cbt final public oral 2015
TRANSCRIPT
All work and no pay?Effects of reward structures on perceptions of
social mobility in the United States
Courtney Bearns Tablante
Final Public Oral Examination
May 8, 2015
Beliefs About Rewards
“If you work hard, you can get ahead.”
MeritocracyKluegel & Smith, 1986
Protestant Work EthicWeber, 1905; Furnham, 1990
Belief in a Just WorldLerner & Miller, 1978
System JustificationJost & Banaji, 1994
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“If you’re jealous of those with more money, don’t just sit there and complain, do something to make more money yourself – spend less time drinking or smoking and socialising, and more
time working.”
Socioeconomics in the U.S.
High inequality
Low social mobility
Inequality in education / access
Economic gains going to the top
(e.g., Andrews & Leigh, 2009; Haveman & Smeeding, 2006; Kopczuk et al., 2010; Pikkety & Goldhammer, 2014)
Data from Congressional Budget Office
PRRI survey, September 2012
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Consequences of Obstacles
In the workplaceDemand-Control model; Effort-Reward Imbalance model
Personal controlAgency, Self-Efficacy, Internal vs. External locus of control
Learned helplessnessPassive, avoidant strategies
Do these feelings generalize to beliefs about society?
(e.g., Abramson, Seligman, & Teasdale, 1978; Karasek, 1994; Lachman & Weaver, 1998; Rotter, 1996; Ross & Sastry, 1999; Siegrist et al., 2004)
Methods• 4 Studies
• MTurk “Family Feud” game
• Incentive: top 5% of scorers entered into a $50 raffle
• “Effort” = number of questions attempted
Study 1: Methods (continued)
• Conditions:– ERM: Effort increasingly rewarded
• Each question worth 0.2 points more than previous (#1 = 1 pt., #2 = 1.2 pts., etc.)
– ERI: Constant points/reward• Rewards not scaling up, each worth constant # of points (#1 = 1
pt., #2 = 1 pt., #30 = 1 pt., etc.)
• Primary DVs:– Game-specific effort-reward relationship (manipulation
check)– Feelings of personal control / constraints– Perceptions of current social mobility in USA
• All manipulations between participants; no awareness of other conditions
Study 1: Measures• Manipulation check
– I believe that working hard in this game will lead to better performance / more points.
– I think I could improve my score on this game if I tried a little harder.
• Perceived control / constraints (Lachman & Weaver, 1998)
– What happens to me in the future mostly depends on me.– Whether or not I am able to get what I want is in my own
hands.
• Perceptions of social mobility– It is not too difficult for people to change their position in
society.– There are a lot of opportunities for people to move up the
social ladder.
What do you think is the most popular answer to the following questions?
• Repairing it• Putting up holiday lights• Cleaning the gutter
• Looking for something• Chasing a pet• Painting
What is a reason you might be up on your roof?
Name an animal you might feed at a petting zoo.• Goat• Horse• Sheep
• Piglet• Pony• Llama
What is something you try to avoid when camping in the woods?
• Bears• Insects• Skunks
• Rain• Poison ivy• Snakes
What do you think is the most popular answer to the following questions?
• Repairing it• Putting up holiday lights• Cleaning the gutter
• Looking for something• Chasing a pet• Painting
What is a reason you might be up on your roof?
Name an animal you might feed at a petting zoo.• Goat• Horse• Sheep
• Piglet• Pony• Llama
What is something you try to avoid when camping in the woods?
• Bears• Insects• Skunks
• Rain• Poison ivy• Snakes
• Repairing it• Putting up holiday lights• Cleaning the gutter
• Looking for something• Chasing a pet• Painting
What is a reason you might be up on your roof?
Name an animal you might feed at a petting zoo.• Goat• Horse• Sheep
• Piglet• Pony• Llama
What is something you try to avoid when camping in the woods?
• Bears• Insects• Skunks
• Rain• Poison ivy• Snakes
X 0/1
X 0/1.2
√ 1.4/1.4
Your score so far is:
1.4
Would you like to answer more quiz questions? Remember, the more questions you answer, the better your chances at winning $50!
• I want to answer more questions – take me to the next page!• I don’t want to answer any more quiz questions, take me to the next part of the survey.
Summary of Results
• No differences by condition in:
– Enjoyment of game
– Frustration
– Self-esteem
– Motivation to win the raffle
8/27/2015
Summary of Results, Cont.
• Significant effect of condition on:
– Game-specific E-R beliefs
• Points increasing: M = 4.03, SD = 0.88
• Constant points: M = 3.80, SD = 0.97
– Personal control
• Points increasing: M = 4.50, SD = 0.83
• Constant points: M = 4.20, SD = 0.81
– Perceived social mobility
• Points increasing: M = 3.38, SD = 0.89
• Constant points: M = 3.14, SD = 0.988/27/2015
Study 1 Results: Social Mobility
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2.0
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
3.0
3.2
3.4
3.6
ERM ERI
Perc
eive
d S
oci
al M
ob
ilit
y in
USA
(1-
6)
When increased effort / persistence led to increased rewards, Ps felt more control
and believed the USA has higher mobility
Study 2
• Replication + controlling for points
– 3 conditions
• Points scaling up, points constant (1 or 5 pts.)
• Results
– Marginal results of condition on game-specific beliefs1 (manip check)
• Scaling-up significantly higher than 5 pt. condition
• 1-pt. condition not significantly different from others
– NS effects on personal control, mobility
1 F(2,637) = 2.61, p = 0.075, η2p = 0.008
C. B. Tablante Dissertation
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
ERM ERI-1 ERI-5
Pe
rce
ipti
on
s o
f S
oci
al
Mo
bil
ity
(1
-6)
Study 2: Mobility
Study 3
• Replication + testing randomness– 3 conditions
• Scaling-up: same as before (+0.2 pts/per)
• Constant: 4.87 points
• Random points: estimated to average 4.87 pts/per
– Visually different, e.g., 1 question/pg.
• Results– NS manipulation check
– NS effects on personal control, mobility
2.5
2.7
2.9
3.1
3.3
3.5
3.7
3.9
Constant ERM Random
Pe
rce
pti
on
s o
f S
oci
al
Mo
bil
ity
(1
-6)
Study 3: Mobility
Study 4
• Replication / simplification
• Sig.1 manipulation check
• NS effects on personal control
• Marginal effect2 of condition on mobility
– Points increasing: M = 3.36, SD = 0.93
– Constant points (4.5/per)3: M = 3.20, SD = 0.92
– Random points3: M = 3.22, SD = 0.99
1 F(2,773) = 3.05, p = 0.048, η2p = 0.008
2 F(2,773) = 2.43, p = 0.088, η2p = 0.006
3 NS compared to each other, sig. lower than increasing condition
Study 4: Mobility
2.5
2.7
2.9
3.1
3.3
3.5
3.7
3.9
ERM ERI (constant) ERR (random)
Pe
rce
pti
on
s o
f S
oci
al
Mo
bil
ity
(1
-6)
Study 4: Results
• No significant effects of condition on control
• (Marginal) replication of initial pattern on perceptions of mobility
• Similar effects between random and constant-point conditions
Conclusions
Individuals may generalize their own experiences when forming beliefs about social mobility
Beliefs may be influenced even by brief experiences
May relate to feeling personal control
SES is also significantly related to feelings of control and mobility beliefs
Higher SES = higher control, perceived mobility
Does not interact with condition
8/27/2015
Future Directions
• More immersive paradigm– “Flashier” online task, lab study, longer “game”
• Manipulating incentives– Direct points-to-cash conversion, non-monetary rewards
• Other operationalizations of “effort”– Physical labor vs. online task– Working “hard” vs. “smart” vs. “long”
• Other potential factors– Diagnosticity of task, skill required, ability to learn/improve
Thank You!Susan FiskeJoan GirgusAlin Coman
Betsy Levy PaluckEldar Shafir
Fiske LabPaluck Lab
Pam MuellerAndra Geana
Jill SwencionisRebecca Littman
Keisha CraigJim Plastine
Bartley, Priscilla, Bart, and Teddy Tablante
(Lunch available in the 3rd floor conference room!)
Effect of Manipulation on # Attempted / Time Spent
• Study 1: significant effects
– ERM: # Attempted M = 32.83, SD = 20.70• Time spent M = 6.80, SD = 0.55
– ERI: # Attempted M = 27.18, SD = 18.88• Time spent M = 6.65, SD = 0.50
• Study 3: marginal effects on # attempted, NS time
– ERM: # Attempted M = 24.29, SD = 18.69
– ERI: # Attempted M = 21.24, SD = 17.55
– ERR: # Attempted M = 19.78, SD = 17.07
Study 1 Participant SES
http://www.people-press.org/2015/03/04/most-say-government-policies-since-recession-have-done-little-to-help-middle-class-poor/
Study 1 Political Orientation
Visual Differences: Study 1
• Does type of SES measurement matter?
– No substantial differences using composite SES, income, subjective SES, or not controlling
• What happens if you control for other ind. Diffs (e.g., age, gender)
– Age: study 1 (mobility) – NS, no diff
– Gender: study 1 (mobility) – NS, no diff
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