The Coundl on Ilt>tanieal and IIortieul.tural t.1brariea, Ino:."nIe /lev York Botanical Garden, BrOllX. Ifev 'tork 10~56

Plant B1b1iograp~ IfUlllber )

EDIlILE W'IUl PUIf'!'S:

Ju1.:f 1976

Di...e 6c::hVU'til'He.", Rd"ern"e Ltbrari...

Library of the Ifev 'tork BDt&n1"al GtlrdeoBronx, Ifev 'tork loL58

IHTIlODUCTIOIf

A=eri"ans have s great forasing haritase. Our forebears. both nativeAmerio:an and early c.olontsU, relied heavily 011 tile gatllerina of vildfoods to supplement the measer fare aVailable to thelll trOlll domasti"atedplants and anilllab. The untamed bnd of North A=eriea had a vealth ofedible foods to otter its settlers. Roots. greens. tr~ts, nuts andberriea vere all in abundan"e. Some vere a delight to eat, othero itvu learned Soon had medi"inal Tal\le &S veIl. It'o i.IIlprenive that,eYeo to"'-,y. IDOre thaD )00 yeara a1"ter the first European oet foot onthia acil, ma.rlY of thon a&llle fooda are atill accesaible to thetoraser .

Thia 1& an anDOtated list of verb on ed.1bl.e v1..1d p1.aQta. Plallts t.hat."an be gathered rn. a vac:lIDt dt.," lot.. an urban park, or a Te~tvoodland. ~ lIl&Jorit.," of the bonita &re 111 print and avaUable forpwehue. lfot~h:T out.-of-pr1l1t 'VCru have been ill"luded. becausethey otter I01goiticant detail, COlIlPnhenlO1ve &n&l;r.1& and/or out.t....d­:LI1g illustrations. '!'he.e .hould be annable at a nearby publielibrary, arbontUli or botllDieal. garden. AJ.tbough von. have bee Ar-

r ....ed alphabeti,,-.J..l1" by alltbor rather than grouped 111 aub-c.1&..ea.it 1& 1B:portant to DOte that~ haye spe<:i&l feature.. sc.e empIl.a­ahe reeipea. oth....s '"' tield guidea. A third voup u-eat ot hiatory,lore, IqeDd ....d ear17 UB&l!le. '!'be annot.ations vere designed to helpyou sele"t those '\IOrlta .,It .w.table tor your purposea.

For&l!lilll;. like so &I&ll;J" outcSoor eodeaYQrs, can be great run. It ia al­vaya important to lII&ke your lelec.t1on o:ard'uJ.ly by accurate identUi­o:ation of plant apee1es. Some edible pl&Dts do have pohooou.a parte.or poillOlIOU!I look &1.1kea. It the idl!lltity ot a p1.ant 1& 111 40ubt _don't eat itl

CaRL Plant Bibliography

Angier, Bradford.PA, Stackpole

1972.!!ooks.

Feasting Free on ~ild Edibles. Harri~burg,

285 p. $5.95, pap.; Pyramid (pap. $1.75).

Includes an extensive variety of vild fruits, nuts lllld greens.While the descriptive ~terial is quite informative, the illustra­tions are poor.

Angier, Bradford.PA, Stackpole

1974.Books.

Field Guide to Edible Wild Plllllts.256: p. $8.95 (pap. $11.95).

Harrisburg,

An excellent, comprehensive field guide--the fine colored dra~ings

simplify identification. Provides interesting early American usesof the~e plants. Arranged alphabetic~· by COllllllOn name, it alsoinclude~ Latin genus, species and family names. Edibl" h"rbs,trees, shrubs, B.1.g"" and cacti are all dealt with. F.eeommend"d.

Badhwar, Rattan L. 1968. Edible Wild Plants of: the Himalayas. Ddhi,Manag"r of Publications. 1182 p.

A noristic surv"y of th" "dible plants of the Himalayllll region.Thoroughly scientific in its approach. For each plant the follo~­

ing information is provided: description, distribution, edibleparts, season available, local names and Latin names. Colored andblack and white dravings. Unfortunately, their quality is incon­sistent.

Beedell, Suzanne. 1973. Pick, Cook & Brew. New York, HippocreneBooks. 224 p. $5.95.

The emphasis here is on recipes: for all kinds of wild foods,fruits, berries and herbs. Brief descriptions, & bit of lore,legend and a simple line drawing accompany the recipes. Presentsan interesting variety of wild foods.

Benoliel, Doug.Northwe~t.

pap.

19711. North~est Foraging: Wild Edibles of the PacificLynwood, WN, Signpost Publications. 171 p. $4.95,

A ~election of sixty edible wild plants, authoritatively described,both from the standpoint of structure and habitat. Each plant isillustrated with a drawing of scientific caliber. Several helpfultables pinpoint habitat locations, seasonal availability, and in­troduced ~ild plants. A separate sectioD describes and illustratespoisonous plants. Recipes, a glossary of scientific terms, and il­lustrations of the structure of th" no~er and the leaf completethis recommended text.

Berglund, Berndt and Relsby, Clare E.York, Scribner's. 188 p. $3.115,

,

':'971.pap.

(The) Edible Wild.

IlWllber 3, Ju.ly 1918

~ Horth Ameriean vild plants ~st commonly eolleeted by theladians and e ....ly settlers are ineluded in this l.lI1ique eooltbook,adapted eo eonro... to eontemporary tastes and 1D&1"edients.

81llJ' Joe Tatu:o's WUd Foods Cookbook and Fleld Ollide. Edited b,- IldenWltty. 1916. Bev Tork, IIorltaan. 268 p. $~3.95 (pp. $~.95).

The alphsl>eth:&l ....~ent b;r e:e->n name is • dr.wbae..t ... dir­rerent genu. t'req;\letttly haft the same~ naM!. OesedptiolUOare adeqlllLte. S1lqlle sketehes are 1nel.llded, altboqh DOt neces­sar117 very he.lprw. &I &ll identinc.ti.... tool. The reeipe seettoDotrers .ppethers, IGIlpS, -t.D d.1shes and desserts alJ. preparedvith v1l.d p1llDts.

Br.cltett, Babette aDdCodine. 160 p.

Lash. Mary Ann. 1915.$12.50 (pap. $5.95).

The WUd GolU'let. Boston,

A se&Bonal gII1de to edible ..,11d plants vith rec1pes ror the pre­puation or go~t speel&lties. This is not a t1eld guide; and,although simple line dr.vings &CeO<llpany the text. they orrer no aidill identit'y1ng the plants. A reeOlllllended vork ror the cook ..,hoeollects vild plants.

Christensen, Clyde M. 1969. CommonUniversity ot Minnesota Press.

Edlble124 p.

Mushrooms. Minneapolis,$6.95 (pap. $3.45).

The aim or this work is to introdllce the novlee to 50 edible mush­rooms; bo" to recognize the•• where and "hen to rilld thl!lll. lIl:ld hovto prepare the. tor eating. Serves as an excellent illtrodllction&I lt lI.IIkes • gre.t errort eo have the uninlti.ted learn tint ande.xper1lDent neftr. Well lll\l.ltrated vith good. qwal1t,. blaclr. andvh.1te photogr.phs. Descriptive details are e>:cellellt.

01l.l, No.....,. ed.Reaervs.tion.

1965.Doftr,

Edible Plants and 5IIrrlval. Rodney S<;:olltDI:, Tracey Ancelat.es. 11111 p.

Arranged. b)' COU8Oil n..-. Pl..,t des<:rlptiOI1l are Dllt. 1.nelUl1ed, hilta very st.ple line dravillg 11 provided tor each it_ line<!. la­tonaation 1nellides Latin n..-. conditions under vl:lieh it ~,rood app1ieation.

Fau.blon, lII1.na L. 1972. So.., E4.1blePortl.and, OR, Binrord. 198 p.

_moo..$6.50.

A "dl 1llllStrated rield gII14e tor the .....teIIT II\IShrooll. hunter.Color ..,d black and "hite photographs abound. Good qwal1ty del­criptiCl.l1.S in l.."..,,,,'s lSl18~' Partleu.larly or1ellted to thePacitic lIIorthvest, althoqh applicable to llther parts ot thecountry as vell. S1II.ple lnstructillils tor cleaning lIIU8hrooms IIld ashort chapter vith recipe. are appended.

3

CBHL P:Lant Bibliography

Fernll.J.d, Merritt L. and Kinsey, AlfredEastern North America. Rev. ed.$15.00.

C. 1958.Nil." York,

Edible Wild Plants ofHarper &Ro". 452 p.

Thorough and comprehensive. Chapter 1 classifies plants accordingto usage. Includes general instructions on the preparation otsoups, vegetsbles. sll.J.ads, etc. Chapter 2 dell.J.s vtth poisonolUlplants likely to be mistaken tor edible spec1es. Chapter 3 pro­vides detailed enumeration ot the most "idely available edible vtldflO"ering plants. Here are included: seasonll.J. availability, habi­tat, range and key characteristics. A limited number of illustra_tions. Chapter 4 treats of mushrooms, sea"eeds and lichens. Ane~tensive bibliography completes the "ork.

Freitu~, Joseph. 1975. One Hundre<1 & Sixty Edible Plants CO<IIIIlOnlyFound in the Eastern United States. Lexington, MA, Stone"allPress. 85 p. $2.95. pap.

A good field guide tor the more experienced plant collector. Suc­cinctly describes and illustrates each of the 160 plants. Des­criptions are in a scientific tramevork, and are both authoritativeand accurate. A major drallback are the insignificant line dravingsIlhich fail to adequately illustrste the great breadth of plantsdescribed.

Furlong, Marjorie and Pill, Virginia. 1974.Berries. Hell.J.<1aburg, CA, Haturegraph.

Wild64 p.

Edible Fruits and$7.95 (pap. $3.95).

Forty-tva vild fruits and berries are described and illustratedvith color photographs. The emphasis is on plants readily accessi­ble to the novice as "ell as the more experience<1 plant hunter.The descriptive matter is minimal. Relies rather heavily on thecolor photographs to expand upon the sketchy descriptions.

Gaertner, Erika E. 1967. Harvest Without Planting. Chalk River,Ontario, Published by the author. 65 p.

A most unusual cookbook offering recipes for such exotic fare as:Snapping Tw-tle soup, Partr1<1ge in Ale. and Puffball cutlets. Agood companion IIOrk to all those gUidebook.s on edible vild foods.

Gibbons, Euell. 1971. Stalking theNature. Nil.\!" York, David McK~.

Cood Life; My Love247 p. $8.95.

Affair "ith

The r4lllblingu and reminiscences of one of our llIOSt belOVed naturewriters offers delightful reading to those "ho enjoy gathering a.ndeating vtld fooda; or for those "ho have contemplated doing it.Not a field guide. Gibbons does offer mll.JlY 1Itlll.ginative and usef'ulsuggestions On "here to hunt for "ild foods.

4

Humber J, Julv 1978

Gibbons, Euell. 1970. Stalking the Vild Asparagus. Ne" York, DavidMcKay. 303 p. $9.95 (pap. $3.95, field guide ed.).

A fascinating vork from the pioneer of edible 1oI11d food enthu­siasts. This study originally published in 1962 offers an inter­esting array of hints on .mere and ho" to COllect llild foods,cooking techniques and SOme botanical descriptions.

Gillespie, Villiam H.of Vest Virginia.Print. )

1959. A Compilation of the Edible Vild PlantsHe" York, Scholar's Library. 118 p. {Out-of-

An excellent field guide. Provides Latin and common names, a silll­pIe line dra"ing for identification, the cooditions under "hich itgro"s, "hen to collect it, and finally ho" to cook it.

Groves, J. Valton. 1962. Edible and Poisonous Mushrooms of Canada.Otta"a, Canada Dept. of Agriculture, Research Branch. 316 p.(Publication No. 1112). $11.70.

An outstanding flora of Canada's edible fungi; for professional andamateur. Includes complete scientific descriptions as "ell &8 finequality color and black and "hite photographs for each species. A"ell recommended ,",ork.

Maard, ICe.ren andMushrooms.

Haard, Richard. 1974. Foraging for Edible \lnd2nd ed. Brackendale, B. C., Cloudburst Press. 93 p.

For the very brave interested in learning to identity and collectedible mushrooms, this is an excellent introduction. Thirty_sixof the most COmllXln species are caref'ully and thoroughly described.A superb black and Vhite draving and a fine quality color photo­graph are included for each species. Instructions for preservingyour find are appended.

Hall, Alan. 1973. The&\linston. 195 p.

Wild Foods Trailguide.$3.95, pap.

He" York, Holt, Rinehart

A "ell designed guide to edible 1oI11d foods. Each plant listed in­cludes an illustration, description, and suggestions for its usage.

Harrington, H. D.Albuquerque,

1967. Edible Native Plants of the Rocky11M, University of He" Mexico Pr. 392 p.

MoWlta1nS.$6.95, pap.

An impressively comprehensive 'Jerk, classified by the edible por­tion of the plant. For each plant there is a high quality linedraving clearly illustrating each part. A very extensive biblio­graphy aCCOlDPsoies the text. An important chapter On poisonousplants rOWlds out the infol'1!l&tion presented.

5

CBHL Plant. B1bl1ograplQ"

Harrinston. H&l"o14 D.lOI. t1Diversit.y ot

1912. \/estero Edible Wildlev Merloo Press. 156 p.

Plant". nbllll.uerque.$2.95. p&p.

Probably the ..It. aeienUtic at tbe IUllJ' .tlldies a~l1ab1e aD vildplants. Pluts are treated. &l:'conUna to their edible ~4eJ"&f'OUDd

parts, leavn. sboots. t1'U1ts aDd nuts. Line dra\lin&s 1.lluatratethe text. 1.'I:le 1'1Ilal ebapt.er treat. 01' poisonous p1&Dts.

Hal'rh. !leo223 p.

C. 1969. Eat t.he Weeds. Bun.$3.95; Keats. 1913. $1.50.

MA. Barre PubUabers.

A comprehensive eolllpendiUIII ot intormation 00 e<lible veeds arrangedin dictionary tormat by the cOZlllllDn name. Provides exten.ive de­tails 00 the vit&lllin and lII10eral cootent ot these plants alons withconsiderable detail. on their preparation &8 foodstufts.

IIatl'ie1d. Aud.."'eY Wynne.'l'aplinser. 198 p.

1961. Ple...ures at Wild Plants.$5.95.

Nev York.

'or tho", lllterelt.ltd io the fiora at Great Britain. this 1fQrk villbe vt!1eosIed. COlltUIlS INCa t&ld...atin.,; history, lore and legend.&l.ong vita aoocl botaniCal dl!scl'ipUODS and high quality wood en­graT1nss. Sillple recipe s\lgesUon. """' li.ted in a separateSKtiOll.

Ile4r1ck. U. P•• ed.lev York, Dover.$8.50.

1912. SturteT&Dt's E41ble Plants ot the WDrld.686 p. $6.95, pap •• lIev York, Peter Smitll.

A cOlllPrehen.iTe treatise on the edible plallts ot the vorld. wildand cultivated. Provides COl!llllDll n........ tuily nlllDeS, and a des­criptioll r&ngins troll basic Ullage to a dotalled 8.lIalysi. ot it.hiltorica.l. useB. Indexel to "ynonymll and CQllllDOn nSllles are ap­plnded. An excellent work; veIl reco....ended.

Kirk, Donald R. 1915. Wild Edible PlallU ot the Western United States,Including nao Host ot Southwestern Canada and Northwestern Mexico.2nd ed. fk!aldsburS. CA, IfatureSraph Pub. 301 p. $8.95 (pap.$11.95).

More than 300 plallts are listed. in this concise tield suide to theedible plant. ot the ve.tern United State.. The li.ne dr.wiqa. in­tended to aid in the identification ot the pla.ou. are \I:ltort\l:late!)'particular!)' poor in quallty.

hap. Al.yaon Hart. 1915. Wild Ils.Tvest: An OIltdoorllA&.D's GtUde to!Id1ble 1I11d Pl&ll.U 1.D Iforth Aaerica. Jew York. Pagur1an Pnss.192 p. $8.95.

Intorms.tive and interestillll' Imprel81Ye in its detail. providingboth a good botanical de.cription and helpl'ul sU&Ilestion. Oil prepar-,

I

I

Number 3. Ju1~ 1976

ing these plants for the dinner table. Flowering time, geographi_cal rlLDge ILDd habitat are pinpointed for ease in locating. Al­though the plants covered are not unusual, the material offered isnote""rthy. The over simplified line drallings are ILD exception.A recommended york.

An excellent book for the beginner. Lists more than 25 differentplants. Details on vhere to find, hov to harvest, vhen to harvest.Edible parts are clearly and succinctly spelled out. Several re­cipes accrnnpa.ny each plant. The orUs dravback are the photo­graphs vhich are not alvays an aid in identification.

Knutsen, Karl. 1975. Wildtion and Preparation.

"'" .

PilltltsGarden

You CIltl Eat: A GuideCity, NY, Doubleday.

to Identifica­89 p. $3.95,

Krochlllal, Arnold and Krochlllal,Cooking with Wild Plants.

COlUlie. 1975. Naturalist's Guide toNev York, Quadrangle. 336 p. $10.95.

An informative, veil_organized work vhich covers an i1Ilpressivevariety and number of plants. Brief, but thorough descriptivematerial. Recipes are appetizing, yet simple to follow. One majordravback is the poor quality of the photographs and dravings.

Lovelock, Yann. 1973. The Vegetable l3ook;Nev York, St. Martin's Press. 383 p.

An Unnatural$10.00.

History.

More a history of edible plants than a guide to wild foods. Sur­veys and provides good background material On a vide variety offood plants from around tbe vorld.

LUCI!l/l, Jennette M.Philadelphia,

1945. Indian Harvest; Wild Food Plants of America.J. B. Lippincott. u6 p. (Out_of_Print).

Traces America's heritage of vild roods back to its earliest set­tlers, the Indians. Provides much fascinating historical back­ground on hov the Indians gathered, prepared and used the vildtoods that frequently served e.s the lIlII.instay of their diet. Ex­cellent dravings accompany the text. Particularly valuable torjunior high schOOl aged students.

Emphasizes the food uses ot vild plants. Provides excellent re­cipes for preparing jellies, vegetables, desserts, salad.s andbreads. Berries are videly represented in the plants selected.Fails, unfortunately, to clearly define geographical habitat.Illustrations are impressionistic dravings, not particularlyhelpful for purposes ot identification. Good suggestions forcottee substitutes.

i,

McCracken, Derwood.Oliver Press.

1975.151 p.

Mother Nature's Recipe l3ook.$3.95, pap.

Willits, CA,

7

abey. ch.ard.. 197. Feodor8.95.

SC1::ibtler .

l~edsg OllVEl' P. 196,6.323 p. $3.95 pap.

Ii ble W , le.nts. 'ew Yor t . Cidllan .

L1 d aremushroom6~

o·h ill

dible III nts including va: t 5 of shr DS, tre,etc. One seriou draw-be.ck' I!I the 1)00 'a.1ity011S.

8

Morton, JuJ.h.. 1962.MiNd, Hurricane

Number 3. July 1978

Wild Plants tor Survival in South Plorida.House. 80 p. (Out-ot-Printl.

The basic arrangellleDt is by the lOCale in "hich the various plantsgro". Black and "hite photos are provided tor the m8Jority ot theplants. Latin nsme, coomon name and a briet botanical descriptionare included. Usage is also indicated.

Russell, Helen Ross. 1975.Wild Foods. Nashville.

Foraging for Dinner; Collecting and CookingTN, Thomas Nelson. 255 p. $5.95.

M informative guide to selecting andExcellent recipes. An appendix listsspecial habitats. Hot a field guide.cluded.

foraging for vild foods.seasonal availability andSimple sketches are in_

Saunders. Charles Francis. 1976. Edible and UsefUl. WildUnited States and Canada. Hev York, Dover. 275 p.

Plants$). 00,

of thepap.

Valuable for its excellent collection of early American uses of avide variety ot edible vild plants. Fact and tiction are joinedto form a fascinating narrative. Descriptiona are wanting. Illus­trations are poor, but neverless, a "ortb"hile book.

Silverman, Maida. 1977. A City Herbal; A Guide to the Lore,and Usefulness ot 34 Plants That Gro" Wild in the City.Alfred A. Knopt. 181 p. $10.00 (pap. $5.95).

Legend,U"" York,

UniQ,uely comprehensive, distinctly informative. A taseinatine; eom_pendiUlll of historical taets, tolk lore and medicinal and tood USes.For the urbanite Vho hears the call ot the vi1d, but cannot escapethe asphalt and concrete. this YOrk viii lead him to greener pas­tures right in his 01lIl baek;yard. Well recommended.

Stubbs, Ansel H. 1971. Wild MushroollUl ot theLavrenee, KS, University Press ot Kansas.(Available trom Regents Press, KS).

Central135 p.

Mid"est.$6.95.

Although particuJ.arly valuable tor Midwest musllroom hunters, manyof the genera listed are videly available throughout the UnitedStates. Functions "ell as a field guide as descriptions are clearcut and preche. Untortunately, the illustrations do not serve anyreal aid in identifying the tungi.

Sveet, MurieL 1962. Common Edible andHeal.dsburg, CA, Naturegraph. 64 p.

Useful Plants ot the$6.50 (pap. $2.50).

West.

Grouped according to the kind of plant, this excellent "ork oftersgood botanical. details vith a signiticant &mOunt of information Onthe hhtory of its usage. The illustrations are somevhat crudeline <!.ravings.

9

CBHL Plant Bibliography

Sveet, Murbl. 1975. COI::tlOn Edible and Uset'Ul Plants of the East andMidwest. Healdsburg, CA, !laturegraph. 79 p. $6.50 (pap. $2.50).

lJhile caret'Ul to point out the dangers of poisonous plants, thisvork fails to prO'Tide a thorou.gh accoWlting of the richness oflIlOther nature's harvest. D<!scriptions are brief and sometimesvague. Illustrations are ineffectual line drawings that onl.,ybarely hint at a plant's app"arlLllce.

Szczawinski, Adam F. llnd Hardy, George A. 1962. Guide to COlll!llOn EdiblePlanta of British Col~bia. Victoria, B. C., British ColumbiaProvincial MuseUll1, Handbook 110. 20. 90 p.

An excellent pocket guide for the hiker, mountain climber and wildfood enthusiast. Fine qualitywodcuts and wod engravings cO!llPl1­lIIl!nt the simple, but informative text.

Thompson, Steven and Thcmpson, M&rjr. 1973. WildSierra. Berkeley, Dragtooth Press. 186 p.

Food Plants$2.95, pap.

of the

Lacks good descriptions lUId/or illustrations of the whole plant.History of usage, lore, legend and medicinal properties comprisebulk of discussion. Illustration is of edible portion. Not forthe beginner. A fev recipes.

Tomikel, John. 1976. Edible Wild Plants ofCalifornia, PA, Alle~eny Press. 99 p.

Eastern U. S. and Canada.$8.00 (pap. $3.00).

For the layman. Non-scientific language and descriptions are usedthroughout the text. Hovever, botRnical names are a1w~s included.A major drawback is the inferior quality of the line drawings.Nevertheless, a good compendium of helpfUl information for thehobbyiat, which is the author's stated purpose. Poisonous plantsare also identified.

Tbmikcl, John. 1973. Edible Wild Plants ofPittoburgh, PA, Allegheny Press. 88 p.

Pennsylvllnia Rnd II""$5.00 (pap. $2.50).

York.

Four prilll9.ry categories of plants: water plants, shrUbs and trees,low plants and lichens and rungi, are presented along "ith a verybrief deacription, auggeations for usage and a small line draWing. I

V1l1area1, Ruben L. and Opena, Romeo T. June 1976. "Thetablea of Southeast Asia." Americlln Horticulturist.25, 29.

Wild Vege­55(3), 22-

A brief, but informative survey of oeveral unique, \lild vegetablesof southeast Asia; hoy to prepare them, and their potential asnutritive supplements.in protein poor nations. Includes a fevrecipes.

Vil.U.... 1tilI.PIlh. Co.

!&t1q V1.l.d Plants.....lumber 3. Jul7 1918

MisSCI>Ua. lIT. MollIlt&1... Press

Jot a f'ie.U pide t=- it p~rtQS ...rlt:"'r a hotalllcal descrlptloallOl' &:l illWltn.t1_ .u1tabl.e tor lde::rt1:N.caUlIIl. 1J:IurUt1JJ& tot'1ta c:ollectl_ ot tolk tal... &llClmt tlSes. IlZId "'l:.Jpa< ~ateto the can~raq eoo1'.. )tuch ~s1s _ the 1lvt.l'1th. ftloe ot\r1.ld toods_ AD 1D1'o.-.tl_ sectioa ~es ac 1.Iltr04llCU_ tocol1.eeti.:Jg edibl.e~. ADotber sectl_ discussa bltn. tM.sa_llab1e U:I the vilA. lee /:led tar Ita uedlAat t.e~t:.tO"",UOD_

11

iz _