This presentation has been prepared as part of the publication “Drinking Water, Biodiversity and Development: A Good Practice Guide”. The CBD endorses the use and modification of these presentation materials for non-commercial purposes. If modifying the presentation materials, photograph credits should be maintained.

DRINKING WATER,BIODIVERSITY and DEVELOPMENT

OVERVIEWINTRODUCTION

Drinking water and poverty reduction The water cycle What does biodiversity have to do with this?

GOOD PRACTICES Ways of thinking about drinking water, biodiversity and development Legal and normative tools Integrated management approaches

The ecosystem approach Integrated water resources management Forest-related approaches

International approaches Measuring, baseline information, reporting, auditing, monitoring and evaluation Economic, financial and market-based instruments Capacity-building Education and communication

RESOURCES Checklist of good practices References

About 2.8 billion people, more than 40% of the world’s population, experience some form of water scarcity.

Scarcity, as measured by available water per capita, is expected to worsen where the population is still growing significantly — in Sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia and parts of South America and the Middle East.

Access to drinking water is a continuing serious global water issue, particularly for the poor. Some 1.6 billion people have limited access to water.

Even in water-rich areas, if the local water is polluted and there are no economically viable alternatives, access is effectively denied. Over one billion people in the world lack access to safe water supplies.

 

i Drinking water and poverty reductionIN

TROD

UCTIO

N

i

Poor water, sanitation, hygiene and inadequate water resources management contribute to 50% of the consequences of childhood and maternal underweight and hence child growth.

The main source of drinking-water contamination in much of the world is the poor management of human waste. Inadequate sanitation jeopardizes the health of almost a quarter of the developing world’s population, 2.4 billion people.

Current trends indicate that the Millennium Development Goal target of halving, from 1990 to 2015, the proportion of people without basic sanitation will not be met.

Water is not just an issue facing the developing world — but the poorest communities certainly face the most pressing challenges and have the most limited capacity to act.

 

 

Drinking water and poverty reduction

INTRO

DU

CTION

i

The water cycle (or hydrological cycle) refers to the movement of water on, above, and below the surface of the Earth as ice, liquid water and water vapour.

It is the fundamental way in which the 0.027% of the Earth’s fresh water continues to be available for all land-living things, including humans, for food production, industry, drinking water, the maintenance of healthy ecosystems, and a multitude of other needs.

The hydrological cycle works relatively quickly above ground, but slowly beneath it. It can take only a matter of months or years to recharge, and hence rehabilitate, surface waters, but groundwater recharge periods can be in the order of hundreds of years.

 

 

The water cycleIN

TROD

UCTIO

N

Schematic of the water cycle. (Source: US National Weather Service)

 

i What does biodiversity have to do with this?

"Biodiversity" refers to the variety of plants, animals and microorganisms on the Earth, and the ecosystems in which they occur.

Water and biodiversity are interdependent — a disruption in either naturally leads to a disruption in both.

Because all life depends on water, the water cycle drives how the environment functions; put simply, it sustains life.

Understanding the role of biodiversity in the water cycle enables better decision-making when formulating water policies and practices.

Biodiversity underpins the ability of nature to supply drinking water by sustaining the continuous recycling of water, through the water cycle.

INTRO

DU

CTION

i What does biodiversity have to do with this?

Forests sustain the quality of water: removing forests increases soil erosion, which not only reduces land productivity but causes major water quality problems downstream.

At least one-third of the world’s largest cities obtain a significant portion of their drinking water directly from forested protected areas.

Plants, soils and animals sustain the water cycle and play a significant role in purifying water.

Wetland plants commonly remove high levels of nutrients, such as phosphorous and nitrogen, preventing them from reaching drinking water; many wetland plants can also remove toxic substances, such as heavy metals, from water.

INTRO

DU

CTION

Ways of thinking about drinking water, biodiversity and development

 

GO

OD

PRA

CTIC

ESGood policy approaches for drinking water require holistic strategic approaches involving full consideration of:

Water quality and availability: ▪ Invariably the root cause of water quality loss, and in many cases decreased water availability, is a degraded ecosystem; it is often better, and more sustainable, to solve the root cause of the problem than to deal with the consequences.

Managing drinking water for both present and future needs: ▪ Increasing populations and shifting consumer needs (not only for drinking water but also food, energy and consumer products) have major implications for planning and can potentially undermine the sustainability of existing drinking water supplies.

The role of biodiversity:▪ Biodiversity maintains ecosystem functions and services that we need to sustain drinking water supplies.

Maintaining ecosystem integrity and functions:▪ Ecosystems supply water, so changing the ecosystem changes water supplies;

▪ The ecosystem is “natural infrastructure”, an asset to be managed wisely to meet human needs by using it to supply water more sustainably and to deal with water quality problems (including for water purification);

▪ Physical infrastructure (e.g., dams, water-treatment facilities) has contributed globally to improving drinking water supply, but it needs to be planned, sited and managed in the context of the wider natural infrastructure, landscape and its functioning.

Realistic approaches:▪ "Biodiversity" approaches do not solve all problems relating to development and drinking water. Invariably a mix of approaches is needed. But they offer intelligent solutions – and in more frequent and significant ways than is often thought.

GO

OD

PRACTICESWays of thinking about drinking water, biodiversity and development

 

GO

OD

PRA

CTIC

ES A common approach to water supply and quality issues is to set criteria which are then enforced through legal/regulatory means.

This requires (i) the setting of water quality and quantity criteria, (ii) monitoring these, (iii) monitoring who is causing infringements of regulations, and (iv) influencing behaviour through regulation and enforcement.

There are many constraints to achieving objectives through this approach alone, which centre on capacity, costs and the legal/regulatory landscape.

The approach is particularly difficult regarding pollution control – nonpoint-source pollution (e.g., from dispersed small-scale agricultural activities) is especially difficult to manage, even in developed countries.

Experience also shows that people are more likely to modify their behaviour with encouragement and incentives, rather than through punishment.

Legal and Normative Tools  

Ramsar Convention on Wetlands

The Ramsar Convention has developed comprehensive guidance on policies and management of wetlands.

This represents a veritable arsenal of tools and approaches, all relevant to sustainable drinking-water supplies.

This guidance is largely provided through The Ramsar Handbooks for the Wise Use of Wetlands, 3rd edition (2007) (available at www.ramsar.org).

The mission of the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands is “the conservation and wise use of all wetlands through local, regional and national actions and international cooperation, as a contribution towards achieving sustainable development throughout the world.”

The Ramsar Convention came into force in 1975 and currently has 159 Contracting Parties.

CASE STUDYG

OO

D PRACTICES

The ecosystem approach (EA) developed under the Convention on Biological Diversity is defined as: A strategy for the integrated management of land, water, and living resources that promotes conservation and sustainable use in an equitable way. This is an essential requirement for sustainable drinking-water supplies.

The EA is based on the application of appropriate scientific methodologies focused on levels of biological organization, which encompasses the essential processes and interactions among organisms and their environment.

It recognizes that humans, with their cultural diversity, are an integral component of many ecosystems.

Moreover, the EA recognizes that there is no single way to implement the approach since it depends on local, provincial, national, regional and global conditions.

Case studies demonstrating approaches that lead to sustainable drinking-water provision generally reflect most of the elements of the EA.

>> The ecosystem approach (EA)

Integrated management approachesG

OO

D P

RACT

ICES

An example of the ecosystem approach: integrated watershed management (India) By the 1960s, severe deforestation had created serious effects on the ecosystem, climate and populations of Madhya Pradesh, India: widespread soil erosion, overgrazing and inappropriate land use resulted in barren landscapes.

Interventions aimed to rejuvenate natural resources and improve the social and economic well-being of the population.

The project promoted an integrated approach, based on community needs, and included activities such as: afforestation , soil and water conservation, water harvesting and pasture improvement.

In addition to immediate land productivity benefits, ecosystem-wide benefits were very positive. They include: a marked increase in groundwater recharge, more sustainable and better quality drinking water supplies, increased water supply from harvesting, and better livelihoods.

CASE STUDY

Source: UNEP n.d.a

GO

OD

PRACTICES

Integrated water resources management (IWRM) is increasingly being recognized as the most effective and holistic means of managing our water resources.

IWRM essentially involves all institutions and stakeholders with an interest in water working together to identify the full suite of benefits and costs of various kinds of water use, and finding an appropriate balance between development and sustaining the ecosystems upon which it depends .

IWRM is a process that promotes the coordinated use of water, land and related resources.

IWRM seeks to maximize the resultant economic and social development in a fair manner that does not compromise the sustainability of aquatic ecosystems.

The World Summit on Sustainable Development Plan of Implementation (Johannesburg 2002) called for the implementation of IWRM by 2005.

Integrated management approaches

>> Integrated water resources management (IWRM)

GO

OD

PRA

CTIC

ES

Source: UNEP n.d.b

EXAMPLESRestoration through integrated water resource management (USA) A well-known example of ecosystem restoration is New York City’s use of biodiversity to address its deteriorating water quality.

Instead of creating a massive water treatment facility to provide water for over 9-million users at a cost of US$ 4-6 billion, the city adopted an integrated water resource management approach to protect the Catskill/Delaware watershed, costing about US$1 billion.

The city motivated institutions, businesses and people to adopt improved land management in order to sustain the largest unfiltered water supply in the United States.

Programme components include state acquisition of environmentally sensitive lands, such as wetlands; regulating the release of pollutants and erosion; and improving agricultural practices. The programme has provided for 275 miles of protected stream buffers and 307 site-specific forest management plans on private lands.

GO

OD

PRACTICES

There are strong links between forests and sustainable drinking water supplies because of the role of forests in watershed protection and in the water cycle.

At least one-third of the world’s largest cities obtain a significant portion of their drinking water directly from forested protected areas.

The water-related ecosystem services provided by forests include water provisioning, regulation of water flows, waste treatment/water purification and erosion prevention.

In tropical forests, water-related ecosystem services collectively account for a value of up to US$ 7,236 per hectare per year — more than 44% of the total value of forests (EC 2008 and ten Brink et al. 2009).

Undertaken properly, SFM gives due attention to forests and water, and thereby sustains the water-related services provided by forested ecosystems.

>> Forest-related approaches

Integrated management approachesG

OO

D P

RACT

ICES

Costa Rica’s National Forestry Financing Fund

EXAMPLES

Source: Miranda, Porras and Moreno 2003

Costa Rica’s National Forestry Financing Fund (FONAFIFO) compensates forest owners who adhere to approved management plans for protecting fresh water, biodiversity and landscape beauty, as well as for carbon storage.

FONAFIFO is financed by selling these services to different types of buyers.

Hydroelectric companies and municipalities may pay for watershed benefits, tourism agencies for landscape beauty, and foreign energy companies for carbon storage. Additional funds are derived from a fuel tax.

A recent assessment of FONAFIFO’s impacts in the Virilla watershed found it has contributed to the protection of 16,500 ha of primary forest, sustainable management of 2,000 ha, and reforestation of 1,300,000 ha, with spin-off benefits for biodiversity conservation and prevention of soil erosion.

GO

OD

PRACTICES

At the international level, multiple frameworks (often born after a major crisis) support the protection of freshwater systems and the mitigation of impacts.

Some of the most important instruments for pollution mitigation and water conservation are:

▪ Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and International Lakes (Helsinki, 1972), which obliges parties to prevent, control and reduce water pollution from point and nonpoint sources; ▪ UN Convention on the Law of the Non-Navigational Uses of International Watercourses 1997 (UN Watercourses Convention); ▪ Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and International Lakes 1992 (UN Economic Commission for Europe Watercourses Convention – an amendment to which, not yet ratified, opens up this convention to states beyond the UNECE);

A detailed discussion of the use of international watercourse agreements and how they provide frameworks for sustainable water resources management, including implementation of the objectives, Articles and decisions of the CBD, is provided in Brels et al. (2008).

International cooperationG

OO

D P

RACT

ICES

Sustainable water institutions promote regional cooperation and stability (Sénégal River)

CASE STUDY

Source: OMVS n.d.

Waters of the Sénégal River (West Africa) arise from and flow through Mali, Mauritania, Guinea and Senegal.

Because activities in one country can have impacts in another, international cooperation in water management is required.

The Organisation pour la Mise en Valeur du fleuve Sénégal (OMVS) functions as a key institution through which the four party countries agree on future projects (e.g. dams, electricity, agricultural investments), usage, such as navigation, and sectoral priorities.

A Charter on the use of the river has aimed to adopt principles of water distribution among different sectors; it also defines project approval criteria, environmental rules and public engagement norms.

The OMVS is known as a solid example of a water-based institution for the promotion of collaboration on the multiple uses of water and the promotion of integrated water management.

GO

OD

PRACTICES

Measuring, baseline information, reporting, auditing, monitoring and evaluation

Measuring, baseline information, reporting, auditing, monitoring and evaluation requirements are substantial and complex for sustainable drinking water. For example, they include:

Monitoring standards for drinking-water quality, generally using the guidelines published by the World Health Organization. Tracking all relevant socio-economic indicators and activities. Obtaining and dealing with information on environmental trends.

It is a challenge to coordinate and manage all monitoring and reporting efforts collectively to facilitate integrated information systems.

▪ At the global level, the WHO and UNICEF run The Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) for water supply and sanitation, based largely on national data sources.

▪ The World Water Assessment Programme (WWAP) monitors freshwater issues in order to provide recommendations, develop case studies, enhance assessment capacity at the national level and inform decision-making processes.

GO

OD

PRA

CTIC

ES

Monitoring the glaciers of the Himalaya region

Source: WWF n.d.

CASE STUDY

The Himalaya region supplies water to most of the major rivers in Asia. Much of the flow arises from melting snow/ice in the spring; many rivers receive at least 50% of their supply from this source.

Climate change is already leading to noticeable glacial retreat and changes in freshwater flows that affect downstream communities.

WWF-Nepal started a project to better understand climate change impacts and plan a community-driven management response.

Climatic and hydrological data are collected for five glaciers in Nepal and India. Freshwater vulnerability assessment examines the effects of glacier retreat on the downstream freshwater regime and the implications for the people, economic sectors and biodiversity of downstream areas.

Some lessons learned are: Prediction models and vulnerability assessments can support development of adaptation strategies; As changes in freshwater ecosystems affect livelihoods, adaptation strategies must be formulated with the participation of stakeholders at all levels (local, regional and national).

GO

OD

PRACTICES

Economic, financial and market-based instruments

Supplying drinking water, no matter how it is done, costs money.

Financing its provision is a major constraint in developing countries and a major investment in developed countries.

Better management of water often involves getting some groups of people to alter their behaviour in order to benefit others. Payments for ecosystem (or environment) services (PES) mechanisms encourage behavioural change by transferring payments from users to suppliers to achieve the drinking water objectives.

The classic example of this need is within watersheds (river basins), where the activities of people in the upper regions can be carried down river (or through groundwater) to affect people living lower down.

The PES approach is becoming popular as a means to finance biodiversity conservation and is implemented through several schemes: direct public payments, direct private payments, cap-and-trade schemes and eco-certification programmes.

GO

OD

PRA

CTIC

ES

Using PES to improve water quality — The Bogotá Water Fund (Colombia)

   

CASE STUDY

Source: TNC n.d.

The water supply for Bogotá, Colombia’s capital, is provided by the Chingaza, Tunjuelo and Tibitoc catchments, where forest and páramos (high-altitude grasslands) harbour extraordinary biological diversity and habitat.

Unsustainable agriculture and ranching were converting these ecosystems and causing water-quality problems.

The Nature Conservancy worked with partners (including a brewery company) and local authorities to create the Water Conservation Fund to support clean drinking water provision for Bogotá’s 8 million residents.

The fund transfers voluntary contributions from Bogotá's water treatment facilities and other partners to subsidize conservation efforts.

Water treatment costs are lowered due to decreased soil erosion, biodiversity conservation efforts are supported, and positive social outcomes anticipated. The fund is projected to raise more than US$ 60 million for conservation projects over the next 10 years.

GO

OD

PRACTICES

Capacity-building

Capacity-building is essential to influence outcomes for sustainable drinking-water supplies.

Throughout capacity-building approaches it is essential for people to understand: the water cycle and its implications for drinking water supply; the role of natural infrastructure; and the need for collaboration amongst different interest groups to achieve common objectives.

Some examples of capacity-building opportunities with different stakeholder groups are:

▪ Engineers: build capacity to understand and manage natural infrastructure and processes as part of engineered approaches. ▪ Finance and planning: build understanding of the values of ecosystem services and incorporating these in financial assessments.▪ Sectors (forestry, agriculture, tourism, industry, energy): build understanding of the water cycle and ecosystem context of what a sector does in relation to water supply, whether they depend on it directly or indirectly.

It is important to speak the language of the audience and present the arguments in a way that benefits the stakeholders in question.

GO

OD

PRA

CTIC

ES

Train-the-trainers workshops (UNITAR Workshop Series on Biodiversity)

CASE STUDY

Source: UNITAR n.d.

The UN Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR) office in Hiroshima, Japan, has held a series of workshops on biodiversity in collaboration with several partners.

Key trainers at the national level throughout the Asia-Pacific region are selected and learn-by-doing how to build their own skills and those of others on their return home.

UNITAR’s approach focuses on water resources and wetland management; socio-policy aspects and development of appropriate methodologies; utilization of best-practices to enhance participants’ own thinking on application of ecosystem tools to their own contexts.

Launched in 1998, the series has a large alumni network of over 200 experts and has gained recognition in Asia and the Pacific.

The series utilizes the case studies of the workshop venue, the Kushiro Wetland Ramsar site, as well as of the Lake Akan Ramsar site.

GO

OD

PRACTICES

Education and communication

Many people across all areas of society are still unaware of the role and importance of nature in supplying drinking water.

Land- and water-management and development activities are still driven largely by narrow "sector"-based planning and management. This usually leads to undesirable outcomes for water.

Communication, education and awareness-building are therefore essential.

Some key messages to get across are: ▪ Drinking-water supply is important — and in most areas, supplies are under threat from over-use of water and pollution; climate change will make this worse; ▪ Nature provides drinking water by sustaining the water cycle and purifying water, making it fit to drink; ▪ When we have to artificially purify water before we drink it, it is usually because we have degraded nature in the first place. Prevention is better than cure; ▪ Because water moves around, everything is connected — rarely can drinking water (or any other water use) be considered on its own; invariably drinking water management is an important component of broader water management needs.

GO

OD

PRA

CTIC

ES

China recognizes the educational value of new Ramsar site CASE STUDY

The Xixi Wetlands is a National Wetlands Park just a few kilometres from the Hangzhou urban centre, southwest of Shanghai.

The site is a complex of approximately 400 permanent freshwater ponds connected by channels and rivers representative of both natural and human-made wetlands in Eastern China.

The wetlands play an important role in recharging groundwater (much of it used for drinking) and flood mitigation for Hangzhou City.

But the urban population of Hangzhou City is not fully aware of the dependence of their city on the wetland.

China has therefore developed the site into an important centre for wetland education. The site receives an average 720,000 visitors / year.

Supplying water for cities is one of the best examples of how biodiversity contributes in a major way to poverty reduction and development.

GO

OD

PRACTICES

Source: Ramsar n.d.

CHECKLIST OF GOOD PRACTICESPlanning process Transboundary (international) considerations: ▪ Are your water resources (the source of your drinking water) affected by transboundary activities — that is, are the quantity, availability and quality influenced by activities in other countries? ▪ Have you also considered this for groundwater supplies? ▪ Do you have the same problem but between different sub-national levels of jurisdiction (between states or provinces)? ▪ If so, do you have institutional mechanisms in place, or under development, to improve transboundary cooperation (internationally or between states, etc.)?

National-level considerations: ▪ Is there a federal-level institutional framework that brings together all relevant Ministries and government agencies in governing / implementing policies and strategies for integrated land and water management? ▪ Have you included all relevant agencies that use and / or have an impact on water resources (including agriculture, forestry, water sector, environment, urban planners)? ▪ Have you reviewed your national legislation regarding integrated land / water management — including identifying inconsistencies and rectifying these? ▪ Do your national legislation, regulatory frameworks and policies clearly indicate the desirable approach to sustainable drinking-water supplies, whilst enabling local authorities to implement this innovatively according to local conditions?

CHECKLIST OF GOOD PRACTICESPolicies and Strategies ▪ Do your approaches recognize, or make mandatory, the role of ecosystems and ecosystem restoration in supplying drinking water sustainably? ▪ Do you use available tools, or encourage / legislate their use by stakeholders, for the integrated management of land and water (i.e., integrated water resources management, sustainable forest management, the ecosystem approach, integrated watershed development)? ▪ Are they fully integrated — meaning that due attention is given to managing the ecosystem (nature) to achieve drinking-water related objectives? ▪ Have you taken a long-term view of your planning — including projected needs for water other than for drinking (in particular by agriculture, industries and cities) and taking into account the additional risks and uncertainties imposed by climate change? ▪ Do policies / strategies encourage dialogue amongst and participation of all relevant stakeholders?

Measurements / baseline information ▪ Do you know how much water you have, where it comes from, its quality and how it is used? ▪ Do you have programmes to improve information at national, regional and local levels? ▪ Do you know the root causes of your drinking-water supply problems?

CHECKLIST OF GOOD PRACTICES

Economics/finances/markets ▪ When assessing costs and benefits of investments in drinking water supply do you consider the multiple benefits that protecting or restoring ecosystems (nature) offers — including sustainability, long-term risk reduction, tourism / amenity values, sustainable fisheries and conservation?

▪ Are you adequately guarding against the potential for corruption in investments in water sector infrastructure?

▪ The supply of drinking water usually costs money — have you identified where that money comes from (taxes, government revenue, user fees?) and therefore how much is available for both capital investments and long-term maintenance costs?

▪ Do you have mechanisms in place to provide incentives for behavioural change, by re-allocating existing resources, or financing investment through water users (schemes for payments for ecosystem services)?

▪ Have you looked for innovative financing approaches that lead to long-term sustainability whilst also reducing investment costs?

▪ Have you considered traditional physical engineering approaches (e.g., dam construction, water treatment facilities) only when alternatives have been properly evaluated and discounted?

CHECKLIST OF GOOD PRACTICES

Capacity-building ▪ Do you have regular / ongoing capacity-building initiatives (e.g., training programmes, networks) for key stakeholder groups in your country / region / locality?

▪ Have you explored, and implemented, capacity- or awareness-building by integrating this into ongoing activities in other areas (e.g., building on existing capacity programmes for agriculture, industry, urban planning)?

Communication / awareness ▪ Do your educational programmes and media include adequate attention, at the appropriate technical / language level, to the role of nature in water supply?

▪ Are there support systems (e.g., clearinghouses, information bases, training materials, networks) in place to help the public and private sectors raise awareness amongst their own target audiences?

▪ Have you worked with stakeholders in relevant fields to develop communication materials in the technical language / style that they are familiar with?

▪ Is your communication style proactive, e.g., explaining to stakeholders how better management of nature leads to better outcomes for them?

REFERENCES

Brels, S., D. Coates and F. Louries. 2008. Transboundary Water Resources Management: The Role of International Watercourse Agreements in Implementation of the CBD. CBD Technical Series No. 40. Montreal: SCBD. Accessed at: http://www.cbd.int/doc/publications/cbd-ts-40-en.pdf.

(EC) European Communities. 2008. The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity: An interim report. Accessed at: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/biodiversity/economics/pdf/teeb_report.pdf.

Miranda, M., I. Porras and M. Moreno. 2003. “The social impacts of payments for environmental services in Costa Rica.” In Markets for Environmental Services #1. London: IIED.

(OMVS) Organisation pour la Mise en Valeur du fleuve Sénégal. Accessed at: http://www.omvs.org.

Ramsar. 2007. The Ramsar Wise Use Handbooks, third edition. Accessed at: http://www.ramsar.org/cda/ramsar/display/main/main.jsp?zn=ramsar&cp=1-30_4000_0__ .

Ramsar. n.d. Accessed at: http://www.ramsar.org.

(SCBD) Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity. 2000. Ecosystem Approach. Accessed at: http://www.cbd.int/ecosystem.

REFERENCES

Note: A complete list of references for this presentation can be found in the accompanying booklet Drinking Water, Biodiversity and Development: A Good Practice Guide.

ten Brink, P., A. Berghöfer, C. Schröter-Schlaack, P. Sukhdev, A. Vakrou, S. White, and H. Wittmer. 2009. TEEB – The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity for National and International Policy Makers 2009. Accessed at: http://www.teebweb.org/. Chapter reports accessed at: http://www.teebweb.org/ForPolicymakers/tabid/1019/language/en-US/Default.aspx.

The Nature Conservancy – TNC. n.d. Colombia: Using Investment Strategies to Protect Water. Accessed at: http://www.nature.org/wherewework/southamerica/colombia/work/art24802.html.

UNEP. n.d.a The Integrated Watershed Development Programme, Jhabua District, Madhya Pradesh, India. Accessed at: http://www.unep.org/desertification/successstories/16.htm.

UNEP. n.d.b New York City's Watershed Management Program. Accessed at: http://www.unep.org/GC/GCSS-VIII/Doc.Inno%20(61-3)%20USA%20Sanitation%205.doc.

(UNITAR) United Nations Institute for Training and Research. n.d. Training Series on Biodiversity. Accessed at: http://www2.unitar.org/hiroshima/biodiversity.htm.

(WWF) World Wide Fund for Nature. n.d. WWF in Nepal. Accessed at: http://www.panda.org/who_we_are/wwf_offices/nepal/.

Photo credits: Slide 1, top to bottom: Flickr.com/Barefoot Photographers of Tilonia; Flickr.com/Martha de Jong Lantink; Flickr.com/AED Photos; UNEP-Alpha Press. Slide 2, top to bottom: ©Curt Carnemark / World Bank Photo Collection; Flickr.com / AED Photos. Slide 3: Flickr.com / Julien Harneis. Slide 9: Flickr.com/ CaptPiper.

413 Saint Jacques Street, Suite 800Montreal QC ,Canada H2Y 1N9Tel: +1 514 288 2220 Fax: +1 514 288 6588

E-mail: secretariat@cbd.int Web: www.cbd.int

For more information, please contact:

Secretariat for the Convention on Biological Diversity

Financial support has been provided by the French Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs. 

Ramsar Convention on Wetlands 

Rue Mauverney 281196 GlandSwitzerlandTel: +41 22 999 0170 Fax: +41 22 999 0169E-mail: ramsar@ramsar.orgWeb: www.ramsar.org