ce 220 building constructin methods.pdf

8/17/2019 CE 220 Building Constructin Methods.pdf

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Building Construction Methods

Chapter 14


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Objectives

Develop an understanding of the

basic building systems.

• Foundation

• Framing

•

Building envelope• Utilities

• Environmental control systems


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Foundation

Homes and low rise commercial

building typically have shallow

foundations. The most common typesare concrete slab-on-grade and grade

beams.


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Framing

Today framing for residential and

many single story commercial

buildings is prefabricated off-site andtrucked to

the site.


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Framing

For low rise commercial buildings is

steel framing is often used.

Three storyoffice building

Single storycommercialbuilding.


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Framing

The first step is

bolting the framing

system, be it wood ormetal, to the

foundation concrete.


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Framing

A wood roof framing

system consisting of

rafters and joists.


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Framing

A bar joists metal roof framing

system.


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Building Envelope

The building envelope consists ofthe insulation, sheathing, moisture

barrier, exterior siding androofing, windows, and doors. Inresidential construction the

sheathing is usually the plywood orOSB. It is nailed directly onto theframe to create a shear wall.


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Building Envelope

Sheathing in place on a modernhome.


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Building Envelope

Blanket insulation use in

residential construction.


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Building Envelope

Applying

insulation and

sheathing to a

metal

building

frame.


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Building Envelope

Applying the glue to insulation panels

for the

exteriorwall of a

metal

framed

building.


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Building Envelope

Applying theexterior plaster

coat to theinsulationpanels thatform the

sheathing of ametal framedbuilding.


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BuildingEnvelope

Metal window

frames read to

be installed in a

commercial

building.


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Building Envelope

Metal window

frames being

installed in a

commercial

building.


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Building Envelope

Window units

being installed

in a commercial

building.


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Interior Walls

In a house, framing the interior walls

is an integral part of the framing

operation. In large commercialbuildings, interior walls may not be

part of the original construction

process. Each building tenant hasinterior partitions constructed to suit

their own needs.


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Interior Walls

As sheetrock is installed, cutouts aremade for electric switches and light

fixtures, and any other items thatprotrude through the wall.

Interior framing

is usually covered

with sheetrock.


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Utilities

Inside the building, utilities are

generally built in two phases –

rough-in and finish. Utilityrough-in can begin when the

framing is nearly complete.


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Electric rough-in

Electric rough-in is a matter of

identifying the locations for allitems such as the main electrical

panel, light fixtures, switches,

wall receptacles, and theappliance outlets.


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Electric rough-in

Everything that resides inside the

walls and ceiling plenum area is

installed.

Electric conduits

in the plenum area.


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Electric rough-in

The electric entrance cable is installed

and connected at this time.


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Electric rough-in

Everything that resides inside the walls,

such as wiring, wall receptacles, and

switches is installed.


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Electric rough-in

Everything that resides inside the

ceiling, such as wiring and lighting

fixtures is installed.


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Plumbing rough-in

Slab-on-grade construction requires

that plumbing rough-in for water

supply and wastewater drain lines beinstalled prior to the construction of

the slab.


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Plumbing rough-in

All above slab pipes for the sinks and

showers, washer, and faucets are

installed during the framing processor as soon as the framing is complete.


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Plumbing rough-in

All above slab waste water pipes areinstalled during the framing process

or as soon as the framing is complete.


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Mechanical rough-in

Mechanical rough-in

consists ofinstallation of the

ductwork for the

forced air heatingand air conditioning.


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Mechanical rough-in

Mechanical rough-in consists of the

ductwork for the forced air heating

and air conditioning.


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Environmental Control Systems

Environmental control systems arelighting, heating and cooling,

ventilation, and the systems thatcontrol them. The wiring andductwork for these systems are

installed during the utilities rough-instage. As the building nearscompletion, the final work on thesesystems is completed.


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Interior Finish

The interior needs to be painted

before the finish electric andfinish plumbing. The very last

item will be the floor covering.


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Common Commercial Buildings

There are many chain restaurants,

department stores, grocery stores,

office buildings, and warehouses thatare essentially the same standardized

one-story

buildingdesign.


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Common Commercial Buildings

The floor is a concrete slab-on-grade.

The exterior walls are either tilt-up

concrete panels set on a grade beam.


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Tilt-up Construction

The tilt-up wall panels can be

designed to be load-bearing, which is

usually the case for the exterior

walls, or non-load-bearing. This

building process works very well forshell type buildings.


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The slab-on-grade building floor slab

serves at the casting yard for the tilt-

up wallpanels.


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Blockouts for doors and windows are

created in the panels. In these areas

there is no reinforcing steel orelectrical

conduit.


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Tilt-upConstruction

Panels are

usually erected

in a clockwiserotation,

starting from a

chosenbuilding

corner.


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Each panel must be

leveled and plumbed

before the temporarybraces are attached

to maintain the panel

in an uprightposition.


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After the panels are erected, the

interior structural system and roof

can beconstructed.


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The space between the floor slab and

the wall panels is filled with concrete,

securingthe wall

panels to the

foundationand the

floor.


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Multi-story Building

The nature of multi-story building

construction is very different from

homes and one/two-storycommercial building construction.

The mechanical, electrical,

transportation systems, and lifesafety systems are much more

complete in multi-story buildings.


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Multi-story buildings

are constructed

using differentdesigns such as: rigid

frame, shear wall,

wall-frame, framed-tube, and bundled-

tube.


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Multi-story buildings have deep

foundations. The design of the

foundation varies according to thekind of soils and bedrock at the

location, but usually involves driving

piles, drilled piers, or excavating

deep foundations.


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Foundation for aMulti-story Building

Deep excavation


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BuildingFoundation

Driving piling

for a buildingfoundation.


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Erection of

a steel

framemulti-story

building.


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Erection of a concrete frame multi-

story building.


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Braced-frame

The braced-frame structure is an

economical method of designing the

steel structure of a building. Thevertical members are the columns,

the horizontal members are the

girders, and the diagonals are the

braces. The diagonal braces work in

both tension and compression.


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Rigid-frame

Rigid frame structures have no

diagonal braces. There are only

vertical columns and horizontalgirders. The columns and girders

are large, heavy members that

support a concrete floor slab. This

kind of building is best suited for

reinforced concrete columns.


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Shear wall

Shear wall buildings work by

replacing the diagonal bracing with

walls that are rigid enough to resistdistortion. Masonry walls do not

work for this purpose because the

mortal lacks the required strength.

Most shear walls are made of

concrete panels.


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Framed-tube Structure

In a framed-tube structure the

external walls of the building make

up the tube, which consists of large

columns and large horizontal girders

placed close together. The columns

and girders are rigid and no diagonal

bracing is needed.


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Multi-story buildings present many

engineering challenges. There is the

challenge of providing water, firesuppression, and wastewater disposal

on the upper floors. Electrical and

communication systems are majorinstallations. Vertical transportation

is a great challenge.

ce 220 building constructin methods.pdf

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