cell communication. cell signaling the mechanisms by which cells communicate with each other ...
TRANSCRIPT
CELL COMMUNICATION
Cell signaling
The mechanisms by which cells communicate with each other
Absolutely essential in multicellular organisms
Can communicate in multiple ways
Sending Signals
4 basic “styles” of signaling Endocrine Contact-
dependent
Paracrine Neuronal
Local Signaling
Ex. Paracrine & Neurons Paracrine Signaling
Signaling molecule that diffuses through the interstitial fluid
Ex. Histamine Stored in certain cells of immune system Released in response to allergic reactions,
injury, or infection Causes blood vessels to dilate and capillaries to
become more permeable
Local Signaling
Neuron Signaling Most signal by releasing chemical
compounds called neurotransmitters Diffuse across synapses = tiny gaps
between neurons Ex. Acetylcholine, dopamine, serotonin
Long Distance Signals
Ex. Endocrine/Hormone Signaling Hormones are secreted by endocrine
glands
Secreted into extracellular fluid
Diffuses into capillaries and transported by blood to target cell
Cell Signaling Overview
Step 1: Reception
A signal molecule binds to a receptor protein
Signal molecule = ligand
Causes protein to change shape
Most receptors are plasma membrane proteins
Intracellular Receptors
Found in cytosol or nucleus
Activated by small or hydrophobic molecules that can cross membrane
Ex. Steroid and thyroid hormones
Can act as a transcription factor, turning on specific genes
Step 2: Transduction
Cascades of molecular interactions relay signals from receptors to target molecules in the cell
Usually involves multiple steps
Can amplify a signal
Transduction Pathways
The molecules that relay signals are mostly proteins
Activated from receptor, which activates another protein, which activates another, etc. until response is activated
Protein Phosphorylation
The signal is transmitted by phosphorylations
Protein kinases transfer phosphates from ATP to protein
Protein phosphatases remove the phosphates, called dephosphorylation
Acts as on/off switch
Second Messengers
The ligand is considered the “1st messenger”
Second messengers are small, nonprotein molecules that spread by diffusion Participate in pathways initiated by G
protein coupled receptors & receptor tyrosine kinases
Ex. Cyclic AMP
Cyclic AMP (cAMP)
One of the most widely used second messengers
Adenylyl cyclase, an enzyme in plasma membrane, coverts ATP to cAMP
Many ligands trigger formation of cAMP
Usually activates protein kinase A
Phosphorylates various other proteins
Step 3: Response
Regulation of transcription or cytoplasmic activities
Many pathways regulate the synthesis of enzymes or other proteins By turning on/off genes
Other pathways regulate the activity of enzymes
Can also affect physical characteristics of a cell
Fine-tuning the Response
Multistep pathways have 2 important benefits:
Amplifying the signal
Contributing to the specificity of the response
Signal Amplification
Enzyme cascades amplify the cell’s response
At each step, the number of activated products is much greater than in the preceding step
Specificity of Signaling & Response Different kinds of cells have different
collections of proteins Allow cells to detect and respond to
different signals
The same signal can have different effects in cells with different proteins & pathways
Termination of Signal
Receptor and each of the components of the transduction pathway return to inactive states
Failure to terminate can lead to undesirable consequences Ex. Cholera