize the spindle

Spindle a fanlike microtubule structure that helps separate the chromatids39ProphaseDuring prophase, the first phase of mitosis, the duplicated chromosome condenses and becomes visible. The centrioles move to opposite sides of nucleus and help organize the spindle.The spindle forms and DNA strands attach at a point called their centromere. The nucleolus disappears and nuclear envelope breaks down.This is the longest stage of mitosis.

40MetaphaseDuring metaphase, the second phase of mitosis, the centromeres of the duplicated chromosomes line up across the center of the cell.The spindle fibers connect the centromere of each chromosome to the two poles of the spindle.This is the shortest phase of mitosis.

41AnaphaseDuring anaphase, the third phase of mitosis, the centromeres are pulled apart and the chromatids separate to become individual chromosomes.The chromosomes separate into two groups near the poles of the spindle.

42TelophaseDuring telophase, the fourth and final phase of mitosis, the chromosomes spread out into a tangle of chromatin. A nuclear envelope re-forms around each cluster of chromosomes.The spindle breaks apart, and a nucleolus becomes visible in each daughter nucleus.Chromosomes uncoil.

Stages of Mitosis (4:30)43CytokinesisAnimal CellsPlant CellsThe cell membrane is drawn in (cleavage furrow)until the cytoplasm is pinched into two equal parts.Each part contains its own nucleus and organelles.

In plants, the cell membrane is not flexible enough to draw inward because of the rigid cell wall.A cell plate forms between the divided nuclei that develops into cell membranes.A cell wall then forms in between the two new membranes.

McGraw Hill - Mitosis and Cytokinesis Animation44The Stages of the Cell Cycle

Mitosis (6:10)45Video clips and AnimationsMitosis (1:29)Eukaryotic Cell Cycle | Biology | Genetics (4:19)Stages of Mitosis (4:30)Mitosis (6:10)Meiosis (5:27)PBS (Mitosis vs Meiosis) Interactive