cca training at natural bridge corn and small grains production morris bitzer jim herbek chad lee

CCA Training at Natural BridgeCCA Training at Natural BridgeCorn and Small Grains ProductionCorn and Small Grains Production

Morris BitzerMorris Bitzer

Jim HerbekJim Herbek

Chad LeeChad Lee

University of Kentucky Grain Crops Extension

CornCorn

© 2002 University of Kentucky


CornCorn

Planting DatePlanting Date

Plant Population and Plant Population and Row WidthRow Width

MaturityMaturity



Date of Planting – Corn and Grain SilageDate of Planting – Corn and Grain Silage1976 - Lexington1976 - Lexington

Date plantedDate planted RelativeRelative YieldYield RatioRatio

MaturityMaturity Bu/ABu/A T/A @ 35%T/A @ 35% Ear:ForageEar:Forage

April 20April 20 FullFull 180180 27.227.2 56:4456:44

May 6May 6 FullFull 177177 25.825.8 59:4159:41

May 21May 21 FullFull 166166 23.423.4 60:4060:40

May 31May 31 FullFull 144144 19.919.9 60:4060:40

June 10June 10 FullFull 112112 16.416.4 57:4357:43

June 10June 10 EarlyEarly 128128 18.118.1 60:4060:40

June 29June 29 EarlyEarly 6464 11.211.2 48:5248:52

May 20 May 20 SS 7777 18.218.2 42:5842:58


Corn Planting Depth and Planting DateCorn Planting Depth and Planting Date

Planting Planting DepthDepth


April 13April 13 May 2May 2

(inches)(inches) % Stand% Stand Days to Days to EmergeEmerge % Stand% Stand Days to Days to

EmergeEmerge

11 8585 1010 9393 99

22 7777 1515 9898 1111

33 7676 1818 9292 1212

44 7373 2121 8989 1313

AverageAverage 77.7577.75 1616 9393 11.2511.25


Germination Temperature for CornGermination Temperature for Corn

50 50 OOF at a 2-inch depth for three or F at a 2-inch depth for three or four days is excellent.four days is excellent.

Soil temperature at 50 Soil temperature at 50 OOF at 7:00 F at 7:00 am or 55 am or 55 OOF at 1:00 should ensure F at 1:00 should ensure that temperatures are suitable for that temperatures are suitable for germination and growth.germination and growth.


Corn Planting Dates in KentuckyCorn Planting Dates in Kentucky

Corn should be planted by:Corn should be planted by:

Far Western KYFar Western KY May 1May 1

Western-Central KYWestern-Central KY May 10May 10

Eastern KYEastern KY May 15May 15

Plant an earlier-maturing hybrid if corn planting is delayed after:Plant an earlier-maturing hybrid if corn planting is delayed after:

June 5June 5

A 1% yield loss per day can be expected in corn planted after:A 1% yield loss per day can be expected in corn planted after:

May 10-15May 10-15

From ID-139: A Comprehensive Guide to From ID-139: A Comprehensive Guide to Corn Management in Kentucky.Corn Management in Kentucky.


CornCorn



MaturityMaturity



Population Effect on Corn YieldsPopulation Effect on Corn Yields(Hardin County, Kentucky, 1972-76)(Hardin County, Kentucky, 1972-76)

PopulationPopulation Corn Yield (Bu/A)Corn Yield (Bu/A)

Plants/APlants/A No-TillNo-Till ConventionalConventional

14-18,00014-18,000 133133 114114

20-23,00020-23,000 148148 119119

26-28,00026-28,000 158158 128128

AverageAverage 146146 120120


Corn Hybrid and Population Effect on Grain YieldCorn Hybrid and Population Effect on Grain Yield

Plants/APlants/A Yield (bu/A)Yield (bu/A) Yield (bu/A)Yield (bu/A)

IrrigatedIrrigated RainfedRainfed IrrigatedIrrigated RainfedRainfed

Pioneer 3160Pioneer 3160 B73 x PB73 x PAA9191

20,00020,000 155155 139139 163163 152152

28,00028,000 192192 132132 169169 134134

36,00036,000 176176 130130 189189 133133

DeKalb XL32AADeKalb XL32AA A635 ---A635 ---

20,00020,000 136136 121121 119119 119119

28,00028,000 167167 136136 131131 129129

36,00036,000 172172 130130 133133 130130

Population resulting in highest yield varied across hybrids and water regimes.


Hybrid by Population InteractionsHybrid by Population Interactions

Fig. 2 The relationship between hybrid yield at different plant densities and year of release. Data were obtained from field experiments conducted at three locations in central Iowa in 1994.

Duvick D.N., and K.G. Cassman. 1999. Crop Science 39:1622-1630

4,000 plants/A

12,000 plants/A

32,000 plants/A


Recommended Corn Seeding RatesRecommended Corn Seeding Rates(Greatest Limiting Factor to Corn Yield)(Greatest Limiting Factor to Corn Yield)

Plants / AcrePlants / Acre

Rainfed Grain Corn Rainfed Grain Corn

(No-Till and Conventional)(No-Till and Conventional)22,000 – 30,00022,000 – 30,000

Irrigated GrainIrrigated Grain

(No-Till and Conventional)(No-Till and Conventional)26,000 – 32,00026,000 – 32,000

SilageSilage 24,000 - 30,00024,000 - 30,000

From ID-139: A Comprehensive Guide to Corn Management in Kentucky.From ID-139: A Comprehensive Guide to Corn Management in Kentucky.


CornCorn



MaturityMaturity



Corn MaturityCorn Maturity

1.1. Calendar DaysCalendar Days

2.2. Relative to a StandardRelative to a Standard

3.3. Daily and Seasonal TemperaturesDaily and Seasonal Temperatures


Growing Degree DaysGrowing Degree DaysGDDGDD

Adopted in 1970 by Hybrid Seed Corn IndustryAdopted in 1970 by Hybrid Seed Corn Industry

GDD – based on the number of heat units GDD – based on the number of heat units necessary for corn to reach physiological necessary for corn to reach physiological maturitymaturity


GDD for CornGDD for Corn

GDD =GDD =MAX + MINMAX + MIN

22- 50 - 50 OOFF

MAXIMUM: no higher than MAXIMUM: no higher than 86 86 OOFFMINIMUM: no lower than MINIMUM: no lower than 50 50 OOFF

GDD =GDD =70 + 5270 + 52

22- 50 - 50 OOF = 11F = 11

Example: Daily TempsExample: Daily TempsMAX temp of 70 MAX temp of 70 MIN temp of 52MIN temp of 52

Example: Daily TempsExample: Daily TempsMAX temp of 90 MAX temp of 90 MIN temp of 67MIN temp of 67

GDD =GDD =86 + 6786 + 67

22- 50 - 50 OOF = 26.5F = 26.5


Corn Relative MaturitiesCorn Relative Maturities(GDD)(GDD)

Early:Early: 2400 - 25502400 - 2550

Medium:Medium: 2550 - 26502550 - 2650

Medium-Late:Medium-Late: 2650 - 27502650 - 2750

Late:Late: >2750>2750


The major factor influencing vegetative The major factor influencing vegetative development in grain crops is:development in grain crops is:

TEMPERATURETEMPERATURE

Ideal Growing Temperatures for:Ideal Growing Temperatures for:

CornCorn == 77 to 88 77 to 88 ooFF

SoybeanSoybean == 65 to 84 65 to 84 ooFF

WheatWheat == 62 to 73 62 to 73 ooFF


Corn – Extension ResourcesCorn – Extension Resources

ID-139: A Comprehensive Guide to Corn ID-139: A Comprehensive Guide to Corn Management in KentuckyManagement in Kentucky

U.K. Extension Grain Crops website:U.K. Extension Grain Crops website:http://www.uky.edu/Ag/GrainCrops/http://www.uky.edu/Ag/GrainCrops/

For Agents Only: For Agents Only: http://www.uky.edu/Ag/GrainCrops/agentshttp://www.uky.edu/Ag/GrainCrops/agents


Small GrainsSmall Grains



Small GrainsSmall Grains

WinterhardinessWinterhardiness

Seeding DatesSeeding Dates

Seeding RatesSeeding Rates

Yield Potential Based on StandsYield Potential Based on Stands


SMALL GRAIN SMALL GRAIN WINTER HARDINESSWINTER HARDINESS

RyeRye

TriticaleTriticale

WheatWheat

BarleyBarley

OatsOats

Winterhardiness


Small Grain Seeding DatesSmall Grain Seeding Dates

GRAINGRAIN

Barley and OatsBarley and Oats October 1 – 15October 1 – 15

WheatWheat October 15 – 30October 15 – 30

FORAGEFORAGE

Barley and OatsBarley and Oats September 15-30September 15-30

WheatWheat October 1 – 15October 1 – 15

RyeRye September 15 +September 15 +

TriticaleTriticale October 1 - 30October 1 - 30


Seeding Rate Guide per Unit Area (ftSeeding Rate Guide per Unit Area (ft22) ) Based on Row Width and Row LengthBased on Row Width and Row Length

Drill Row Drill Row WidthWidth

Linear Length Linear Length of Row Needed of Row Needed

to Equal 1 ftto Equal 1 ft22

Seeds/Row Foot NeededSeeds/Row Foot Needed

(inches)(inches) (inches)(inches) 35 seeds 35 seeds per ftper ft22

30 seeds 30 seeds per ftper ft22

44 36.036.0 1212 1010

66 24.024.0 1818 1515

77 20.620.6 2020 1717

88 18.018.0 2323 2020

1010 14.414.4 2929 2525

SQUARE FOOT OF ROW = 144 IN2 / ROW WIDTH = LINEAR INCHES OF ROW.


Wheat Yield Potential Based on Plants Per Wheat Yield Potential Based on Plants Per Square FootSquare Foot

% Stand% Stand Plants/sq ft Plants/sq ft aa % Yield Potential % Yield Potential bb

100100 30-3530-35 100100

8080 24-2824-28 100100

6060 18-2118-21 90-9590-95

5050 15-1815-18 75-8075-80

4040 12-1412-14 60-7060-70

2020 6-76-7 40-5040-50

a Multiply by 9 for plants/square yard.b This provides and estimate of the relationship of wheat stand to yield potential and is only a guide.

Economic Threshold


No-Till Wheat Seeding RatesNo-Till Wheat Seeding Rates

Light ResidueLight Residue

Capable DrillCapable Drill

Heavy, Uneven residueHeavy, Uneven residue

Drill ProblemsDrill Problems

Should seeding rates be increased for no-till?Should seeding rates be increased for no-till?

If less than optimum planting conditions, increase seeding If less than optimum planting conditions, increase seeding rates for no-till wheat by 10-15% rates for no-till wheat by 10-15% (35-40 seeds/ft(35-40 seeds/ft22))..

Probably Not

Yes


The major factor influencing vegetative The major factor influencing vegetative development in grain crops is:development in grain crops is:

Ideal Growing Temperatures for:Ideal Growing Temperatures for:

CornCorn == 77 to 88 77 to 88 ooFF

SoybeanSoybean == 65 to 84 65 to 84 ooFF

WheatWheat == 62 to 73 62 to 73 ooFF

TEMPERATURETEMPERATURE


Small Grains – Extension ResourcesSmall Grains – Extension Resources

ID-125: A Comprehensive Guide to Wheat ID-125: A Comprehensive Guide to Wheat Management in KentuckyManagement in Kentucky

U.K. Extension Grain Crops website:U.K. Extension Grain Crops website:

http://www.uky.edu/Ag/GrainCrops/http://www.uky.edu/Ag/GrainCrops/

For Agents Only: For Agents Only:

http://www.uky.edu/Ag/GrainCrops/agentshttp://www.uky.edu/Ag/GrainCrops/agents


Grain Crops WebsiteGrain Crops Website


Basketball Starts . . . Nov. 25-27, 2002.


Thank You!!Thank You!!



More on CornMore on Corn


Effect of Tillage and Planting Date on Corn YieldEffect of Tillage and Planting Date on Corn Yield4 year avg. (1979-1982)4 year avg. (1979-1982)

Planting Planting DateDate ConventionalConventional No-TillNo-Till Avg.Avg.

Corn Yield (bu/A)Corn Yield (bu/A)

Early MayEarly May11 121121 121121 121121

Mid-MayMid-May 102102 124124 113113

Early JuneEarly June 8686 102102 9494

Avg. Avg. 103103 116116

1 Three-year avg. only. 1979 data missing for Early May.


Corn Yield Increases from GeneticsCorn Yield Increases from Genetics

19751975 Pioneer 3369APioneer 3369A 144 Bu/A144 Bu/A

19951995 Pioneer 3163Pioneer 3163 186 Bu/A186 Bu/A

Yield IncreaseYield Increase 42 Bu/A42 Bu/A

Per YearPer Year 2.1 Bu/A2.1 Bu/A

Kentucky:Kentucky:

2.1 Bu/A/year. x 1.2 million acres = 2.52 million Bu/year2.1 Bu/A/year. x 1.2 million acres = 2.52 million Bu/year

2.52 million Bu/year x $2.75/Bu = $6.93 million/year2.52 million Bu/year x $2.75/Bu = $6.93 million/year

1000 acres x 2.1 Bu/year x $2.75/Bu = $5775/Year1000 acres x 2.1 Bu/year x $2.75/Bu = $5775/Year

Data from Dan Brann, VPI


Effect of Row Width and Effect of Row Width and Plant Population on Corn YieldsPlant Population on Corn Yields

(8 location average)(8 location average)

Yield (bu/A)Yield (bu/A)

Row WidthRow Width 20 inch20 inch 170 ab*170 ab*

30 inch30 inch 175 a175 a

36 inch36 inch 169 b169 b

Plant PopulationPlant Population 20,00020,000 164 a164 a

26,00026,000 171 b171 b

30,00030,000 178 c178 c

*0.10 level for row width, 0.05 level for population.


Row Width Effect on Corn Grain YieldRow Width Effect on Corn Grain Yield(Non-Irrigated)(Non-Irrigated)


30 inch30 inch 36 inch36 inch DifferenceDifference

19791979 154154 142142 ++ 1212

19801980 122122 120120 ++ 22

19811981 152152 155155 -- 33

19821982 116116 130130 -- 1414

AverageAverage 136136 137137 -- 11


Row Width Effect on Corn Grain YieldRow Width Effect on Corn Grain Yield(Irrigated)(Irrigated)


30 inch30 inch 36 inch36 inch DifferenceDifference

19791979 199199 176176 ++ 2323

19801980 143143 141141 ++ 22

19811981 163163 156156 ++ 77

19821982 175175 177177 -- 22

AverageAverage 170170 162162 ++ 88


Row Width Effect on Corn YieldsRow Width Effect on Corn Yields(Hardin County, Kentucky)(Hardin County, Kentucky)

Row WidthRow Width Corn Yield (Bu/A)Corn Yield (Bu/A)

(inches)(inches) No-TillNo-Till ConventionalConventional

1972-19741972-1974

1919 161161 137137

3838 162162 133133

1975-761975-76

3030 109109

3838 116116


Corn Hybrid, Row Width and Plant Population Corn Hybrid, Row Width and Plant Population Summary Across YearsSummary Across Years

HybridHybrid Yield Yield (bu/A)(bu/A) Row WidthRow Width Yield Yield

(bu/A)(bu/A)

Pioneer 33Y18Pioneer 33Y18 155.4 a155.4 a 20 inch20 inch 148.4 a148.4 a

So. States SS828So. States SS828 143.9 b143.9 b 30 inch30 inch 150.9 a150.9 a

Plant PopulationPlant Population Yield Yield (bu/A)(bu/A)

24,00024,000 148.7 a148.7 a

28,00028,000 151.5 a151.5 a

32,00032,000 148.7 a148.7 a


Uneven Corn Stands Cost MoneyUneven Corn Stands Cost Money

Good stands = 2 inch deviationGood stands = 2 inch deviation

Example: Example: 26,000 seeds on 30 inch row26,000 seeds on 30 inch row Equals 1 plant every 8 inchesEquals 1 plant every 8 inches Good stand is 6 to 10 inches Good stand is 6 to 10 inches

apartapart

2.5 bushel lost for every 1 inch 2.5 bushel lost for every 1 inch increase in deviationincrease in deviation

3 inch deviation = 2.5 bushel 3 inch deviation = 2.5 bushel lossloss

5-inch deviation = 7.5 bushel 5-inch deviation = 7.5 bushel lossloss


Effect of Emergence Delays on Corn YieldEffect of Emergence Delays on Corn Yield

Uneven emergence of:Uneven emergence of: 10 days = 6 – 9 % loss10 days = 6 – 9 % loss 21 days = 10 – 22% loss21 days = 10 – 22% loss

7 days = 5.5% loss7 days = 5.5% loss 14 days = 13.2% loss14 days = 13.2% loss

Primary Causes:Primary Causes: 1. Soil Moisture1. Soil Moisture 2. Poor soil-to-seed contact2. Poor soil-to-seed contact

(Wisconsin and Illinois research)(Wisconsin and Illinois research)

(Minnesota research)(Minnesota research)


Rate and Time of Nitrogen on Corn Yield (bu/A)Rate and Time of Nitrogen on Corn Yield (bu/A)

N RateN Rate TimingTiming Soil DrainageSoil Drainage

(lb/A)(lb/A) PoorlyPoorly ModeratelyModerately WellWell

00 ------ 6969 3838 155155

7575 At PlantingAt Planting 6262 7575 170170

7575 Top DressTop Dress 9797 163163 175175

150150 At PlantingAt Planting 9494 109109 176176

150150 Top DressTop Dress 121121 169169 170170

Corn was seeded no-till into sod.


1992 Corn Nitrogen Studies1992 Corn Nitrogen Studies

NN CountiesCounties

(lbs/A)(lbs/A) BooneBoone HarrisonHarrison NelsonNelson PowellPowell ShelbyShelby BellBell

(Bu/A)(Bu/A)

00 173173 155155 8282 8686 169169 129129

75 AP75 AP 174174 173173 144144 162162 201201 208208

75 TD75 TD 188188 180180 156156 155155 207207 171171

150 AP150 AP 193193 176176 169169 186186 209209 215215

150 TD150 TD 181181 179179 179179 183183 197197 193193

50 + 7550 + 75 196196 172172 165165 173173 209209 207207

225 AP225 AP 195195 175175 184184 182182 203203 213213

225 TD225 TD 185185 183183 169169 172172 191191 189189

AP = AT PLANTING; TP = TOP DRESSEDAP = AT PLANTING; TP = TOP DRESSED


1992 Corn Nitrogen Studies1992 Corn Nitrogen Studies

NN CountiesCounties

(lbs/A)(lbs/A) BooneBoone HarrisonHarrison NelsonNelson PowellPowell ShelbyShelby BellBell

(Bu/A)(Bu/A)

00 173173 155155 8282 8686 169169 129129

75 AP75 AP 174174 173173 144144 162162 201201 208208

75 TD75 TD 188188 180180 156156 155155 207207 171171

150 AP150 AP 193193 176176 169169 186186 209209 215215

150 TD150 TD 181181 179179 179179 183183 197197 193193

50 + 7550 + 75 196196 172172 165165 173173 209209 207207

225 AP225 AP 195195 175175 184184 182182 203203 213213

225 TD225 TD 185185 183183 169169 172172 191191 189189

AP = AT PLANTING; TP = TOP DRESSEDAP = AT PLANTING; TP = TOP DRESSEDYELLOW FONTYELLOW FONT = MOST EFFICIENT N RATE = MOST EFFICIENT N RATE


WHAT IT TAKES TO MAKE 200 BUSHEL CORNWHAT IT TAKES TO MAKE 200 BUSHEL CORNSummary of 1981 to 1989 Kentucky Corn ChampionsSummary of 1981 to 1989 Kentucky Corn Champions

1. 1. Average yield: 217 Bu/A (200 to 240)Average yield: 217 Bu/A (200 to 240)

2.2. Corn Hybrids: A: 119 days to maturity (118 to 126)Corn Hybrids: A: 119 days to maturity (118 to 126)

B: Genetic potential provenB: Genetic potential proven

3.3. Planting Date: May 2 (April 17 to May 18)Planting Date: May 2 (April 17 to May 18)

4.4. Row width: 30 or 36 inchesRow width: 30 or 36 inches

5.5. Harvest Population: 23,500 (22 to 25,000) uniform standHarvest Population: 23,500 (22 to 25,000) uniform stand

(More on next slide.)


WHAT IT TAKES TO MAKE 200 BUSHEL CORNWHAT IT TAKES TO MAKE 200 BUSHEL CORNSummary of 1981 to 1989 Kentucky Corn ChampionsSummary of 1981 to 1989 Kentucky Corn Champions

6.6. Fertility: High fertility soil (High or Very High Tests)Fertility: High fertility soil (High or Very High Tests)

N: 195 lb/A (6 of the winners below 200)N: 195 lb/A (6 of the winners below 200)

7.7. Tillage: 5 of 8 winners were no-tillTillage: 5 of 8 winners were no-till

8.8. Rotation: Soybeans (5), Corn (2), Sod (1)Rotation: Soybeans (5), Corn (2), Sod (1)

9.9. Soil Type: Loams that are moderately to well drained.Soil Type: Loams that are moderately to well drained.

10.10. Rainfall: Need 15 to 20 inches uniformly distributed.Rainfall: Need 15 to 20 inches uniformly distributed.

(Continued)


More on WheatMore on Wheat


SMALL GRAINSSMALL GRAINS

BARLEYBARLEYEarliest maturingEarliest maturing

Best for double-crop soybeansBest for double-crop soybeans

Excellent feed grainExcellent feed grain

WHEATWHEATMost versatileMost versatile

Withstands wetter soilsWithstands wetter soils

Excellent fee grainExcellent fee grain

RYERYEBest for grazingBest for grazing

Earliest for silageEarliest for silage

Excellent mulch for no-tillExcellent mulch for no-till

OATSOATS

Spring and winterSpring and winter

Latest maturingLatest maturing

Excellent for companion cropExcellent for companion crop

Only spring small grain in KentuckyOnly spring small grain in Kentucky

TRITICALETRITICALEBetween rye and wheatBetween rye and wheat

High yielding silageHigh yielding silage


Seeding Rate Guide per Unit Area (ftSeeding Rate Guide per Unit Area (ft22) ) Based on Row Width and Row LengthBased on Row Width and Row Length

Example: Example:

A.A. Target seeding rate = 35 seeds/ftTarget seeding rate = 35 seeds/ft22

B.B. Drill Row Width = 7 inchesDrill Row Width = 7 inches

C.C. For seeding rate of 35 seeds/ftFor seeding rate of 35 seeds/ft22, you need to calibrate , you need to calibrate a drill with a 7 inch row width to deliver 35 seeds in a a drill with a 7 inch row width to deliver 35 seeds in a 21 inch length of row (or 20 seeds per foot of row).21 inch length of row (or 20 seeds per foot of row).


Seeding Rate Determinations Needed for Seeding Rate Determinations Needed for Drill CalibrationDrill Calibration

1)1) Decide on Decide on seeding rateseeding rate desired per ft desired per ft22

• Optimum rates are 30 -35 seeds/ftOptimum rates are 30 -35 seeds/ft22

2)2) Know Know row widthrow width of drill of drill

3)3) Determine Determine linear length of rowlinear length of row that is equivalent to 1 ft that is equivalent to 1 ft22 (144 in(144 in22) for row width being used.) for row width being used.

• Obtain from a tableObtain from a table• Calculate:Calculate:

• 144 in144 in22/ Row Width (inches) = Row Length Equivalent for 1 ft/ Row Width (inches) = Row Length Equivalent for 1 ft22

4)4) Calibrate drill to deliver desired seeding rate (# of Calibrate drill to deliver desired seeding rate (# of seeds) in row length equivalent to 1 ftseeds) in row length equivalent to 1 ft22..


Adjusting Seeding Rate for GerminationAdjusting Seeding Rate for Germination

A.A. Adjust wheat seeding rates for germination, particularly if Adjust wheat seeding rates for germination, particularly if below 90%.below 90%.

B.B. Calculate germination adjustments by dividing the desired Calculate germination adjustments by dividing the desired seeding rate (seeds/ft2) or (lbs/A) by the percent germination.seeding rate (seeds/ft2) or (lbs/A) by the percent germination.

= ADJUSTED SEEDING

RATE

Seeding rate desired(# of seeds or volume)

% germination


Determining seeding rate in pounds/acreDetermining seeding rate in pounds/acre

Seeds per Seeds per poundpound Seeds/ square footSeeds/ square foot

2525 3030 3535

10,00010,000 109109 130130 152152

11,00011,000 9999 119119 139139

12,00012,000 9191 109109 127127

13,00013,000 8484 100100 117117

14,00014,000 7878 9393 109109


Determining seeding rate Determining seeding rate in seeds/row foot at 35 seeds/ftin seeds/row foot at 35 seeds/ft2*2*

ROW WIDTHROW WIDTH PLANTING TIMEPLANTING TIME

InchesInches TimelyTimely 2 Wks Late2 Wks Late 1 Mo. Late1 Mo. Late

44 1212 1313 1414

77 2020 2222 2424

88 2222 2424 2626

1010 2929 3131 3333

* SQUARE FOOT OF ROW = 144 IN2 / ROW WIDTH = LINEAR INCHES OF ROW.


Making a Wheat Stand CheckMaking a Wheat Stand Check

1)1) Make counts on a square foot basis, orMake counts on a square foot basis, or

2)2) Equate linear foot of row needed to equal 1 ftEquate linear foot of row needed to equal 1 ft22 1)1) 1 ft1 ft22 = 144 inches = 144 inches22

2)2) Divide 144 by drill row width (inches)Divide 144 by drill row width (inches)

3)3) This gives linear inches of row neededThis gives linear inches of row needed

3)3) Example: for 7 inch rowsExample: for 7 inch rows1)1) 144 / 7 = 20.5 inches of row = 1 ft144 / 7 = 20.5 inches of row = 1 ft22

4)4) Make stand counts at several spots in the field. Make stand counts at several spots in the field.


Adjusting Seeding Rate for GerminationAdjusting Seeding Rate for Germination

A.A. Target seeding rate = 35 seeds/ftTarget seeding rate = 35 seeds/ft22

B.B. In 7-inch rows (from Table) = 20 seeds / foot of rowIn 7-inch rows (from Table) = 20 seeds / foot of row

C.C. At 30 ft calibration distance (20 seeds/ft x 30 ft) = 600 seeds At 30 ft calibration distance (20 seeds/ft x 30 ft) = 600 seeds neededneeded

D.D. At 35 seeds/ftAt 35 seeds/ft22 + 11,714 seeds/lb = 130 lbs/acre + 11,714 seeds/lb = 130 lbs/acre

(continued)

Example: using Pioneer 2555 with 11,714 seeds/lb and germination = 85%Example: using Pioneer 2555 with 11,714 seeds/lb and germination = 85%


Adjusting Seeding Rate for GerminationAdjusting Seeding Rate for Germination(continued)

Example: using Pioneer 2555 with 11,714 seeds/lb and germination = 85%Example: using Pioneer 2555 with 11,714 seeds/lb and germination = 85%

35 seeds/ft2

0.85= 41.2 seeds/ft2

20 seeds/ft

0.85= 23.5 seeds/ft

600 seeds/(30 ft distance)

0.85= 705.9 seeds

130 lbs/A

0.85= 152.9 lbs/A

Calculations adjusted for 85% germination.Calculations adjusted for 85% germination.

A drill set to any one of these calculations will deliver A drill set to any one of these calculations will deliver 35 live seeds35 live seeds per ftper ft22 based on a germination of 85%. based on a germination of 85%.

1 2

3 4


Wheat Row Width StudyWheat Row Width StudyPrinceton, KYPrinceton, KY

19831983 19841984

Row WidthRow Width YieldYield

(Bu/A)(Bu/A)

YieldYield

(Bu/A)(Bu/A)

Yield Gain Yield Gain or Lossor Loss

BroadcastBroadcast 5151 8787 + 3 %+ 3 %

4.75 inches4.75 inches ---- 9191 + 8 %+ 8 %

7.0 inches7.0 inches 5858 8484 00

9.5 inches9.5 inches ---- 7777 - 8%- 8%

12.0 inches12.0 inches 5454 ----

1983 = average of 3 varieties; 1984 = TylerSeed rate = 1 ½ Bu/A (except 1984 broadcast = 2 Bu/A)


Narrow Row Wheat Spacing SummaryNarrow Row Wheat Spacing SummaryStateState YearYear Row Width ComparisonRow Width Comparison Yield GainYield Gain

(inches)(inches) (%)(%)

KentuckyKentucky 19841984 4.754.75 vs.vs. 77 88

IndianaIndiana 19831983 2.5 2.5 vs.vs. 7.5 7.5 66

19841984 2.52.5 vs.vs. 7.57.5 55

IllinoisIllinois 19841984 44 vs.vs. 88 33

VirginiaVirginia 19821982 44 vs.vs. 88 1414

19831983 44 vs.vs. 88 1212

19841984 44 vs.vs. 88 1111

MarylandMaryland 19841984 44 vs.vs. 88 88

PennsylvaniaPennsylvania 19811981 55 vs.vs. 77 99

19821982 55 vs.vs. 77 88


Certified Seed TagCertified Seed TagDetermining Pure Live SeedDetermining Pure Live Seed

Pure Live Seed (PLS) Pure Live Seed (PLS) % Pure Live Seed x % Germination = PLS% Pure Live Seed x % Germination = PLS

Example: Example: 90% Pure Seed x 90% Germination = 81% PLS90% Pure Seed x 90% Germination = 81% PLS

cca training at natural bridge corn and small grains production morris bitzer jim herbek chad lee

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