ccent cheatsheet
DESCRIPTION
a neccesary aid to better understanding CCNET infrastruscture.TRANSCRIPT
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Cisco CCENT : OSI and TCP/IP
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CCN# N$t%or& Simuator CCN# E!am Simuator CCENT E!am Simuator CCN# ICN'2 E!am Simuator CCNP (SCI E!am Simuator
#ppication : Responsible for identifying and establishing the availability of desired
comm partner and verifying sufficient resources exist for comm. Ex: FTP, STP
Pr$s$ntation : Responsible for presenting the data in standard formats. Some Presentation layer standards are !PE", PE", #$#, P#%T, &uic' Time, T#FF.
S$ssion : Responsible for co(ordinating communication bet)een systems*nodes.
Some of the session layer protocols and interfaces: +FS, RP%, S&, -SP, $+- S%P
OSI )O'E*
Transport : Responsible for multiplexing upper(layer applications, session mgmt
tearing do)n of virtual circuits, flo) control and to maintain data integrity.
TCP/IP )O'E*
#ppication : $efines T%P*#P application protocols and ho) host programs interface )ith transport layer services to use the net)or'. Ex: FTP, STP, Telnet
Transport : Provides communication session management bet)een host computers. Ex: T%P, $P
Int$rn$t : Performs routing of #P datagrams.Ex: IP, ARP, ICMP
Som$ important port num+$rs
FTP : Port /0(/1 Telnet : Port /2 $3%P : Ports 45 and 46 P7P2 : Port 110 TFTP : Port 48 STP : Port /9 $+S : Port 92 3TTP : Port 60
N$t%or& : Responsible for sending pac'ets from the source net)or' to the destination net)or' using routing methods. Routers )or' at net)or' layer.
'atain& : %onsists of % sublayer and -% sublayer. % handles error control, flo) flo) control, framing etc. -% handles access to shared media such as ethernet.
Physica : Responsible for ultimate transmission of data over net)or' communicationsmedia. Some of the standard interfaces at physical layer are E#-*T#-(/2/, ./;,.29, 3SS#
Physica : %ontrols the hard)are devices and media that ma'eup the net)or'.
Port num+$rs us$d +y TCP/,'P
0(/99 : sed for public applications /99(10/2 : -ssigned to companies -bove 10/2 : sed by upper layers to set up sessions )ith other hosts and by
T%P to use as source and destination addresses.
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Cisco CCENT : IOS
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CCN N!t"or# Simulator CCN Exam Simulator CCENT Exam Simulator CCN ICN$2 Exam Simulator CCN% &SCI Exam Simulator
Int!rnal m!mory compon!nts o' a cisco rout!r
(O) : Memory containing micro-code for basic functions to start and maintain the router. ()*$() : Stores the running configuration, routing tables, and packet buffers. N+() : Memory that does not lose information when power is lost. Stores the systems configuration file and the configuration register. ,lash )!mory : Stores the compressed IOS image.
(out!r -oot con'iguration commans
-oot syst!m (O): boots from system OM -oot syst!m 'lash /IOS 'il! nam!: boots
IOS from flash memory -oot syst!m t'tp /IOS 'il! nam!
/t'tpar : boots IOSfrom a tftp ser!er
Cisco rout!r con'igura-l! locations
"onsole port, #irtual $erminals %!ty&, 'u(iliary port, $)$* ser!er and +etwork management station
(out!r mo!s o' op!ration inclu!
)o! %rompt user e(ec--------------------- outer *ri!ileged---------------------- outer global config------------------ outer%config&
Interface config-------------- outer%config-if&
(out!r pass"ors
nable password"onsole password
nable Secret #irtual terminal password %!ty& 'u(iliary password
Thr!! "ays rout!r l!arns to 'or"ar pac#!ts
1. Static rout!s : "onfigured by the administrator manually. Synta( : ip route /ip-addr/mask-addr/ip-addr Ex:0%config&ip route 012.034.255.5 266.266.266.5 012.034.0.2
2. $!'ault rout!s : $his is used when a route is not known or is infeasible. Synta( : ip route 5.5.5.5 5.5.5.5 /ip-addr
Ex:0%config&ip route 5.5.5.5 5.5.5.5 012.034.0.2
3. $ynamic rout!s: In dynamic routing, the routing tables are automatically updated. 7ynamic routing uses broadcasts and multicasts to communicate with other routers.
(out!r Cursor Commans
/ctrl : Mo!e to the beginning of the command line /ctrl E: Mo!e to the end of the command line
/ctrl ,: Mo!e forward one character, same as using 8ight 'rrow9
/ctrl &: Mo!e backward one character, same as using 8eft 'rrow;./ctrl %: epeat *re!ious command, same as using 8
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Cisco CCENT : Password Recovery
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Note : The give! procedures are ge!eric i! !ature) a!d *or e"act se+ue!ce o* steps) pease re*er to product ma!ua#
Procedure 1
Complete these steps in order to recover your password:
1. Attach a terminal or PC with terminal emulation to the console port of the router andset terminal settings to 9600 baud rate !o parity " data bits 1 stop bit !o flowcontrol.#he configuration register is usually set to 0$%10% or 0$10%. &f you can no longeraccess the router you can safely assume that your configuration register is set to0x2102.
%. 'se the power switch in order to turn off the router and then turn the router bac( on. ). Press (rea%on the terminal (eyboard within 60 seconds of power up in order to put
the router into *+,mon. -. #ype co!*reg 0"21,2at the rommon 1 prompt in order to boot from /lash. #his step
bypasses the startup configuration where the passwords are stored. . #ype resetat the rommon % prompt. #he router reboots but ignores the saved configuration.
6. #ype !oafter each setup uestion or press Ctr-Cin order to s(ip the initial setupprocedure.
2. #ype e!a.eat the *outer prompt. 3ou are in enable mode and should see the *outer4 prompt. ". #ype co!*igure memoryor copy startup-co!*ig ru!!i!g-co!*igin order to copy
the nonvolatile *A, 5!*A,7 into memory. 9. #ype co!*igure termi!a. #he router5config74 prompt appears. 10. #ype e!a.e secret /passwordin order to change the e!a.e secretpassword.
/or e$ample: router5config74e!a.e secret cisco 11. &ssue the !o shutdow!command on every interface that you use. 1%. #ype write memoryor copy ru!!i!g-co!*ig startup-co!*igin order to commit the
changes.
Procedure 2
Complete these steps in order to recover your password:
1. 8hut down the router.%. *emove the compact flash that is at the bac( of the router.). Power on the router.-. +nce the *ommon1 prompt appears enter this command:
co!*reg 0"21,2. &nsert the compact flash.6. #ype reset.2. hen you are prompted to enter the initial configuration type No and press E!ter.". At the *outer prompt type e!a.e.
9. At the *outer4 prompt enter the co!*igure memorycommand and press E!terinorder to copy the startup configuration to the running configuration.
10. 'se the co!*ig tcommand in order to enter global configuration mode.11. 'se this command in order to create a new user name and password:
router5config74user!ame cisco password cisco1%. 'se this command in order to change the boot statement:
co!*ig-register 0"21021). 'se this commnd in order to save the configuration:
write memory
*eload the router and then use the new user name and password to log in to therouter.
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Cisco CCENT : IPv4 Addressing
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Converting (in"ry to 'ecim"!
&inary is a base 2 system ith on"y to numbers # or 1.The eightage of binary digits from right most bit position to the "eft most bitposition is gi'en be"o.
E#"mp!e :
on'ert 1##111#1 into a decima" 'a"ue. There are eight bits in the binary number. The decima" 'a"ue for each bit position
is gi'en be"o*
To con'ert, you simp"y ta%e a 'a"ue from the top ro here'er there is a 1 be"o,and then add the 'a"ues together.
i.e,1*2)+ 0*2,+ 0*2-+ 1*24+ 1*2.+ 1*22+ 0*21+ 1*20
+ 12 - # - # - 1 - - 4 - # - 1
/ 1-) decim"! v"!e
Converting 'ecim"! to (in"ry
/ecima" is a &ase 1# system ith 1# possib"e 'a"ues (# to 0)
To con'ert decima" to binary, simp"y di'ide the decima" 'a"ue by 2 and then ritedon the remainder, repeat this process unti" you cannot di'ide by 2 anymore.
or eamp"e, ta%e the decima" 'a"ue 1-)*
1$ 2 + ith a remainder of 1 2 + 30 ith a remainder of #30 2 + 10 ith a remainder of 1 10 2 + 0 ith a remainder of 1
0 2 + 4 ith a remainder of 1 4 2 + 2 ith a remainder of #2 2 + 1 ith a remainder of # 1 2 + # ith a remainder of 1
To con'ert, rite this remainder first555555555556
7et rite don the 'a"ue of the remainders from bottom to top (in other ordsrite don the bottom remainder first and or% your ay up the "ist) hichgi'es*
10011101 / 1-)
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Cisco CCENT : IPv4 Addressing
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* Best printed in landscape modeCCNA Net%or& Sim!"tor CCNA E#"m Sim!"tor CCENT E#"m Sim!"tor CCNA ICN'2 E#"m Sim!"tor CCNP (SCI E#"m Sim!"tor
IP Address Intro
1. An IP address (32 bit number, 4 bytes) consists of four octets seperatedby dots.
The octet is a binary number of eight digits, hich e!ua"s the decima" numbersfrom # to 2$$.
2. The internet protoco" defines the specia" netor% address 12)$0$0$1as a
"oca" "oopbac% address.
IP Address C!"sses P!ic IP r"nge
C!"ss 3orm"t e"ding5it5p"ttern Net%or&5"ddr5r"nge 6"#5net% 6"#5hosts
A 7.8.8.8 # #512 12 1,,214
& 7.7.8.8 1# 125101 1,34 $,$34
7.7.7.8 11# 102 5223 2,#0,1$2 2$4
"ass / addresses are used for mu"ticasting, they begin ith 9111#: and the addr range is 2245230.
"ass ; addresses are reser'ed addresses that begin ith 91111#: and the range is 24#52$4.
IPV4 Header
Priv"te "ddr r"nge * C!"ss A* 1#.#.#.# to 1#.2$$.2$$.2$$, C!"ss (* 12.1.#.# to 12.31.2$$.2$$,
C!"ss C* 102.1.#.# to 102.1.2$$.2$$
Snet 6"s& "nd CI'7 not"tion
A
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Cisco CCENT : Subnetting
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Subnetting Scenario 'uestion 1
You want X number of subnets, what is the subnet mask ? (Assume we need 10 subnets, i.e, X=10)
Tip : Convert X to binar, determine how man !ow order bits need to make the number, that man bits is number of hi"h order bits that make u# our subnet mask, $onvert hi"h order bits tode$ima! va!ue.
Solution:
Consider the C!ass C address % &.&.&.' where & is the &etwork #ortion and ' is the host #ortion. 'ost ortion is as shown *
Step 1: Convert 10 to binar. +inar euiva!ent of 10 is as shown *
Step 2: &umber of !ow order bits reuired to make the number is - (from the fi"ure shown above)
Step (: herefore - hi"horder bits make u# the subnet mask, i.e, 1/, -, 2/, 1
Add - hi"h order bits to $reate subnet mask i.e. 1/3-32/31=/-0 (11110000). he subnet mask is 2)).2)).2)).2)).2*0
/44./44./44./-0 is re#resented as *
+e,uirement -or #%* Subnetting
1. 5ffi$ient use of avai!ab!e 6 address s#a$e /. &etwork traffi$ iso!ation
2. 6m#roved se$urit -. 7imitin" broad$ast messa"es
Subnetting Scenarios
he subnettin" s$enarios ma broad! be divided in to two $ate"ories: 1. 8#timi9e for a "iven number of hosts /. 8#timi9e for a "iven number of subnets ina!!, determine the host address ran"e for ea$h avai!ab!e subnet.
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Cisco CCENT : Subnetting
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Subnetting Scenario 'uestion 2
How many subnet bits are required for X number of hosts ? (Assume X value to be 5 in this case)
Tip : Convert X (for the subnets) to binary, determine the number of bits needed for the host ortion, additionally determine the subnet mas! from the remainin" bits, usin" formula #$, find therelevant number of subnets in this scenario%
%
Solution:
Step 1: Consider the Class C address &%&%&%H, where H is the host ortion whose binary and decimal reresentation is as shown ''''
Convert 5 to binary% inary equivalent of 5 is as shown '''''''''
Step 2: As shown in the fi"ure above, the number of bits needed for the host ortion are *% +herefore, #bits'##*'#- (-5)
* bits are required for the host ortion for 5 hosts%
Step ( )**itional+: +o !now the subnet mas! , add the decimal value of the remainin" 5 bits i%e, (.#/0-10*#0.-0/) #1/
2ubnet 3as! is #55%#55%#55%#1/ (........%........%........%.....444)
&umber of subnet bits: #, here 5 bits are used from the host ortion of our subnet mas!
+herefore number of subnets required is (#n), where 6n6 is the number of bits bein" used from the host ortion of our subnet mas! i%e% 5
+herefore, #5*#is the number of subnets
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Cisco CCENT : Subnetting
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Subnetting Scenario 'uestion (
Determine the range of valid IP Addresses for an X subnet mask ? (Assume X value to be 240 in this case)
Tip !onvert X to binar" and determine the decimal value of lo#est high order bit$ start the range of addresses at that value$ and increment the range b" that value%
%
Solution
Step 1 !onvert 240 to binar"% &inar" e'uivalent of 240 is as sho#n
Step 2 *he decimal value of lo#est high order bit is +, (24) as seen from the figure above% *herefore$ this number becomes the increment value to determine the IP address ranges%
-ubnet .ask 2//%2//%2//%240-ubnet &its 2 1ost &its 4umber of -ubnets +, 1osts 3er -ubnet +4
*he range of addresses for the given mask is as sho#n
Note All eros and all ones host addresses cannot be used%
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Cisco CCENT : Routing Protocols
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Classl!ss Routing Protocols
In classless routing protocols, subnet information is exchanged during routing updates.This results in more efficient utilization of IP addresses. The summarization in classless networksis manually controlled. Ex: IP !", EI#P, $%P&, '#P !(, and I%)I%
Routing Protocols
outing protocols *ob is to maintain routing tablesand route packets appropriately.
Examples of routing are IP, I#P, EI#P, $%P&.
Rout!' Protocols
outed protocols are used to transport user traffic
from source node to destination node.Examples of routed protocols are IP, IP+ and
ppleTalk.
RP
ddress esolution Protocol -P is used to resol!e a hosts IP address to its physical address -such as /0 address, to
allow communication on a multi)access medium such as ethernet.
e!erse P -P is used to obtain an IP address from physical address -such as /0. P broadcast may be used to obtain IP address to boot by diskless workstations o!er a network.
Typ!s o( Routing Protocols
Distance Vector: 1istance !ector routing determines the direction
and distance to any link in the internetwork. %maller the metric,
better the path. 1istance !ector routing is useful for smaller networks. Ex: IP and I#P.
)in# Stat!: lso known as %P& algorithms, %P& generates theexact topology of the entire network for route computation bylistening to the first hand information. 'andwidth and delayare the most widely used metrics. Ex: $%P& and 23%P.
&alanc!' *y+ri': 'alanced 4ybrid combines some aspects of
3ink %tate and 1istance 5ector routing protocols. It usesdistance !ectors with more accurate metrics to determine the best paths to destination networks. Ex: EI#P
%!(ault 'ministrati,! 'istanc!s
1irectly 0onnected Interface))))))6 7 External '#P))))))))))6 "7 %tatic oute))))))6 8 Internal '#P)))))))))))6 "77 Internal EI#P))))))6 97
I#P))))))6 877 $%P&))))))6 887 IP))))))6 8"7 I%)I%))))) )6 88 ;nknown " n administrati!e distance of 7 represents highest trustworthiness of the route. n administrati!e distance of " represents the lowest trustworthiness of the route.
Class(ul Routing Protocols
0lassful routing protocols do not exchange subnet information during routing information exchanges.The summarization is always done automatically at ma*or network boundaries.
Ex: IP !8, I#P
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Cisco CCENT : NAT
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CCNA Netor! Simulator CCNA Exam Simulator CCENT Exam Simulator CCNA "CN#2 Exam Simulator CCN$ %SC" Exam Simulator
&'erloa(ing
A special case of dynamic NAT that maps multiple unregistered IP addresses to a single registered (globallyunique) IP address by using different port numbers.
Dynamic NAT with oerloading is also !nown also as PAT (Port Address Translation).
Static NAT
"aps an unregistered IP address to registered IP (globally unique) addresses on one#to#one basis.
The command$ ip nat insi(e source static )local ip* )glo+al ip* configures address translation for
static NAT.
Con,iguring NAT
%hen configuring NAT$ NAT should be enabled on at leastone inside and one outside interface.
&. The command for enabling NAT on inside interface is' -1con,ig/i,ip nat insi(e
. The command for enabling NAT on the outside interfaceis'
-1con,ig/i,ip nat outsi(e
emember to enter into appropriate configuration modesbefore entering the commands.
*sually$ the inside NAT will be configured on an +thernetinterface$ whereas the outside NAT is configured on aserial interface.
A((ress Classi,ication
"nsi(e ocal' An actual address assigned to an inside host
"nsi(e 3lo+al' An inside address seen from the outside
&utsi(e 3lo+al' An actual address assigned to an outside host
&utsi(e ocal' An outside address seen from the inside
NAT$ool' A pool of IP addresses to be used as inside global oroutside local addresses in translations
#e,ining an "$ NAT $ool
&. Defining an IP NAT pool for the inside networ! using the command'
ip nat pool )pool/name* )start/ip* )en(/ip* 4netmas! )net/mas!* 5 pre,ix/length )pre,ix/length*6 7type/
rotary8 Ex: ip nat pool pool1 200.200.200.3 200.200.200.4 netmask 255.255.255.0
Note that type#rotary is optional command. It indicates that the IP address range in the address pool identifieshosts among which T,P load is distributed.
. "apping the access#list to the IP NAT pool by using the command'
ip nat insi(e source list )access/list/num+er* pool )pool/name* Ex: ip nat inside source list 1 pool pool1
#ynamic NAT
"aps an unregistered IP address to a registered (globally unique) IP address from a group of registered(globally unique) IP addresses.
The command$ ip nat insi(e source list )access/list/num+er* pool )name*
is used to map the access#list to the IP NAT pool during the configuration of Dynamic NAT.
&'erlapping
This occurs when your internal IP addresses belong to global IP address range that belong to anothernetwor!.
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Cisco CCENT : Configuration Commands
A. Setting Passwords
Sl. No. Task Commands
1 Configure router console password as "ciscocs"R1(config)#line console 0R1(config-line)#login
R1(config-line)#password ciscocs
2 Configure router vty password as "ciscovty"R1(config)#line vty 0 4R1(config-line)#loginR1(config-line)#password ciscovty
3 Configure router auiliary password as "ciscoau"R1(config)#line au 0R1(config-line)#loginR1(config-line)#password ciscoau
4 !et te encrypted enale password as "cisco" R1(config)#enale secret cisco
$ !et te unencrypted enale password as "ccna" R1(config)#enale password ccna
B. Router Cop Commands
% Copy te running-conf igurat ion to startup-configuration (&R' to *R') R1#copy running-config startup-config (copy run start)
+ Copy te startup-conf igurat ion to running-configuration (*R' to &R') R1#copy startup-config running-config (copy start run)
, Copy te startup-configuration to a ./ server R1#copy startup-config tftp (copy start tftp)
Copy te running-configuration to a ./ server R1#copy running-config tftp (copy run tftp)
10 !ave a acup of te ! to a ./ server R1#copy flas tftp
11 pgrade te ! fro5 a ./ server R1#copy tftp flas
C. Routing Commands
12 6nale R/ version1 on all 1271%,77 interfacesR1(config)#router ripR1(config-router)#networ 1271%,7070
13 6nale R/ version 2R1(config)#router ripR1(config-router)#version 2
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Cisco CCENT : Show Commands
Router Show commands
Sl. No. Command Explanation
1. show access-list Displays all accesslists from all protocols present in a specified router.
2. show banner Displays the banner set on the router.
3. show cdp Shows the status of CDP such as holdtime value,no.of pacets for every !"sec.
#. show cdp interface $t tells the CDP confi%uration on an interface-by-interface basis.
&. show cdp nei%hbor'detail Displays info on directly connected nei%hbors.
!. show cdp traffic Displays the CDP traffic info.
(. show c loc Displays the cloc )t ime, date*.
+. show flash sed to view all $S ima%es and file stored in flash)Default location of $S ima%es is in flash*.
. show history Shows the previously e/ecuted commands.$S device stores the last ten commands that are e/ecuted.
1". show hosts Displays the host table.
11. show interfaces 0o view interfaces,status,and statistics for an interface.$f u dont lists a specific interface,all of the inte rfaces on the router are listed.
12. show ip interfaces Displays status and %lobal parameters associated with the interfaces on the router.
13. show ip interface brief Displays the interface operational status and $P addresses for all router interfaces.
1#. show ip nat statistics Displays 0 statistics.
1&. show ip nat translations Displays the 0 translations.
1!. show ip route Displays the $P routin% table.
1(. show protocols Displays the routin% protocols that have been confi%ured and runnin% on a specified router.
1+. show runnin%-confi% Shows the current confi% stored in 45.
1. show sessions Shows the telnet sessions that are currently suspended.
2". show startup-confi% Shows the confi%uration stored in 645.
21. show version Display version information for the hardware and firmware.
22. show arp Displays entries in the 4P table.
23. show ip protocols Displays parameters and current state of the active routin% protocol process.
2#. show users Displays users connected to the router.
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Cisco CCENT : Show Commands
Switch Show commands
Sl. No. Command Explanation
1. show banner Displays the banner.
2. show flash Displays the file contents of the flash.
3. show history Displays the last 1" commands entered.
#. show interfaces 0o view interfaces,status,and statistics for an interface.
&. show interfaces vlan 1 Displays the 67 status and the $P address of 67 1.
!. show ip interface brief 6erifies the $P confi%uration.
(. show runnin%-confi% Displays the confi% held in D45.
+. show startup-confi% Displays the 645 confi%.
. show users Displays the users currently lo%%ed on.
1". show version Display $S version information for the hardware and firmware.
11. show vlan Displays vlan information.
12. show vlan-membership Displays vlan membership information.
13. show mac-address-table Displays mac-address-table information.
1#. show vtp status Displays vtp status information such as vtp mode, vtp domain etc.
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