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Commission on Crime

Prevention and Criminal

Justice

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HORARIO DE SESIONES

Miércoles 22 de abril

Registro 8:00 – 9:00 hrs

Ceremonia de Inauguración 9:00 – 10:00 hrs

Receso 10:00 – 10:30 hrs

Primera Sesión 10:30 – 12:30 hrs

Receso 12:30 – 13:00 hrs

Segunda Sesión 13:00 – 15:00 hrs

Comida 15:00 – 16:00 hrs

Tercera Sesión 16:00 – 18:00 hrs

Jueves 23 de abril

Panel de Discusión 8:00 – 9:30 hrs

Receso 9:30 – 10:00 hrs

Cuarta Sesión 10:00 – 12:30 hrs

Receso 12:30 – 13:00 hrs

Quinta Sesión 13:00 – 15:00 hrs

Comida 15:00 – 16:00 hrs

Sexta Sesión 16:00 – 18:00 hrs

Viernes 24 de abril

Séptima Sesión 8:00 – 10:00 hrs

Receso 10:00 – 10:30 hrs

Octava Sesión 10:30 – 12:30 hrs

Receso 12:30 – 13:00 hrs

Novena Sesión 13:00 – 14:30 hrs

Comida 14:30 – 16:00 hrs

Ceremonia de Clausura 16:00 – 17:30 hrs

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XXX TecMUN Agenda

"Sólo en las manos del hombre está el destino de la humanidad"

- Jorge Coste

Secretario General: Marco Antonio Casas Moreno

ASAMBLEA GENERAL

Subsecretaría General: Emiliano Reyes Pardo

Asamblea General Plenaria Presidente: Uriel Trejo Pecero

A) Medidas De Protección Y Seguridad A Las Personas Homosexuales En Medio

Oriente Y Países Musulmanes En África.

B) Medidas Ante Los Constantes Ataques Terroristas Por Parte De Grupos Yihadistas

Contra La Soberanía De Países Europeos.

Primera Comisión en Desarme y Seguridad Internacional Presidente: Lenin Silva Gutiérrez

A) Tensiones Y Conflictos Internacionales Causados Por Los Ataques Del Estado

Islámico A Poblaciones E Individuos Civiles.

B) Reacción Global A Las Consecuencias Sociales, Armamentistas Y De Seguridad

Internacional Que Provocó El Ataque Terrorista A Charlie Hebdo En Francia.

Tercera Comisión en Asuntos Sociales, Culturales y Humanitarios Presidente: José Pablo Ramírez Angulo

A) Medidas Necesarias Para La Eliminación Del Racismo En La Región Del Sur De

África Debido Al Conservatismo Del “Apartheid”.

B) Prevención De La Esclavitud En Países Arábigos, Con Énfasis En Países En Vías De

Desarrollo.

Office for Outer Space Affairs President: Gerardo Galván Olvera

A) Adoption Of A Post-Contact Policy For Extraterrestrial Intelligences.

B) Measures On Preventing The Weaponization Of Outer Space And A Possible Arms

Race.

Human Rights Council President: Amalia Melissa Medina Cruz

A) The Recent Condition Concerning Human Rights Violations Faced In Democratic

People's Republic Of Korea.

B) Solutions To Cease Bigotry Towards Transgender People In Malaysia And The

Reinforcement Of Human Rights Within The Country.

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Oficina del Representante Especial del Secretario General para la Cuestión de los Niños y

los Conflictos Armados *

Presidente: Mario Gabriel Gutiérrez Chávez

A) Acciones A Implementar Para Proteger La Vida E Integridad De Menores De Edad

Involucrados Directa O Indirectamente En El Conflicto Armado En Franja De Gaza.

B) Políticas Para La Reducción Y Prevención De Daño Y Perjuicio Contra Los Niños A

Causa De Los Conflictos En La República Árabe Siria.

CONSEJO ECONÓMICO Y SOCIAL

Subsecretario General: María Fernanda Zistecatl Espinosa

Comité Contra el Terrorismo * Presidenta: Joana Karime Novia Ibarra

A) Medidas En Contra De La Posible Alianza Entre Los Grupos Islamistas Radicales

Boko Haram Y El Estado Islámico Proyectando La Extensión De Un Califato Islámico

Que Abarque Territorios En Medio Oriente Y África Occidental.

B) Prevención De Nuevos Ataques Terroristas En Pakistán Y Creación De Un Plan

Frente A Posibles Amenazas Después Del Ataque Talibán En Peshawar.

Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice President: Diana Karen Tovar López

A) Status Of Demobilized FARC And Guerilla Personnel In The Context Of Colombia‟s

Peace Agreement Process And Its Possible Solutions.

B) The Current Situation Regarding Human Trafficking In Europe And Its Alternative

Solutions Taking Into Consideration Further Consequences.

Commission on the Status of Women President: Luisa Fernanda Fuentes Ojeda

A) Prevention of Gender Inequality And Discrimination Against Indigenous Women In

Latin America.

B) Protection Of Girls From Sexual Violence, Child Marriage And Early Pregnancy In

South Asia.

Organización Mundial de la Salud Presidenta: Mitzie Mariel Herlanda Mendoza

A) Medidas Necesarias Para Mejorar Los Programas De Rehabilitación Para La

Discapacidad Infantil En América Latina Y Las Subsecuentes Repercusiones Sociales.

B) Soluciones Para Prevenir El Abandono Del Programa De Tratamiento Antirretrovírico

De La Infección Por El Virus De La Inmunodeficiencia Humana En Pacientes De

Hospitales En Países En Vías De Desarrollo.

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Oficina de las Naciones Unidas contra la Droga y el Delito Presidenta: Ana Paula Carranco Villalpando

A) Medidas De Prevención Y Disminución De La Violencia En América Latina Por El

Narcotráfico.

B) Posibles Repercusiones Del Reciente Aumento Del Cultivo De Opio En El Sudeste

Asiático.

United Nations Children’s Fund President: Lorena Martínez Tejeda

A) Motions To Regulate Islamic Religious Schools In Order Prevent Physical Abuse And

Child Trafficking.

B) Reinforcement Of Measures To Protect And Reintegrate Children Forced Into

Prostitution In The Mekong Sub-Region.

AGENCIAS ESPECIALIZADAS Y ORGANISMOS REGIONALES

Subsecretario General: Emilio Rentería González.

Council of Europe President: Juan Manuel Gómez-Portugal Zermeño

A) Humanitarian Efforts to Improve Ukraine's Current Deteriorating Socio-economic

Situation as a Result from the Crimean Crisis.

B) Possible Changes to Spain's Public Safety Bill on Protection of Citizen's Security Law

due to Human Rights Violations.

League of Arab States President: David Carrillo Ibarra

A) Regulations On The Current Situation Of Refugees In Iraq, Regarding The Actions

Led By ISIS.

B) Regulatory Measures Against Al-Qaeda‟s Increasing Influence In Yemen, Regarding

On Western‟s Concern, Religious Rebellious Groups And Post-Revolution Scenarios.

Weapons of Mass Destruction Commission Co-President: Carlos Carbajal Nogues

Co-President: Rubén Darío Álvarez Ángeles

A) The External Policy Of The Russian Federation, Due To The Tension Created With

The Ukrainian Crisis And The Fear Of A Second Cold War.

B) The Importance Of Anti-Missile Shields In Europe And The Tension Brought Due To

This Measures To Eastern Countries.

North Atlantic Treaty Organization President: Danae Tea Espinosa

A) The Islamic State As A Major Security Threat To NATO Members, Particularly

Turkey.

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B) NATO‟s Plans In Order To Deal With International Security With Special Focus In

The Russian‟s Federation And The United States Of America‟s Relations

Historical Security Council President: José Javier Rodríguez Mota

A) Actions taken by the United Nations Security Council due to the Invasion of Kuwait

by the Ba‟athist government of Iraq (1990)

B) Tension in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics created by economic crisis and

new policies (1990)

International Court of Justice * President: Daniela Mancera Alba

A) Obligations concerning negotiations relating to the cessation of the Nuclear Arms

Race to Nuclear Disarmament (Republic of the Marshall Islands v. United Kingdom).

B) Certain Criminal Proceedings in France (Republic of Congo V. France).

* Comités especializados, con estudiantes de preparatoria y universidad.

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Secretariado, jueces, embajadores, ministros y agentes:

Dijo un gran mago, en cierta novela fantástica, la siguiente frase: "Muy pronto tendrán

que elegir entre lo que es correcto, y lo que es fácil". Me atrevo a citar a un personaje

ficticio, de un universo ficticio, porque siempre he creído que, paradójicamente,

descubrimos más realidades de nuestro mundo al tratar de cubrirlo con una capa de

invención poética e imaginaria. Queramos o no, un guiño de verdad siempre asoma,

indicando que lo imposible no tiene cabida en nuestras vidas. Siendo esto así, creo que el

día mencionado ha llegado.

Hablemos de lo fácil: la indiferencia, la conformidad, la desidia. Los problemas, el

crimen y la maldad se encuentran ahí fuera, pero mientras no nos afecten directamente,

pareciera que no existen. La basura que arrojemos al espacio se perderá en el infinito, no

necesitamos preocuparnos por ella. Tenemos recursos hídricos y petroleros para los

próximos 60 años, seguro con eso basta, al menos para los aquí presentes. Y si no, hay

científicos que trabajan para traer soluciones. Las mujeres mutiladas en África lo hacen

por tradición, hay que entender su cultura. Un grupo de estudiantes asesinados en Kenya,

por el simple hecho de ser cristianos, es grave, pero un hashtag puede resolverlo.

Ayotzinapa todavía está presente, pero lejos parecen haber quedado Tlataya, Acteal,

Aguas Blancas, San Fernando...

El panorama aparenta ser tan turbio que parece mejor sentarnos e ignorar que todo

aquello es real. Sin embargo, la ignorancia es lo fácil, y tengo la firme convicción que

somos la mayoría quienes optamos por lo correcto. Fácil, para nosotros como estudiantes,

sería quedarnos estos tres días en nuestras aulas de clase, memorizar dos o tres conceptos

y dormir temprano. Segundo atrevimiento del día: limitarnos a tener una boleta llena de

cienes es fácil. Lo correcto exige dar un poco más, implica intentar algo diferente. Sé que

lo correcto es perder la cabeza durante tres días y pensar que un grupo de estudiantes de

preparatoria hacen la diferencia para resolver las problemáticas más importantes que

aquejan a nuestro mundo; de lo contrario, no estaría aquí.

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Hoy no representan a una sola persona, eso es fácil. Hoy representan a un país entero, y

aunque de manera ficticia, recuerden que así nacen los más grandes logros del ser

humano: con una idea. Siéntanse orgullosos de pertenecer a aquellos que salen de la zona

de confort y buscan crecer, aprender y crear, porque esas son las personas que no

solamente creen en el cambio, sino que lo están logrando. Y como eso no es fácil, deben

conocer la gran responsabilidad que conlleva. Si a pesar de ello, se inclinan por lo

correcto, les garantizo no solamente orgullo y respeto, sino la trascendencia. Es por ello

que creo en TecMUN.Creo en que cada delegado hará válidas fuera del foro las ideas ahí

adquiera.Creo en cada miembro de las mesas, que sacrifican días enteros por hacer de

nuestro Modelo de Naciones Unidas una plataforma que revoluciona vidas enteras. Creo

en las personas e instituciones que respaldan el evento que, más que verlo como un juego,

saben que tienen en frente al futuro de nuestro mundo, y se sienten seguros de que

estamos haciendo la diferencia.

Más aún, creo que treinta ediciones después, sigue vigente la frase que nos identifica a

todos: "Sólo en las manos del hombre está el destino de la humanidad". Y les aseguro que

hoy podemos estar tranquilos, porque ese destino está en buenas manos. Porque nosotros

optamos por hacer lo correcto.

Marco A. Casas Moreno

Secretario General para el XXX TecMUN

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Querido delegado:

TecMUN no sirve de nada, es una pérdida de tiempo. ¿Por qué debería estar

debatiendo durante tres días acerca de un problema internacional, si las resoluciones

acordadas no se aplicarán en el mundo real? ¿Por qué debo redactar hojas de posición,

investigar profundamente la postura de un país ante una problemática, si ni siquiera soy

de esa nacionalidad? Soy muy joven, aún no puedo hacer un gran cambio en el mundo, de

eso se deberían encargar las organizaciones internacionales, las empresas

multinacionales, los políticos de cada país, no yo. Yo no puedo, es imposible.

¿Imposible? Antes del siglo XIX, la idea de poder transportar personas por medio

de un avión era tan sólo un sueño, el sufragio femenino era una idea inaceptable hace

menos de doscientos años, llegar a la luna era inalcanzable antes de 1969. Lo imposible

se convierte en una realidad en el momento en el que alguien decide lograrlo.

TecMUN no cambiará el mundo, eso es un hecho. El trabajo que realicemos a lo

largo de tres días se quedará plasmado en documentos que permanecerán guardados por

años. Pero hay más que eso. Estos tres días representan una oportunidad única para abrir

los ojos, para darse cuenta de los problemas que existen a nivel nacional o internacional,

para promover valores como respeto y tolerancia hacia los demás, honestidad y trabajo en

equipo. Podrás darte cuenta de algunos obstáculos que actualmente cada uno de los países

enfrenta: corrupción, la satisfacción de intereses propios sin importar los demás, la falta

de tolerancia ante diferentes religiones, grupos étnicos, en fin; existen tantos problemas

que la idea de un mundo diferente parece imposible.

Dependerá de ti si decides ser parte del cambio que necesitamos, o si permitirás

que estos tres días hayan sido una pérdida de tiempo.

María Fernanda Zistecatl Espinosa

Subsecretaria del Consejo Económico y Social para el XXX TecMUN

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Dear delegate:

Are you free? You may tell me you are, but are you conscious we are still living in a

world that justifies slavery? We are exposed to stereotypes, judgments, to what other

people say. Our body can be free but not our mind, our souls, ourselves.

What about everyday activities? Do you go everyday to school because you analyzed and

decided the reason you are going or just because someone else said you should do so?

The only way to be totally free is to be totally you. According to one of my favorite

philosophers, Jean-Paul Sartre, freedom equals happiness. You are free when you are

happy, and viceversa. How can you possibly achieve any of them? You must know who

you are and learn how to analyze each aspect of your life to make everyday decisions. Do

not let anyone decide for you. You may agree with others and come to the same

conclusion, but you must do it because of your own beliefs, thoughts, and reasons.

Choose by yourself, because that is the only way you will be truly happy, and even more

important, true to yourself.

If you ended up here without taking the time to think who you really are, and what you

want to become, I invite you to do so, because everyday choices lead to nowhere when

you have not thought whether they are taking you to your goals in life or not.

Today, pretending to represent a nation, you have the chance to be free. You are not a

high school student, you are a delegation; and there are no expectations about your

performance, no other person‟s will to fulfill; just you.

Do not forget life is made up of experiences and this model is only one of them. Even if

you decide you will not come back, the experience will always enrich your life; it will

only depend on you. Let today, make you free, happy and truly you.

Sincerely,

Diana Karen Tovar López

President for the Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice

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Topic A) Status of demobilized FARC and guerilla personnel in the

context of Colombia´s peace agreement process and its possible

solutions

Background

Since October 2012, the Colombian government of Juan Manuel Santos has been

implementing a peace agreement process that involves dialogues with the FARC-EP terrorist

group in order to stop the armed conflict in the country, which dates back to the 1960's. In

this process, the countries of Cuba, Norway and Venezuela have been mediators for the two

parts and have helped the progress of the Six Point Agenda.

FARC-EP

The Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia - People‟s Army (Fuerzas Armadas

Revolucionarias de Colombia - Ejército del Pueblo) has its origins in the decade of the

1960‟s, during a great economic crisis in the country. This crisis was caused by many factors

such as the low prices of coffee in an international market, which triggered the rising of

unemployment and the unattended agricultural issues of the beginning of the decade,

triggering the marxist-terrorist group to rise.

This terrorist group, currently led by Rodrigo Lodoño Echeverri, also known as Timoleón

Jiménez, arguments their objective is to represent the rural agricultural classes against the

imperialism of the country's wealthier classes. The FARC has been the main organization

involved in the Colombian Armed Conflict, and is known for having an army of around

18,000 men and women, including children, in combat.

In the beginning the FARC was not involved in direct drug cultivation, trafficking, or

shipment. Instead, it maintained a system of taxation on the production that took place in the

territories that they controlled, in exchange for protecting the growers and establishing law

and order in these regions by implementing its own rules and regulations.

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Around the 1990s, they expanded to trafficking and production, which has provided a

significant portion of its funding.

In 1999, FARC worked with a United Nations alternative project to make a transition from

coca production to food production. On its own, the group has also implemented agrarian

reform programs.In those FARC-EP territories that do produce coca, peasants work the land.

They usually make sure that coca growers receive a much larger share of profits and demands

that traffickers pay a decent wage to their workers.

The Six Point Agenda

This has had a great international attention due to the sensibility of the cases that the victims

suffered and the status of the former guerrilla soldiers.

Alvaro Uribe, the leader of the opposition against Santo's government, accuses that the

terrorist group will be able to avoid justice and be liberated without any consequences for

their criminal acts. Overall, the dialogues have been supported by international organisms

and many nations such as United States, but they have been carefully observed so that justice

is served to all the victims and the whole Colombian population affected by the conflict.

This six point agenda covers the following;

Land reform

The use has always been limited but they have agreed that “the national government will

create a Land Fund for free distribution. The land fund will distribute (xxx) million hectares

of land in a period of (xxx) years.,” This meaning that the government will give subsidies to

people who cannot afford land, such as women or those dispersed by the conflict. This point

also states that the government will promote “urbanization” in rural places and if the peace

deal is agreed upon, the government will create mobile units of labor inspection to ensure that

employees are complying with the law and not abusing their workers.

Political participation

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The deal mainly stresses the need for Colombia to increase political participation of

minority groups, women, and areas that have long been abandoned by the state, partly due

to the conflict.They will also implement democratic mechanisms for citizen participation,

including those of direct participation, at different levels and on diverse topics.

Illicit drugs

Colombia is number one producer of cocaine and it produces $10 billion (one quarter as

much as the country's legal exports). Drug users spend approximately $60 billion dollars a

year, according to U.S. government estimates. Moreover nearly 90% of cocaine used in the

U.S. originates in Colombia.

Both sides have agreed to create national programs to implement illicit crop substitution; this

means that drug cultivators will be granted a pardon for up to two years in which they will

voluntary substitute their crops. The government has also promised food assistance, technical

and material aid to create home gardens to this crop families.Communities will receive social

benefits like education, employment opportunities, and sustainable/secure food. The duration

of this aid is yet to be defined.

They also plan to address drug consumption with a public health approach; participatory

actions plans that are particular to each population and territory will be created. These plans

are to promote public health and prevent drug consumption through education and youth

leadership programs. Follow ups on these plans are to be accompanied by an initiative to

increase the public‟s knowledge about the consumption of drugs through investigations,

studies, and mechanisms to deliver this information.

Regarding drug trafficking, more effective prosecution to combat impunity and improved

strategies to detect and control illicit financial operations is included. Rural populations tied

to the production of drugs are to be treated differently than the criminal groups who run the

trade.

Rights of the victims

According to the United Nations statistics, Colombia‟s conflict has left more than 7 million

victims. Political violence since the 1940s has left at least half a million Colombians dead.

Both the FARC and the state have admitted to crimes committed and are now negotiating

how to take responsibility for their victims. An independent truth commission was set up to

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try to determine responsibility. Victims have been invited to the peace talks table to give their

opinion.

End of conflict

The two parties discussed the disarmament of the FARC and the measures needed to help to

the reintegration of the guerrilla organization‟s lowest ranks.

Implementation

Colombia‟s government will ask the public to approve the peace deal in a formal vote. Once

this is done the government can formally sign peace with the FARC and all previously

arranged deals will become valid. After that government programs will be put in place to help

with the demobilization, disarmament and reintegration of some estimated 20,000 FARC

fighters and non-armed activists.

Asides from the six points and the meetings with the government, the FARC has recently

invited Miss Universe, Paulina Vega, to negotiations with the government. In January, she

said she would be “willing to go to Havana so that a peace deal can be signed”. FARC

responded saying they were willing to “address her questions and esteem her opinions as a

valuable contribution toward peace”

Internal Situation (Colombia)

As previously mentioned, the six point agenda includes: land reform, political participation,

drug trafficking, rights of victims, disarmament of the rebels, and the implementation of the

peace deal.

The agreement did not include a ceasefire because of the previous failure in past peace talks.

Speaking before a military audience in Coveñas, Sucre, President Santos reiterates his

rejection of a bilateral ceasefire. “As they have always taken advantage of cease-fires to arm

themselves, and to gain space, we‟re not going to accept a cease-fire. In the contrary, the

military offense must be maintained, so we may end this conflict as soon as possible.”

Recently, in December 2014, the FARC declared a “unilateral cessation of fire and hostilities

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for an indefinite period”, but threats to end it if guerrilla groups are attacked by government

forces.

Colombians have had a strong opinion about the peace process mainly because followers of

the former president, Alvaro Uribe, participated in “Peace Without Impunity” marches in

several cities. They‟ve expressed doubts and opposition to the FARC peace talks. An Ipsos

Napoleón Franco poll shows 58 percent of Colombian respondents doubting the

government‟s talks with the FARC to succeed, up from 55 percent in November 2013. The

percentage of respondents opposed to allowing FARC members to avoid prison (65%) or to

serve in Congress (67%) is largely unchanged.

External Situation (International)

United States of America has been one of the closest and biggest contributors to the Peace

Process. They have been pushing the negotiations to go as fast as possible so that it is easier

to end the Armed Conflict but it has also brought attention to the Process because the FARC

are strongly against the United States influence in the country. During a visit to Bogotá, U.S.

Secretary of State John Kerry issues lengthy and energetic public expressions of support for

Colombia‟s peace process and for U.S. assistance during a post-conflict phase. Kerry also

echoes President Santos to "call on the guerrillas to pick up the dialogues‟ pace", noting that

time is “very important". And adding that "The longer it takes, the harder it may get. And I

would urge everybody to use time to advantage and to move, because as with any

negotiation, they cannot be open-ended.”

Netherlands:

„I hope that the issue can be resolved and that negotiations restart. The Colombian people

deserve that much. The country‟s prolonged conflict must end, and reconciliation and redress

must begin. The Netherlands is prepared to help implement a peace treaty on issues like

justice and land reforms.‟ - Lilianne Ploumen

The Netherlands government is not only supporting the process by publicly expressing

congratulations but also by providing a great percentage of the budget for the negotiations.

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The Netherlands is also supporting Colombia in improving export opportunities for its fruit,

coffee, IT and clothing sectors.

Germany:

On the contrary of the U.S., Germany has not only publicly expressed its full support to the

process, but also committed and fulfilled the operations accorded in previous agreements

they signed. They will also be contributing to the credit and budget for Colombia. Chancellor

Angela Merkel explains, “Two years of negotiations are a very short period of time for a

fifty-year conflict.” And she announces a 75 million euro per year line of credit for Colombia

through 2016 “to build peace and reconciliation.”

Venezuela:

Venezuela is a major operations base for the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia

(FARC); three of its seven blocks (combat divisions), the Caribbean Block, the Magdalena

Block and the Eastern Block, have presence there. The country offers the guerrillas some

major drug trafficking corridors, training, resupply of weapons and a place to escape from the

pressure of the Colombian security forces. The government of President Hugo Chavez

offered a tolerant environment for the guerrillas.

The FARC´s routes for cocaine trafficking in Venezuela are controlled by the Eastern Block

and the Magdalena Medio Block, operating in Colombia across the Venezuelan states of

Apure, Tachira and Zulia. Apure is one of the main transit points for cocaine moving through

Venezuela to Europe and the Caribbean and FARC controls many shipments through this

state.

The Caribbean Block generates significant revenues through cross-border fuel smuggling,

extortion and kidnappings in Venezuela. State control to fuel prices in Venezuela allows

smugglers to set its price dozens of times higher in Colombia. It is believed that the guerrilla

participates in the illegal mining operations in Venezuela.

Belgium and European Union:

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President Santos had a tour over Europe during 2014 where he visited Belgium and met

European Union officials who offer public expressions of support for the peace process.

“We are willing to give concrete assistance to Colombia once a peace accord goes into effect,

once the negotiations are over,” says European Parliament President Martin Schultz.

Evidently Colombia has been supported in the international community for the Peace Process

despite all of the arguments stated by the opposition and Alvaro Uribe.

Latin america

Many other nations, such as, Peru, Mexico, Cuba and Chile have expressed their full

support in the conflict and admiration for the good results it has had yet.

International Response

After meeting with UN Secretary-General Ban Ki Moon at the General Assembly sessions in

New York, President Santos discusses the United Nations‟ possible post-conflict role.

“Anything we do with the United Nations in the post-conflict must be agreed with the FARC.

References

"Venezuela News." 1 Jan. 2015. Web. 21 Feb. 2015.

<http://www.insightcrime.org/venezuela-organized-crime-news/farc-in-venezuela>.

"FARC En Venezuela." 1 Jan. 2015. Web. 21 Feb. 2015.

<http://es.insightcrime.org/noticias-sobre-crimen-organizado-en-venezuela/farc-en-

venezuela>.

"Netherlands Supports Colombian Peace Process." 25 Nov. 2014. Web. 21 Feb. 2015.

<http://www.government.nl/news/2014/11/25/netherlands-supports-colombian-peace-

process.html>.

"Farc Invites Miss Universe to Assist in Negotiation of Peace Deal with Colombia." 7

Feb. 2015. Web. 21 Feb. 2015. <http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/feb/07/havana-

farc-invites-miss-universe-negotiation-peace-deal-colombia>.

"Peace Timeline 2014." 1 Jan. 2015. Web. 21 Feb. 2015.

<http://colombiapeace.org/timeline2014/>.

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"What Is at Stake in the Colombian Peace Process?" 15 Jan. 2015. Web. 21 Feb. 2015.

<http://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-19875363>.

Gómez, Marisol. "Cese Del Fuego De Las Farc, ¿el Comienzo Del Fin De La Guerra?"

21 Dec. 2014. Web. 21 Feb. 2015. <http://www.eltiempo.com/politica/proceso-de-

paz/cese-del-fuego-indefinido-de-farc-el-comienzo-del-fin-de-la-guerra/15003915>.

"Comunicado: Cierre De La Tercera Audiencia Con Víctimas Del Conflicto." 3 Oct.

2014. Web. 21 Feb. 2015. <http://pazfarc-ep.org/index.php/noticias-comunicados-

documentos-farc-ep/delegacion-de-paz-farc-ep/2200-comunicado-cierre-de-la-tercera-

audiencia-con-victimas-del-conflicto>

"COMUNICADO CONJUNTO. LA HABANA, 03 DE OCTUBRE DE 2014." 3 Oct.

2014. Web. 21 Feb. 2015.

<https://www.mesadeconversaciones.com.co/comunicados/comunicado-conjunto-la-

habana-03-de-octubre-de-2014?ver=in>.

Adriaan Alsema. "Colombia peace talks. "Colombia Reports. 2014. Colombia Reports.

4/11/2015 http://colombiareports.co/colombia-peace-talks-fact-sheet/.

MAMTA BADKAR . "11 Shocking Facts About Colombia's $10 Billion Drug Industry.

" Business Insider . 2011. Business Insider Inc. 4/11/2015

http://www.businessinsider.com/colombias-drug-backed-economy-2011-4?op=1.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FARC

http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-13343810

http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crisis_diplom%C3%A1tica_entre_Colombia_y_Venezuela

_de_2010

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Suggested reading on Mexico, FARC and Colombian drug trade

http://dialogo-

americas.com/en_GB/articles/rmisa/features/regional_news/2014/04/11/narcotrafico-

nuevas-rutas

http://colombiareports.co/farc-biggest-drug-cartel/

http://www.latintimes.com/chapo-guzman-funds-farc-whats-connection-between-

mexican-drug-lord-and-colombias-revolutionaries

http://www.insightcrime.org/news-briefs/farc-selling-off-drug-franchises-sinaloa-

cartel-in-colombia

http://colombiapeace.org/

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Topic B) The current situation regarding human trafficking in

Europe and its alternative solutions taking into consideration further

consequences

“Human trafficking is a global problem and one of the world´s most shameful crimes,

affecting the lives of millions of people around the world and robbing them of their dignity.”

-UNODC, 2014

Background

When hearing the expression “human trafficking”, most people understand a

mistaken meaning. Nonetheless, it is a term related to the whole act of modern slavery that

involves both the control and exploitation of other human beings for the obtention of personal

benefits or profits. Although slavery is commonly thought to be a problem of the past, human

trafficking still exists today in a global context. However, in the European region, it has

become an alarming situation for the population and government since the fall of

Communism. The huge transition of the region into a market economy has signified both an

opportunity and a threat for the security of the population. In the past few years, news that

include titles like “Police Break Up Group Trafficking for Sexual Exploitation in Europe” or

“Europe Reconsiders Prostitution as Sex Trafficking Booms” have become common in the

region.

Recently, after a long period of ignorance and apathy for the problem, the

governments worldwide have considered this situation as a real problem that affects not only

their population, but also their economic and political interests due to the interaction within

other nations; it is important to see human trafficking as a whole situation that has to do with

the investment of time and money of the governments and there must be further

consequences. A modern type of slavery has become the worse scenario for developed

countries that seek for their daily improvement since the media and the society have realized

that there are people outside exploiting others for money; several laws and trials have been

done but, so far, there does not seem to exist a satisfactory solution.

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Human trafficking includes victims of all genders, ages and social statuses. The purposes of

this crime vary from sexual exploitation, domestic servitude, forced labor, children robs, or

organ trafficking. This is one of the most lucrative illicit businesses in Europe making it a

considerable criminal business that preys on the world‟s most marginalized persons. Statistics

assure that most of the convicted traffickers in Europe are male, even though some gangs

consider women to be more effective entrapping the victims by gaining its trust.

Recently, the collapse of the Soviet Union has been identified as one of the main

causes for explaining the increased levels of human trafficking in the european region. As the

situation provided new opportunities for the expansion of the population, the trafficking of

people, mainly women, started to gain more strength among the organized crime altogether

with the prostitution and corruption. Moreover, the armed conflict in the Balkans or Balkan

Peninsula have let the region to a process of militarization that ended with the trafficking of

thousands of women for commercial sex exploitation by foreign men that came for the

conflict.

This committee encourages the worldwide countries to be alert and involve the

society in order to prevent further attacks and its social and economic consequences for the

communities. It is necessary to pursue the criminals and establish punishments so that the

population can achieve the expected security and health standards for their families.

Situation in Europe

With the fall of Communism, the conditions of the society in transition became the

best scenario for the commerce in humans; now, years after all this process of transition,

there exist a couple forms of human trafficking that have become primitive in the region,

result of the poverty, the corruption of the government in the problem, the rise of criminal

entrepreneurship, and the lack of opportunities for most of the people in the less fortunate

countries of the European continent such as Moldavia, Turkey, Azerbaijan, among others.

Although there exist all types of trafficking in Europe, human trafficking has been getting

stronger with the pass of the decades, and the first targets of this situation seems to

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be women. A study made with identified victims between 2008 and 2010 have shown that at

least 62% of them were women and girls involved in any sort of sexual exploitation crime.

The worst part of the situation is that there are so many different cases of trafficking that it is

barely impossible to establish a unique profile of the victims chosen by the criminal groups.

As the European Union affirmed and accepted, “the human trafficking is the slavery

of our times” because it attempts to the universal right of freedom of the people. When

reading this statement we may think that the actual situation in Europe doesn‟t affect that

much its population but, unlike the believe of some people that the victims of the european

human trafficking are mostly foreigners (which in specific situations is true), it is a matter of

fact that Europe is living a case of domestic trafficking that, by its definition, is a

phenomenon affecting the people inside the EU. According to an inform made by the

Statistical Office of the European Communities, in 2013 the 61% of the human trafficking

victims identified by the European Union proceeded from member countries; it has been

detected that in at least 11 countries of the EU, the phenomenon is occurring, being the

regions of the Central Europe and the Balkans the most affected ones.

Both regions have become the most dangerous centers of the human trafficking in

Europe, several victims are taken from there to traffic with them in Western and Southern

Europe. At the same time, even though there is a huge percentage of european victims, a

fraction of the identified victims come from the most diverse origin countries than in any

other regions. Several East Asian victims, particularly Chinese, Filipinos, Thais and

Vietnamese were detected; as well as West African, South American and North African

victims that were also identified working mostly in countries of Western and Southern

Europe.

The victims of human trafficking

According to the first statistical analysis of trafficking in human beings of 2008 to

2010 carried out by the European Commission, from the 23 632 victims of human trafficking

founded, 80% of the victims were women and girls and 20% were men and boys. Women

comprised the majority of the victims; however, there still exists an important fraction of

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men, children and even old aged victims suffering the consequence of the human trafficking

in Europe. Overall, it has seemed that children victims were less common than adults for the

human trafficking in Western and Southern Europe; in the European Union, the child victims

signified about 10% of the detected victims, percentage that increases in regions such as the

Balkans, where the children are more involved in the phenomenon.

We have two poles when defining the destination of the victims of human trafficking

in the European Union. In one hand, we have the sexual exploitation of women and girls that

has been the most identified by the international media. The sex industry, in the past few

years, has increased globally; but, on the other hand, we have the men and boys victims of

the human trafficking with the purpose of forced labour and begging, sexual exploitation or

even the abduction of children for armed conflicts. It is important to clarify that the

percentage of documented men cases for human trafficking is exponentially less than the

women cases since there exists a bigger tendency for saving the women and children.

International response

The human trafficking is not an isolated problem that affects just the European

Union, it is a problem with a worldwide impact on the economics and politics of the nations.

As we stated before, some of the people used for human trafficking in the European Union

came from foreign nations and viceversa: the human trafficking flows are connected

throughout the continents. United States have taken an important role in the operational

activities for pursuing and prosecuting criminals linked to the human trafficking. Besides, the

EU's action extends from crime prevention to law enforcement and it is based on various

tools such as the gathering of reliable crime statistics and the funding of European projects or

specialist networks altogether with a couple of nations

Howbeit, as every social problem, human trafficking have had an impact on the

culture of the nations. A clear example of this is the icon of pop Lady Gaga that portrayed

human trafficking in the music video for her multi-platinum selling single "Bad Romance".

The video takes place in a white bathhouse where Gaga is kidnapped by a group of

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supermodels who drug her, put her on display, and then sell her off to the Russian Mafia for

sexual slavery.

Legislation

While this phenomenon is growing bigger by the time, some of the Western and

Central European countries including Spain, United Kingdom, France, Germany, and Poland

have had a legislation dealing with trafficking for sexual exploitation in place since the late

1990s, some other adopted their legislation in the early 2000s; but it wasn‟t until the year

2000 when the UN Trafficking Protocol was opened for signature that the legislation began

to be exercised. During the years 2002-2003, many European countries expressed their

unconformity with the problem by establishing human trafficking as a specific offense for

their nations. With this, between the years 2005 and 2008 and taking in account that human

trafficking has evolved into a handful ways of extortion, more than 10 countries including

France, Spain and Italy amended their anti-trafficking legal frameworks by modifying their

criminal code to cover forms of trafficking not previously criminalized.

The “UN Trafficking Protocol” or the “Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish

Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children” created by the United Nations

Office on Drugs and Crime was created in order to prevent the human trafficking especially

of women and children, to protect the victims of such crime by respecting their human rights

and to have a unique law applicable for every nation. This protocol recognizes that there

exists a handful of international judicial instruments for punishing the human trafficking but

declares that we needed an universal tool that approached all the aspects involved in human

trafficking; it has 20 articles focused in aspects that go from prevention of human trafficking

to the measures taken in the frontiers to avoid these type of problems. Even though we are

talking about an international protocol, it declares that the final decisions for the punishments

are a matter of the nations themselves; so, in this case, the protocol will only serve as a very

useful tool that won‟t interfere with the rights and obligations of Europe.

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References

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Jan. 2009. Web. 10 Feb. 2015. <http://www.unodc.org/documents/human-

trafficking/Trafficking_in_Persons_in_Europe_09.pdf>.

"Human Trafficking." UNODC. Web. 12 Feb. 2015.

<https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/human-trafficking/what-is-human-trafficking.html>

"Human Trafficking: People for Sale." Transnational Organized Crime:Let's Put Them out of

Business. Web. 12 Feb. 2015. <http://www.unodc.org/toc/en/crimes/human-

trafficking.html>.

"Regions: Europe & Eurasia." HumanTrafficking.org. Web. 21 Feb. 2015.

<http://www.humantrafficking.org/regions/europe_and_eurasia>.

"Human Trafficking and Migrant Smuggling." UNODC. Web. 21 Feb. 2015.

<https://www.unodc.org/unodc/human-trafficking/>.

Frey, Luisa. "Human Trafficking: The EU's Dirty Secret." DW.DE. 11 Feb. 2014. Web. 21

Feb. 2015. <http://www.dw.de/human-trafficking-the-eus-dirty-secret/a-17412036>.

"Trafficking Harms 30,000 in EU." BBC News. 17 Oct. 2014. Web. 21 Feb. 2015.

<http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-29660126>.

“Trafficking in Human Beings.” eurostat. 2013. Web. 12 Apr. 2015.

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new/news/news/2013/docs/20130415_thb_stats_report_en.pdf>

Hughes, Donna. “Trafficking in Human Beings in the European Union”. 24 Oct. 2014. Web.

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