cavo motor operations manual

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MOTOROPERATIONSMANUAL


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Cavo Drilling Motors2450 Black Gold Ct.Houston, Texas 77073U.S.A.Tel: (001) 713-896-0445Fax: (001) 713-896-0332http://www.cavodm.com

MOTOROPERATIONSMANUAL

- Fourth Edition (4.3) -

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Motor Operations Manual Fourth Edition (4.3)

2005 Cavo Drilling Motors, Ltd. Co. All rights reserved. Printed in theUnited States of America. Except under the Copyright Act 1976, no part ofthis publication may be reproduced or distributed in any for or by any means,or stored in a database or retrieval system, without permission of thepublisher.

This Motor Operations Manual is for informational purposes only. WhileCavo Drilling Motors, Ltd. Co. has taken every precaution as to the accuracyof the content and data presented herein, Cavo makes no warranties,guarantees, or representations concerning the accuracy or individualinterpretation of the data. Further, Cavo cannot be held responsible for anyloss or damage to any property whatsoever; injury or death to any personswhatsoever; or any claims, demands, actions, complaints, proceedings,

judgments, losses, damages, compensations, liabilities, costs or charges,however arising from the unauthorized or undirected use of this manual orthe data it contains.


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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Cavo Drilling Motors ....................................................................1About Us...................................................................................1Motor Service Center ...............................................................1Motor Highlights .......................................................................2

Drill ing Motor Introduction ..........................................................3

Drill ing Motor Appl ications .........................................................4Conventional Applications ........................................................4Vertical Drilling Applications .....................................................4Directional Applications ............................................................5Special Applications .................................................................5

Drilling Motor Design ...................................................................6Dump Valve Assembly .............................................................6Safety Catch Sub .....................................................................7

Power Section Assembly..........................................................7Motor Profiles .....................................................................8Coupling Assembly...................................................................8Bearing Assembly ....................................................................9

Drilling Motor Operation ............................................................10Motor Selection ......................................................................10Operational Procedures .........................................................10

Determine Thrust Bearing Life..........................................11Making Up the Motor........................................................12Setting the ABH (if equipped) ...........................................13Dump Valve Test (if equipped) .........................................13Surface Flow Test.............................................................14

Tripping Recommendations ...................................................14Tripping In the Hole ..........................................................14Tripping Out of the Hole ...................................................15

Maintenance Procedures After Tripping ...........................16Drilling Considerations ...........................................................16

Drilling Fluid Flow Rates ...................................................17Optimum Operating Performance.....................................17Starting the Motor.............................................................17Drilling...............................................................................17Off-Bottom Pressure.........................................................17

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Pressure While Drilling .....................................................18Stall Pressure ...................................................................18Rotating the Motor............................................................19

Factors That Affect Build Rate................................................20

Adjustable Bend Housing Operation........................................21

Power Section Performance Factors........................................23Drilling Muds...........................................................................23

Mud Solids........................................................................23Oil-Based Muds ................................................................24Mud Additives ...................................................................24Brine or Fresh-Water Muds ..............................................24

Air, Foam, or Mist ...................................................................24Fluid Pressure Limitations / Stalled Motor..............................25Bored Rotors / Extended Flow Rates .....................................25Temperature Effects...............................................................25

Special Appl ications ..................................................................26Air, Foam, or Mist Drilling .......................................................26Air-Volume-Requirement Guideline..................................26Foam-Volume-Requirement Guideline .............................26Pressure Requirements ....................................................26Dump Valves ....................................................................26Flapper Valve ...................................................................26Lubricants .........................................................................27

Air Operation Factors .......................................................27Bit Selection......................................................................27Operational Cautions........................................................27

Coring.....................................................................................28High-Temperature Environments ...........................................28Hot Hole Procedure................................................................28Casing Drill .............................................................................29

Sacrificial BHA..................................................................30

Remedial and Production Applications...................................31Short Radius Applications ......................................................31Coil Tubing Applications.........................................................31

Pressure Drop Through The Coil......................................31Coil Torsional Yield...........................................................31Coil Buckling.....................................................................32Depth Control ...................................................................32

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Troubleshooting .........................................................................32

Motor Blockage ......................................................................32

Motor Troubleshooting Chart..................................................33

Motor Specifications ..................................................................34Motor Curve Description.........................................................35Build Rate Prediction Tables ..................................................36Disclaimer...............................................................................37

1-11/16 in. O.D. Dril ling Motors5L-170-3 ...........................................................................385L-170-5 ...........................................................................40

2-1/16 in. O.D. Drill ing Motors4L-206-7 ...........................................................................425L-206-3 ...........................................................................44

2-7/8 in. O.D. Dril ling Motors5L-288-3 ...........................................................................467L-288-4 ...........................................................................48

3-1/8 in. O.D. Dril ling Motors7L-313-4 ...........................................................................50

3-1/2 in. O.D. Dril ling Motors

5L-350-3 ...........................................................................52

3-3/4 in. O.D. Dril ling Motors1L-375-4 ...........................................................................545L-375-3 ...........................................................................569L-375-4 ...........................................................................58

4-3/4 in. O.D. Dril ling Motors

5L-475-3 ...........................................................................605L-475-4 ...........................................................................625L-475-5 ...........................................................................645L-475-6 ...........................................................................667L-475-3 ...........................................................................689L-475-4 ...........................................................................70

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5-1/2 in. O.D. Dril ling Motors5L-550-4 ...........................................................................72

6-1/2 in. O.D. Dril ling Motors5L-650-4 ...........................................................................745L-650-5 ...........................................................................765L-650-6 ...........................................................................789L-650-3.7 ........................................................................809L-650-4 ...........................................................................82

6-3/4 in. O.D. Dril ling Motors3L-675-6 ...........................................................................845L-675-4 ...........................................................................865L-675-5 ...........................................................................885L-675-6 ...........................................................................909L-675-2 ...........................................................................929L-675-4 ...........................................................................94

7-3/4 in. O.D. Dril ling Motors5L-775-4 ...........................................................................965L-775-5 ...........................................................................985L-775-6 .........................................................................1009L-775-4 .........................................................................102

8-1/2 in. O.D. Dril ling Motors5L-850-4 .........................................................................104

5L-850-5 .........................................................................1065L-850-6 .........................................................................108

9-5/8 in. O.D. Dril ling Motors3L-963-6 .........................................................................1105L-963-4 .........................................................................1125L-963-5 .........................................................................1145L-963-6 .........................................................................116

11-1/4 in. O.D. Drill ing Motors3L-1125-6 .......................................................................118

Fishing Dimensions .................................................................120


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1

CAVO DRILLING MOTORS

About UsCavo Drilling Motors specializes in the design, manufacturing, and support ofdownhole drilling motors. Cavo offers a complete line of quality downholemud motors ranging from 1-11/16 to 11-1/4 outer diameter for drillingvarious hole sizes. Cavo motors have a proven history of reliableperformance and have been used extensively in both domestic andinternational drilling applications. Cavo strives to provide the best in quality,performance, and value.

Motor Services

Cavo Drilling Motors offers complete downhole tools services including toolassembly/disassembly, cleaning, inspection, repair, and maintenance. Cavois also a complete source for motor spare parts and components. Thisincludes rotors, stators, couplings, radial bearings, bearing assemblies, andstabilizers. Cavo has a staff of highly experienced personnel to provide

technical assistance with issues concerning all aspects of drilling motordesign, function, operations, and troubleshooting.

The CavoAutoTorque Service Unit (shown below) is designed specificallyfor servicing downhole motors. For more information about the AutoTorqueService Unit or available motor services, please contact your nearest Cavorepresentative.

Cavo AutoTorque Service Unit


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Motor Highlights

Cavo motors have been engineered to have the following attributes:

! Rotors: Cavo solid and bored rotors are precision machinedand polished to achieve a smooth and accurate finish. Eachrotor is then plated for corrosion protection and wear resistance.

! Stators: Cavo stators use a quality high performance butadieneacrylonitrile elastomer. The Cavo standard elastomer is aversatile and field proven formulation. It has excellentmechanical properties and good resistance to aromatics. The

Cavo standard elastomer has an operating temperature rangeup to 250F (120C) and a maximum temperature range to300F (150C). Our elastomers are routinely inspected andtested to ASTM standards to ensure a quality stator product.

! Safety Catch Systems: Cavo offers one standard and oneoptional safety catch systems in each motor to provideadditional security against leaving motor components in the hole

in the unlikely event of a connection failure.

! Coupling: Each Cavo motor includes a high strength ball drivecoupling for maximum performance. The coupling is precisionmade for smooth articulation and minimal wear while providingoptimum torque to the bit.

! Adjustable Bend Housing (ABH): Cavo offers an adjustablebend housing with a 0 to 3 degree bend angle adjustment. The

Cavo ABH is engineered for simple adjustment and ease of useat the rig site.

! Bearing Assembly: The Cavo non-sealed open bearingassembly is a robust and field proven design. Cavo uses aspecial tungsten carbide tile matrix for the radial bearings formaximum protection against radial wear. Axial thrust ismanaged by a series of full contact mud lubricated tool steel

thrust bearings. Non-sealed bearings offer the advantage ofproviding higher differential pressures across the drill bit withoutthe concern of losing seal integrity that is possible with sealedbearing units. The Cavo bearing assembly has a proven historyof excellence in both performance and reliability.


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3

DRILLING MOTOR INTRODUCTION

Since its introduction in 1956, the positive-

displacement motor has undergone revolutionarychanges and improvements. Downhole drilling motorshave proven to be successful in the most rigorous ofdrilling environments. Today, horizontal drilling, steerablesystems, extended-reach drilling, and conventionaldirectional drilling have all become routine. Thetechnological advances in these various types of drillingoperations have reduced drilling and production costs,

and have significantly improved the odds of bringing in asuccessful well. The Cavo Drilling Motor product line isuniquely suited for many various drilling applications andconditions.

The primary focus of this manual is to aid inexplaining drilling applications, motor selection, and useof the motor. To enhance the understanding of drillingmotor application, selection, and operation, we have

included information on the following topics in thismanual:

! Drilling Motor Application

! Drilling Motor Design

! Drilling Motor Operation

! Adjustable Bend Housing Operation

! Power Section Performance Factors

! Special Applications! Troubleshooting

! Motor Specifications

! Fishing Dimensions

! Contact Information

Comprehensive motor performance curves,dimensional data, and operational data are included in the

Motor Specifications section. It is our goal with thismanual to offer effective solutions to your drillingchallenges, by providing drilling motor information andreference data. Please read through this manual in itsentirety. As always, the Cavo technical staff is availableand committed to provide you any information needed toaccompany this manual.

Figure 1

CavoDrillingMotor

Drill Bit


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DRILLING MOTOR APPLICATIONS

Since the inception of rotary drilling more than 100years ago, operators, drilling contractors, and serviceand supply companies have worked tirelessly toimprove drilling technology. Their common goal hasbeen to reach their drilling objective, in various drillingenvironments, quickly, efficiently, and at a reasonablecost so wells are productive and profitable. Sincedrilling targets have become more complex and moredifficult to reach, delivering horsepower directly to the

bit independent of rotating the drillstring has becomeincreasingly important.

The need for motors in different applications has led tothe design of several different types of downholemotors. These motors are specifically configured to thedrilling application for which they are needed. Typicalapplications and motors are presented in this section.

Conventional Applications

Typically, a low-speed, high-torque motor is used inconjunction with single-shot-survey orientationinstrumentation and a bent sub or ABH. This type ofmotor is effective for kickoffs, course corrections, anglecontrol, and sidetracking. It provides low operating

costs and easy maintenance. A typical bottom holeassembly (BHA) is shown in Figure 1.

Vertical Drill ing Applications

Cavo drilling motors can be used over extended verticaldrilling intervals. By turning the bit several times fasterthan the drillstring, these motors effectively provide

increased rate of penetration (ROP) and they provideangle control under the adverse conditions found inmany vertical applications. Compared to rotary drillingtechnology, downhole motors offer intangible benefitsthat must be taken into consideration in the final cost/benefits analysis. These benefits include:

4

Above

MotorStabilizer

CavoDrillingMotor

BearingSection

w/ Stabilizer

Drill Bit

Figure 2


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! Fewer round trips for BHA changes.

! Fewer hole problems, such as formation swelling, formation

caving, doglegs, keyseats, and hole sloughing enabled by fasterROP and less open hole time.

! Minimized wear, tear, and fatigue of drillstring components,surface pipe, and casing enabled by reduced drillstring RPM.

! Reduction of drillstring torque.

!Faster and smoother casing setting.

Directional Applications

Cavo offers steerable systems in which stabilized, adjustable bend housingmotors are used. The motor provides continuous bit rotation, while selectiverotation of the drillstring controls well bore trajectory. Applications that aretechnically and economically feasible with these systems include:

! Wells that penetrate complex multiple targets.! Horizontal wells that stay in narrow, dipping production zones.

! Vertical wells in formations with severe crooked hole tendency.

A Cavo motor is an ideal choice for the demands imposed by directionaldrilling. Our steerable motor can be matched with various types of bits, suchas PDC, roller cone, or natural diamond. A typical steerable BHA is shownin Figure 2.

Special Applications

A variety of Cavo motors are available for mining, geothermal drilling, coring,workover, milling, hole opening, and under-reaming, as well as for piling,casing, and template-drilling applications. Applications for Cavo smallmotors (3-3/4 OD and smaller) include the following:

! Drilling through sand bridges and cement plugs! Cleaning out paraffin build-up

! Minerals exploration

! Horizontal boring

! Pilot-hole drilling.

Contact your Cavo nearest representative for more information on thesespecial applications.

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DumpValve(or)CrossoverSub

SafetyCatchSub

PowerSectionAssembly

CouplingAssembly

BearingAssembly

DRILLING MOTOR DESIGN

The Cavo motor is a positive-displacement motor (PDM)through which drilling fluid passes as it is pumped down thedrillstring. The fluid flows through the downhole motorsprogressive cavities, and the pressure of this fluid causesthe rotor to rotate. Torque is then transmitted to the drill bit.

The Cavo drilling motor is comprised of 5 basic components:

! Crossover Sub or Dump valve (optional)

! Safety catch sub (optional)! Power-section assembly

! Coupling assembly

! Bearing assembly

Figure 3 is a cutaway view of the entire motor and showsthese basic components.

Dump Valve Assembly

In a standard motor setup, a crossover sub is used toconnect the motor to the drillstring. Optionally, a dump valvecan be used instead of the crossover sub. The dump valveassembly (shown in Figure 4) enables the drillstring to fillwith mud from the annulus while tripping into the hole andenables the drillstring to drain while tripping out of the hole.

The valve uses a spring-loaded piston to close the portsseparating the inside of the tool from the annulussurrounding the tool. When drilling fluid is not circulating, thespring holds the piston in the up, or open-port, position.This allows the fluid to enter or exit the drillstring through theports and bypass the motor.

When the mud pumps are turned on, the circulating fluidcreates a small pressure drop across the piston and anattendant force on the piston and spring. The pressure dropand the force increase as fluid velocity increases. As thecirculating drilling fluid reaches the minimum velocityneeded to overcome the spring force holding the piston inthe up position, the dump valve is forced into the down, orclosed-port, position. The fluid then flows through the motor, Figure 3

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providing horsepower to turn the bit. When the mud pumpsare turned off and circulation ceases, the piston is forcedback into the up (open) position, allowing drilling fluid to

bypass the motor while tripping pipe.

Note: When the dump valve is open, drilling mud will passthrough the dump valve ports into the annulus. Very littlefluid will pass through the Cavo motor and drill bit.

Safety Catch Sub

The safety catch sub (see Figure 3) is an optionalcomponent that provides the ability to remove the motorcomponents including the rotor and lower assembly in theunlikely case of a motor connection failure. It is generallyused on a motor when tool joints are exposed to excessiveloads from extreme drilling applications. The safety catchsub offers protection from possible fishing operations in thehole. The safety catch sub is available on most motor

sizes.

Power Section Assembly

The power section is the portion of the motor thatconverts hydraulic horsepower into mechanicalhorsepower, resulting in drill-bit rotation. The power

section (shown in Figure 5) consists of only two parts, therotor and the stator. When assembled, these twocomponents form a continuous seal along their contactpoints. The rotor is an alloy steel bar with a helical (multi-lobed) pattern. It is chromed plated to reduce friction,wear, and corrosion. Other coatings are available,depending on the specific application and/or environmentin which the motor is to be used. The rotors may haveprovisions for nozzles and axial bores to bypass flow and

extend the flow-rate ranges.

The stator is a length of tubular steel lined with anelastomer compound that is shaped with a helical patternto mate with the rotor. Various elastomers are available,depending on drilling-fluid type and bottom holetemperature.

Open

Closed

Figure 4

Figure 5

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8

Profile of a5:6 lobe

power section

Profile of a7:8 lobe

power section

Motor Profiles

The power sections of Cavo motors

are designed to provide variousspeed ranges. These speed rangesare achieved by varying the pitch andthe rotor/stator lobe ratio. Generally,more lobes yield higher torque andslower speed while fewer lobes yieldhigher speed and lower torque. Thenumber of stator lobes alwaysexceed the number of rotor lobes by

one - hence, the rotor/stator lobe-ratio designations of 5:6, 7:8, 9:10etc. Two examples of motor profilesare illustrated in Figure 6.

Coupling Assembly

The coupling assembly (seeFigure 7) is attached to thelower end of the rotor andtransmits motor rotationaltorque and speed to the driveshaft and bit. The coupling

assembly converts theeccentric motion of the rotor tothe concentric motion of thedrive shaft.

Additionally, the flexiblecoupling allows for placementof a bend point in its externalhousing for steerable or single

bend motors. Bent-housingangles range from 0 to 3 inmost cases and may be eitherfixed or rig-adjustable.

Figure 7

Figure 6


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9

Bearing Assembly

The bearing assembly supports the Cavo

motor drive shaft, which in turn transmitsdrilling thrust and rotational power to the drillbit. Drilling parameters, such as weight on bit(WOB), circulation rate, and bit pressuredrop, directly affect the bearing assembly.The Cavo bearing assemblies is a openbearing, mud-lubricated design that utilizestwo types of bearings: thrust and radial.

Cavo uses a stacked multiple ball-and-racedesign (see Figure 8) for the thrust bearings.The thrust bearings support the downwardforce resulting from the WOB and the loadsfrom the combination of hydraulic thrust andweight loads from internal components.

Radial support bearings support the radial

loads on the drive shaft and regulate the flowof drilling fluid through the bearing assembly.Diverted fluid cools and lubricates the radialand thrust bearings. Cavo uses radialbearings with tungsten carbide tiles imbeddedin a tungsten carbide chip matrix formaximum performance and superiorresistance to radial wear.

Figure 8


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DRILLING MOTOR OPERATION

Motor SelectionWhile the proposed drilling operation may be very complex and requiredetailed planning, a number of factors must also be considered whenselecting the motor. The particular application for which the motor will beused is the first consideration.

Applications

! Vertical drilling

! Directional drilling! Steerable-system drilling

! Horizontal directional drilling (HDD)

! Directional crossing

! Performance drilling

! Casing drilling

! Air drilling

! Coring

! Reaming / hole opening / under-reaming! Prevention of casing wear

Other Factors for Motor Selection

! Bit type

! Speed

! Torque

! Weight-on-bit (WOB)

! Bit pressure drop! Flow rate / annular velocity required to clean the hole

! Mud type (composition)

! Bottom hole circulating temperature

! Hole size

! Tubular specifications

! Stabilizer placement

! Well profile

! Site logistics

Operational Procedures

Proper and efficient operation of the motor depends on many differentprocedures being carried out according to Cavo specifications. The followingprocedures are guidelines that should be observed on the rig.

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Caution: Safety glasses, steel-toed shoes and a hard hat are to be worn,and all applicable rig floor safety procedures are to be followed whileperforming any of the following procedures. Lifting and torque equipment

should be checked for ratings and operational condition per appropriatespecifications.

Determine Thrust Bearing Life (non-sealed bearing assemblies only)

1. Check thrust bearing wear prior to using the motor to determineremaining bearing life. Thrust bearing stack wear can bedetermined by the amount of play the drive shaft has between the

back face of the bit box and the outer face of the stationary bearing.

2. Lift the motor off the rig floor and let it hang free. Take ameasurement (D1) between the bearing housing nut and the driveshaft bit. Lower the motor until it sits flat on the rig floor and thentake a measurement (D2) at the same location. (Figure 9)

3. Subtract D2 from D1 and this will determine thrust bearing stackwear.

4. Do not use the motor if the thrust bearing stack wear exceeds theamount listed in Table 1 below.

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Figure 9

Table 1

Tool Size O.D.

in

(D1) - (D2)

in

(D1) - (D2)

mm

2-7/8 1/8 3

3-1/8 1/8 3

3-1/2 1/8 3

3-3/4 1/8 3

4-3/4 1/8 3

5-1/2 3/16 5

6-1/2 3/16 5

6-3/4 3/16 5

7-3/4 1/4 6

8-1/2 1/4 6

9-5/8 9/32 7

11-1/4 9/32 7

Maximum Allowable

Thrust Bearing Stack Wear


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Making Up the Motor

1. Using a bit breaker, make up the drill bit by placing tongs on themotor bit box.

Caution: If a bit crossover sub or thread adapter is used, the overalllength of the sub should be only long enough to accept make-uptongs (recommended maximum is 10 inches or 25.4 cm.). Lengthsgreater than those recommended may reduce bearing life, affectdirectional characteristics of the tool, or result in drive shaftbreakage and loss of the bit and sub in the hole.

2. After the bit is made up, one of the following steps may be taken tobreak dry contact between the rotor and stator and increase statorlife:

! Place make-up tongs on the stator or coupling housing and, withthe bit in the bit breaker, slowly rotate the rotary table one to tworevolutions in the counter-clockwise direction. -or-

! Place make-up tongs on the stator or coupling housing, lock thetable and pull on the tongs to rotate the stator one to tworevolutions in the clockwise direction.

Note: Do not place tongs on the bearing assembly. This may pinchthe inner bearings and could prevent the motor from turning.

3. Lower the tool into the slips and secure with a drill collar clamp

before removing or making up additional equipment.

4. If required, a float sub can be installed immediately above the tool.A float sub will avoid problems with plugging of the bit and motorwhile tripping in the hole. A float valve is generally used for millingsteel, drilling underbalanced, or when drilling in very unconsolidatedformations.

! Avoid screwing into the threads above the motor by rotating therotary table counter-clockwise. The bit could hang up on thecasing wall and result in unscrewing the tools internal threadedmembers or cause the bit to unscrew and be lost in the hole.

! To avoid unscrewing internal joints, the bit box should be turnedonly counter-clockwise with respect to the motor housing above.


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13

Setting the ABH (if equipped)

The procedure for setting the 0-3 degree (or 0-4 degree) adjustable bend

housing is presented in a separate section of this Manual. The procedure issimple; however, the following guidelines should be followed when settingthe ABH:

! Tong on the upper and lower ABH housing only. Do not tong on theadjusting ring.

! Rotate the adjusting ring no more than turn when setting theangle.

! Align the desired angle mark of the adjusting ring to the angle markon the housing.

! Be sure that the adjusting ring alignment slots are fully engagedprior to applying torque to the connection.

! Do not use thread-locking compound on the threads of the ABH.

Dump Valve Test (if equipped)

It is recommended that a dump valve test be performed on all motorssupplied with a dump valve.

1. Apply pressure to the tapered face of the piston with a probe (e.g., a

hammer handle). Piston travel should be about 3 inches withmoderate pressure applied.

2. Fill the valve body with water and then release the piston. Watershould flow freely from all ports.

Note: A dump valve malfunction caused by abrasive drilled solidsmay be remedied at the rig site by:

! Blanking-off the ports before running in-hole.-or-

! Replacing the dump valve sub with a crossover sub.


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14

Surface Flow Test

Caution: A surface flow test is not recommended when using PDC/diamond

bits in the casing.

1. Make up the kelly to the Cavo motor and lower the dump valve portsbelow the rotary table.

2. Start the rig pumps, using only enough pump strokes to close thedump valve and operate the motor. Use minimum flow rate for thefirst few revolutions, then increase slowly as needed.

3. Raise the tool far enough to visually check that the bit sub is rotatingand the tool is operational.

4. If equipped with a dump valve, then lower the dump valve portsbelow the rotary table. Stop the pumps. Keep the dump valve portspositioned below the rotary table until the dump valve opens andexternal drainage stops.

5. Keep the test short to avoid damage to the bit, surface pipe, orblowout preventer (BOP) stack.

Tripping Recommendations

Tripping In the Hole

While the Cavo drilling motor is a reliable tool, it is susceptible to damage ifcare is not taken when tripping the drillpipe. The following arerecommendations for tripping in the hole:

! Trip in at a controlled rate to avoid damage from striking bridges,shelves, or casing shoes.

! Ream through any tight spots by starting the pumps and reaming

slowly. Excessive reaming operation may shorten motor life.

Caution: To avoid sidetracking when tight spots are encountered ina directionally controlled wellbore, the pumps should not be startedwithout a directional driller or other knowledgeable and responsibleperson on the rig floor.


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15

! If tripping to extreme depths and/or temperatures, periodic stops forcirculation (staging in the hole) are required. Every 20 to 40 minutes,it is recommended that the drillstring be circulated for one-half to

one minute with the lowest volume and pressure necessary to startthe motor.

! If extended circulation is required while in the casing, reciprocate thekelly to avoid localized casing wear.

! If there is a float valve in the string or if fluid characteristics preventeasy flow, periodic stops are recommended to fill the drillpipe.

Caution: Reduce tripping speed when approaching the last 60 to 90feet of hole. There may be fill in the bottom of the hole or the pipetally may be incorrect.

Tripping Out of the Hole

The following are recommendations for tripping out of the hole:

! The dump valve opens when the pumps stop, allowing the drillpipeto drain while tripping out of the hole. However, if there is internalpressure in the drillstring, the dump valve will shut and a wet trip willoccur.

! When tripping out, the rotary table should not be used to break outconnections of double-bend assemblies or steerable assemblies in

high build-rate intervals.

! Slow down when nearing casing shoe points.

! Control tripping speed to avoid swabbing the hole.

! Avoid excessive back-reaming. It shortens motor life.


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Maintenance Procedures After Tripping

The following post-run maintenance steps are required after tripping out of

the hole:

1. Remove remaining fluid from the motor by placing the bit in a bitbreaker.

2. Secure the motor body above the rotating bit sub with rig tongs.

3. Rotate the rotary table and bit counter-clockwise, forcing orpumping the fluid out the top of the motor.

4. After the bit has been removed, spray water directly through the bitbox. This will wash out the ports above the drive shaft and helpclean the bearing section.

5. If the tool is equipped with a dump valve, pour clean fluid into the topof the dump valve. Work the piston until it travels freely between thedown (closed) and up (open) positions.

6. If the tool is to be stored for an extended time before re-use, pour asmall amount of mineral oil or equivalent into the motor. Do not usediesel oil.

7. Re-dope the bit box and dump valve box. Install thread protectors.

Drill ing ConsiderationsThe performance life of the motor is determined by the environment in whichit operates. To ensure optimum performance, avoid:

! Abrasive solids in the circulating system.

! High temperatures.

! Exceeding the recommended pressure drop across the bit andmotor.

! Pumping higher than recommended fluid volume.

! Exceeding recommended bit weight loading resulting in excessivepressure drop across the tool.

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Drilling Fluid Flow Rates

Except for special applications, the recommended minimum/maximum flow

rate for each motor should be observed to achieve optimum torque and toollife. Flow rates for each Cavo drilling motor are given in this MotorOperations Manual.

Optimum Operating Performance

Operating performance charts are included in this manual and provide thefollowing:

! Bit weight

! Bit pressure drop

! Bearing loads

! Operating torque

! Revolutions-per-minute (rpm) range

! Motor differential pressure

Starting the Motor

Before touching bottom of the hole, start the pumps and increase the flowrate slowly to the recommended operating range.

Drilling

The Cavo motor is a hydraulically operated tool. Therefore, the primary rig-

floor reference is the standpipe pressure gauge. The weight indicator may,for example, give inaccurate information about actual WOB because of wallhanging while sliding. In this case, the only true indication of whether the bitis on bottom drilling, is the pressure gauge. Refer to Figure 10 for examplesof off-bottom, drill-off, and stall-out conditions discussed in the followingsubsections.

Off-Bottom PressureWhen the motor is off-bottom circulating, the standpipe pressure gaugeshows the total amount of pressure required to pump a known volume offluid through the drilling system. This is called off-bottom pressure.

Available torque is directly proportional to the pressure drop across themotor and is indicated as a change in total system pressure. Motordifferential pressure is defined as the pressure above off-bottom pressure.

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18

Note: When the bit is side loaded from the

bent housing or bent sub, off-bottompressure includes motor pressure toprovide torque to rotate the bit with theimposed side load. True motor differentialpressure is obtained from standpipepressure only when the bit is not side-loaded or when system pressure losseswithout the motor are known.

Pressure While Drilling

More WOB means a higher total systempressure at the surface. As the bit drills off,the total system pressure decreases. Thestandpipe pressure gauge, therefore, canbe used as an indicator of bit weight andtorque. Drill pipe friction will not distort thereadings. When the pressure gaugereads the optimum on-bottom pressureand the driller subsequently stops addingweight to the bit, a drill-off occurs. Thepressure will steadily fall until the drillerputs more weight on the bit. Performancecurves and recommended motordifferential pressures are included in this

manual.

Stall Pressure

If the driller overloads the bit, a stall will occur. The backpressure in thedrilling fluid will deform the rubber in the stator and flow straight throughwithout turning the rotor. The pressure gauge will rise abruptly, and thenremain stationary, even if more weight is added to the bit.

When a stall occurs, the driller merely has to raise the bit off bottom slightlyto restart the tool and continue drilling. Stall pressure is about twice therecommended optimum differential pressure across the motor.

Caution: Operating for an extended period of time in a stalled condition willcause damage to the rotor and/or stator.

Figure 10


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19

Rotating the Motor

Steerable applications and many vertical (straight-hole) applications require

rotation of the drillstring and motor for directional control, reduced drillstringtorque/drag, cuttings transport, and differential sticking. It is recommendedthat drillstring rpm be minimized to prolong motor life. A maximum drillstringspeed of 60 RPM is recommended, although speeds up to 120 RPM may bepermissible in some areas.

The two most common problems associated with drillstring rotation arecomponent fatigue and connection backoff. Fatigue is a function of stresslevel and the number of cycles at that level. Increasing RPM increases the

number of stress cycles within a given period of time, thereby potentiallyreducing component life. In steerable applications, the angle of the benthousing can have an large impact on the stress level of a motor component.To prolong motor life, drillstring rotation should be kept to a minimum whenthe motor is set in a bent position.

Connection backoff may occur when the drillstring momentarily stalls, thenbreaks free and momentarily accelerates. Backoff normally occurs whendrilling through ledges, tight spots, or formation stringers. This condition,also known as stick-slip causes severe lateral vibration, which may result inconnection backoff. When drilling through stringers or other formationconditions known to cause drillstring stalling or stick-slip, reduce rotaryspeed as much as possible. Reducing rotary speed reduces the energyavailable to cause problems.

Caution: When a drillstring is completely stalled, do not pick up the drillstringuntil the torsion energy in the drillstring is released. Allow the drillstring to

slowly drive the rotary table or top drive backwards until all of the torque isreleased. Then pick up the drillstring and resume drilling at reduced RPMuntil the stick-slip condition is overcome.


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20

Factors That Affect Build Rate

Many factors affect build rate such as tool-size to hole-size ratio, drilling fluid

type, flow rate, hole erosion, formation anisotropy, placement of stabilizersor pads, bottom hole assembly (BHA), motor bend angle and distance frombit to bend, and the type of bit used. Following these recommendations canminimize these factors affecting build rate:

! The lower the tool-size to hole-size ratio, the better the buildingcapabilities.

! Changing the WOB can cause the build rate to change. Generally,

an increase to the WOB can cause the build rate to increase.

! The placement of pads and the use of stabilizers on the OD of thebottom hole assembly can play a critical role in achieving good buildrates.

! Build rate can be better predicted if formation-class empirical dataare available. Some formations prohibit good build rate, and these

types of formations should be identified while planning the drillingprogram.

! Build rate is related to bend angle severity and distance from thebend to the bit.


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21

ADJUSTABLE BEND HOUSING OPERATION

The Cavo adjustable bend housing allows for

quick and easy bend angle adjustment from 0to 3. Below is the procedure for setting theCavo adjustable bend housing.

Refer to the Figure 11 for steps 1 and 2:

1. Place the jaws of tongs in the tongareas shown and break the tool joint.

2. While keeping the adjusting ring teethengaged with the mated slots in theoffset housing, unscrew the lockhousing two to four complete turns inthe clockwise direction (unthread).

Refer to Figure 12 for steps 3 and 4:

3. Slide the adjusting ring down todisengage the teeth in the ring andthe offset housing.

4. To adjust the bend angle of thebent housing, rotate the adjustingring clockwise until the desiredbend-angle marking matches thebend angle marking on the offsethousing.

Figure 11

Figure 12


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22

Refer to Figure 13 for steps 5 through 7:

5. Engage the teeth of the

adjusting ring and theoffset housing at thedesired bend angle.

6. Apply thread dope to themated faces of the lockhousing and the adjustingring.

7. Screw the lock housingand the adjusting ringtogether and apply thetorque value listed inTable 2. The matchingmarkings on the OD of theoffset housing and theadjusting ring indicate the

bend angle selected aswell as the high sidemarks to identify the highside of the tool.

Figure 13

Table 2

Motor Size English Metric

2-7/8 (287) 2,200 ft-lbs 3,000 N-m

3-1/8 (313) 2,700 ft-lbs 3,600 N-m

3-1/2 (350) 3,800 ft-lbs 5,100 N-m

3-3/4 (375) 4,600 ft-lbs 6,300 N-m

4-3/4 (475) 9,500 ft-lbs 12,700 N-m

5-1

/2 (550) 16,000 ft-lbs 21,700 N-m

6-1/2 (650) 23,000 ft-lbs 31,000 N-m

6-3/4 (675) 27,000 ft-lbs 37,000 N-m

7-3/4 (775) 29,000 ft-lbs 39,000 N-m

8-1/2 (850) 38,000 ft-lbs 51,000 N-m

9-5/8 (963) 61,000 ft-lbs 83,000 N-m

ABH MAKE-UP TORQUE


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23

POWER SECTION PERFORMANCE FACTORS

Although Cavo positive-displacement motors are designed to operate in a

wide variety of downhole drilling environments, several factors that affectpower section performance and operating life must be considered. Thesefactors include:

! Drilling Muds

! Air, foam, or mist

! Fluid pressure limitations (stalled motor)

! Excessive flow rates

! Temperature

Drill ing Muds

While Cavo motors are suitable for a wide range of drilling muds, thefollowing factors should be considered:

Mud Solids

Drilling-fluid properties should be maintained within the same constraints aswhen rotary drilling. However, the following special precautions should alsobe observed:

! The mud should be free of plugging agents, as well as foreignbodies.

! The use of a drillpipe screen is recommended.

! The fluid should have the least possible sand content (1% or less isrecommended).

! Drilling fluid additives should be used only in limited amounts.Excessive amounts of drilling fluid additives, such as lost circulationmaterial (LCM), can affect tool performance. Drilled solids and/orabrasive additives should be kept to a minimum. A poorly mixed slugof weighted material or LCM can cause nearly instantaneoustermination of an otherwise good motor run.

! Where possible, hematite-weighting materials should not be used.These materials have been shown to greatly reduce motor life.


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24

Oil-Based Muds

Oil-based muds and muds that contain oil can reduce stator life. The degree

of stator damage depends on the specific chemistry of the oils used. Onemeasure of an oils aggressiveness in damaging elastomers is the oilsaniline point. The aniline point of a material may be defined as the lowesttemperature at which equal volumes of freshly distilled aniline and the oilbeing tested are completely miscible. As an oils aniline point decreases, theoil becomes more damaging. While aniline point is a useful measure, someoil-based muds are still aggressive despite a high aniline point.

Note: Tests for mud / elastomer compatibility with Cavo elastomers may be

conducted when oil-based drilling fluids are anticipated. The stator shouldcontain a rubber compound suitable for use in oil-based drilling fluids.Because of the degradation of elastomers exposed to oil-based drillingfluids, Cavo recommends that the elastomer compound selection be basedon fluid compatibility testing. Contact your Cavo representative for moreinformation.

Mud Additives

Certain amine-based additives, such as emulsifiers, corrosion inhibitors, andscavengers, can (even in very small quantities) cause elastomer failure.

Brine or Fresh-Water Muds

Brine and fresh-water muds (but not bentonite gels) provide little lubricationfor motor stator elastomers, so abrasive wear between rotor and stator can

be a concern. Additionally, the adhesives used to bond elastomers tometals can undergo hydrolysis when exposed to water, especially attemperatures in excess of 200F. Bond-strength degradation can trigger amultitude of problems, some minor and some causing catastrophic failure ofthe downhole motor. Brine drilling fluids may also cause corrosion of rotors,dump valves, or other components. Special coatings are available. Contactyour Cavo representative for more information.

Air, Foam, or Mist

The use of air, foam, or mist may adversely affect motor performance unlessguidelines are followed concerning motor lubrication, air-volumerequirements, and WOB.


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25

Fluid Pressure Limitations / Stalled Motor

When enough WOB is added to exceed maximum design pressure, the

motor will stall. When mud pressure, as indicated on the mud-pressuregauge, increases, stall is indicated and does not vary as additional weight isadded to the bit.

Bored Rotors / Extended Flow Rates

To extend the allowable flow-rate range of multi-lobed power sections, boredrotors with selectable nozzles are available. To avoid adverse affects on

motor performance, care must be exercised in nozzle selection. Contactyour Cavo representative for recommendations on optimum flow rates andmotor performance.

Temperature Effects

The effects of temperature can have a drastic affect on the life of the stator.A high bottom-hole temperature can affect the interference fit between the

rotor and stator. This can result in stator damage or reduced operating life.In general, as temperature increases, motor life decreases. The standardCavo elastomer is rated to 250F (120C). A motor operated, even for alimited time, at temperatures at or above the designed operatingtemperature will shorten the expected motor life.

Note: Stators must contain a rubber compound suitable for high temperatureenvironments. Because of the severe degradation of elastomers exposed to

temperatures above 300F, Cavo strongly recommends that a special hightemperature elastomer compound be selected when bottom hole circulatingtemperatures (BHCT) are over 300F. Contact your Cavo representative formore information.


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26

SPECIAL APPLICATIONS

Air, Foam, or Mist Drilling

The Cavo motor can be used successfully for directional drilling purposeswhere air and air/mist is the circulating media.

Air-Volume-Requirement Guideline

To convert liquid-volume requirements to air-volume requirements, use the

following conversion: 1 gallon per minute (gal/min) of drilling fluid equals 4 to4 standard cubic feet per minute (scfm) of air.

Example: 400 gal/min = 1,600 to 1,800 cfm

Foam-Volume-Requirement Guideline

It is recommended that 3 1/2 to 4 1/2 scfm of air plus 10 to 100 gal/min of

injected foam be used.

Pressure Requirements

The pressure required with air, foam, or mist drilling is approximately twicethe pressure required when liquid drilling fluids are used.

Dump Valves

Dump valves should not be used. If the motor is equipped with a dumpvalve, replace it with a crossover sub. If a crossover sub is not available,then remove the dump valve internal assemblies and blank off the outletports.

Flapper Valve

A flapper valve should be used to control bleed-off and when runningwireline tools. Float valves should be placed immediately above the motorand on the surface to avoid blowback on connections. String float valves canbe run every 1,000 ft for additional control.


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27

LubricantsGeneral Recommendations

Using dry air causes high rotor/stator friction and can result in short runs. It

is recommended that a minimal amount of lubricant (consistent withformation capability, available equipment, etc.) be run. The most successfullubricants used have been

! Liquid soap 0.5 to 1 gal/bbl of water

! Graphite 4 to 6 lb/bbl of water

! Gel 0.5 to 1 lb/bbl of water

! Oil 0.1 to 0.6 gal/hr

Lubricants should be injected in fresh water downstream of the aircompressors.

Air Operation Factors

When operated on air, the tool will

! Be more weight sensitive than in fluid

! Stall out at lower pressure

! Require less WOB to drill

Bit Selection

Best results have been obtained with sealed bearing bits. To reducepressure requirements on the air compressor, jets should not be used in the

bit.

Operational Cautions

Start the motor by applying a light weight on the bit and pumping air. Do notallow the tool to run freely off-bottom. If the bit is allowed to run freely off-bottom, then bit speed will increase rapidly as air expands through themotor, and potential damage may result. Such damage may include:

! Stator damage due to friction/heat

! Bearing damage if weight is applied suddenly to the bit

Before picking up off-bottom, turn off the air compressor and allow the airpressure to bleed off until standpipe pressure is equal to annulus pressure.


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Coring

Several coring operations with PDMs have demonstrated the cost

effectiveness of using a downhole motor in this difficult application. Slow-speed motors are especially suited for coring because of their high torque atmoderate speed. Slow-speed, high-torque motors can drive core barrels upto 90 ft in length.

A drop-ball sub is typically run between the motor and core barrel. Anincrease in flow rate causes a steel ball to drop from this special sub,thereby redirecting fluid flow to the annulus between the inner tube and outertube of the core barrel for the coring operation. In general, the material used

in a core bit should be one grade softer than the material used in a normalrotary bit.

High-Temperature Environments

PDMs are designed with an interference fit between the rotor and stator,establishing a seal. For the motor to operate efficiently, the interference fitmust remain within a specified range. A high bottom-hole temperature canincrease the interference fit, which can result in stator damage or reducedoperating life. As temperature increases, motor life decreases. Although amotor may be operated for a limited time at temperatures above thedesigned operating temperature, shortened life can be expected. Motors aredesigned for specific temperature ranges, either below approximately 250F(120C) or above approximately 300F (150C). For optimum performance,the motor should be selected according to the temperature range in which it

is expected to operate.

Hot Hole Procedure

For a bottom hole circulating temperature (BHCT) exceeding 250F(120C) , the following guidelines apply:

! Contact Cavo service representative for preparation of a hot-hole motor.

! Stage in the hole:

# When reaching the depth where temperature isestimated to be approximately 250F (120C) , stop andcirculate cool fluid to the motor.

28


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# Continue pumping for a few minutes (atlow volume) to reduce equipmenttemperature.

# Continue this process in stages of 500 to1,000 ft until reaching operating depth.

! Non-circulating periods (surveying, orienting, etc.)must be as short and as infrequent as possible.

Casing Drill

Simultaneous drilling and running large-diameter surfacecasing has saved many hours of rig time in both land andoffshore operations. This operation is performed with a casingdrill, which is an assembly consisting of: a bit, a Cavo motor, a

jet sub, drill collars, and crossover subs. All of these items are

suspended by a running tool that is latched into apreassembled conductor pipe. When the desired depth isreached, the drilling assembly is unlatched and tripped,leaving the conductor pipe in place. A casing-drill assembly isshown in Figure 14.

The casing-drill tool and technique are typically used inunconsolidated alluvial formations. The operator can benefitfrom running surface casing while drilling, and the risk of

losing the hole from sloughing when retrieving the drillingassembly is eliminated.

A typical offshore casing-drill operation is performed asfollows:

1. Determine the customers drilling specifications, suchas angle, rotation, soak time, and sweeps.

2. Determine the available volume of drilling fluid, thensize the nozzles in the bit and jet sub accordingly.

3. Measure the length of the casing assembly (wellhead,casing, and shoe joints).

29

Figure 14


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30

4. Measure the internal BHA, including the lower portion of the runningtool that is dependent on the length of the casing assembly.

Determine how the BHA will be spaced inside the casing assembly.Preassembly of the BHA is recommended to minimize BHAexposure to the elements of the offshore environment.

5. Position the guide base and/or the mud mat in the moon pool of thedrilling vessel.

6. Assemble the casing (with welded or mechanical connections).Lower into the moon pool.

7. Assemble the BHA and lower it into the casing. Make up therunning tool on the wellhead joint.

8. Lower the BHA to the mud line while keeping a pipe tally to verifywater depth.

9. Perform preliminary checks of the bull's-eye reading, rotation of the

casing string, and condition of the running tool.

10. Tag the mud line and begin drilling.

11. Monitor mud-pump volume, mud-pump pressure, WOB, and ROP.Work or reciprocate the string as required.

12. Monitor the well deviation, and control drill to the desired depth.

13. After reaching the predetermined depth, visually confirm the angleand depth readings. If a remotely operated vehicle (ROV) isavailable, confirm the rotation. Soak for the specified period,release the running tool, and pull out of the hole.

It is recommended that a trained, experienced motor operator be onsite tosupervise the operation of a casing drill.

Sacrificial Motors and BHA

Another type of casing drill operation includes the use of a drilling motor on asacrificial BHA. The motor is run at the end of a casing drill string that isthen left in the hole as a sacrificial element. Cavo offers a specificallydesign motor for casing drill operations whereby the BHA is cemented in thehole. Contact a Cavo representative for more information on motors for usewith sacrificial bottom hole assemblies.


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31

Remedial and Production Applications

Production, remedial, and special drilling problems can be solved with a

Cavo mud motor. The motor can be used for

! Drilling through sand bridges and cement plugs

! Removal of paraffin buildup

! Minerals exploration

! Pilot-hole drilling

! Horizontal boring

Short-Radius Applications

Cavo offers drilling motors (4-3/4 OD and smaller) which can be used inshort-radius applications. Short-radius drilling is a highly specializedapplication for drilling motors, and each well requires thorough drillstring andBHA analysis. Before planning a short-radius drilling job, we recommendcontacting a Cavo representative.

Coiled-Tubing Applications

Cavo motors can be used in many types of coiled tubing (CT) applications.Remedial, production, and drilling jobs have been successfully executed,primarily with 3-1/2 OD and smaller motors. The following are importantitems to consider when planning a motor run on coiled tubing:

Pressure Drop Through The Coil

Unlike conventional drilling operations, the length of CT, spooled or un-spooled, is fixed at all times. Hydraulic calculations must be made to ensurethat the recommended flow-rate range of the desired motor can be achievedwithin the maximum working pressure of the pumps and the CT.

Coil Torsional Yield

The maximum stall torque of the motor should not exceed 80% of thenominal torsional yield of the tubing for vertical drilling, and 50% of thenominal yield for drilling directional wells. The lower figure for directionalapplications allows greater coil stiffness for a more stable tool face. All otherapplications should adhere to the 80% rule. Mechanical properties ofpopular sizes and types of CT can be found in manufacturers handbooks.


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32

Coil Buckling

Computer software is generally available to calculate maximum WOBavailable for a given directional or horizontal-well profile. For verticalapplications, it is recommended that drill collars be run with sufficient outsidediameter (OD) and length to keep the CT in tension while providing sufficientWOB.

Depth Control

When CT is used, depth control becomes critical in deeper wells (greaterthan 5,000 ft). It is recommended that at least two depth-tracking methodsbe available. Commonly, mechanical and electronic devices are usedsimultaneously, and their outputs are compared for accuracy during the job.In the absence of backup systems, the CT can be hand strapped duringtripping. Further questions regarding CT operations with drilling motorsshould be directed to your Cavo representative.

TROUBLESHOOTING

Cavo downhole motors are designed and manufactured with strictadherence to high quality control standards. Generally, if proper operationalprocedures are followed, Cavo drilling motors provide trouble-freeperformance. However, should a problem arise, refer to the TroubleshootingChart on the following page. It describes commonly encountered drilling

problems and provides possible solutions for each.

Note: The troubleshooting chart offers assistance in solving common motorsituations that may develop; however, it is not intended as a substitute forexperienced supervision.

Motor Blockage

If there is no float valve in the string and backflow is observed while makingup connections, it is possible that sand and other debris may have enteredthe drillstring. This condition may result in complete blockage of the motor,requiring a trip to change out the motor.


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33

M

otorTroubleshoo

tingChart


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MOTOR SPECIFICATIONS

Cavo offers a wide range of drilling motors. Motor size is generally defined

by the outer diameter of the motor. Cavo currently offers the following outerdiameter (OD) sizes of drilling motors:

! 1-11/16 (43 mm)

! 2-1/16 (52 mm)

! 2-7/8 (73 mm)

! 3-1/8 (79 mm)

! 3-1/2 (89 mm)

! 3-3/4 (95 mm)

! 4-3/4 (120 mm)

! 5-1/2 (140 mm)

! 6-1/2 (165 mm)

! 6-3/4 (172 mm)

! 7-3/4 (197 mm)

! 8-1/2 (216 mm)

! 9-5/8 (244 mm)

! 11-1/4 (286 mm)

Cavo offers multiple configurations for each size of drilling motor. Thissection provides complete technical specifications, performance curves, andbuild rate prediction tables for each motor.

The Cavo model number provides an easy method of determining the motorconfiguration. The Cavo model number description is given below:

34


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Motor Performance Curves

Motor performance curves are given for each motor size. A speed curve,

power curve, and torque curve are provided. The performance curves areprovided as a function of the differential pressure across the drilling motor.The full load condition is also indicated on the plotted curves.

Examples of how to read the motor curves are given below:

The 9L-675-4 motor operating at a flow rate of 600 GPM, will have arotational speed of 200 RPM at approximately 530 PSI differential pressureand...

...the 9L-675-4 motor operating at 600 GPM, will have an output power ofapproximately 320 HP at the same 530 psi differential pressure and...

35

9L-675-4

MOTOR SPEED CURVE

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

0 100 200 300 400 500 600

DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE (PSI)

SPEED(RPM)

600 GPM

FullLoad

425 GPM

250 GPM

9L-675-4

MOTOR POWER CURVE

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

0 100 200 300 400 500 600


POWER(HP)

FullLoad

600 GPM

425 GPM

250 GPM


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...the 9L-675-4 motor operating at 600 GPM, will have an torque output ofapproximately 8,500 Ft-lbs at the same 530 psi differential pressure.

Build Rate Prediction Tables

The follow are some notes regarding the build rate prediction tables given inthe motor specification sheets

! The build rate prediction values will vary as the gauge andplacement of the motor stabilizers, sleeves, or pads arechanged.

! While the motor is sliding, it is assumed that an in-gauge hole is

drilled.

! A short-gauge bit will produce better directional tendencies thanan extended-gauge bit.

! The formation is assumed to be homogeneous.

! The tables assume all stabilizers are 1/8 (3.2 mm) under-

gauge.

! The build rate prediction values should be regarded asestimates and should only be used for general guidance.Formation characteristics, bit profile, BHA design, and drillingparameters can all affect the directional response.

! The units for Build Rate Prediction are in degrees per 100 ft.

36

9L-675-4

MOTOR TORQUE CURVE

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800


TORQUE(FT-LBS)

F

ullLoad


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All Cavo drilling motors are engineered as three-point curve drillingassemblies. Since any three points not in a line describe an arc, the drill bit,

the top of the motor, and the lower stabilizers (if any) create such an arc.Figure 15 shows the basic three-point geometry of a motor with a benthousing.

Disclaimer

The following section contains the motor specifications and performancedata for the Cavo line of drilling motors. Cavo has taken every precaution asto the accuracy of the content and data presented in this section. Cavomake no warranties, guarantees, or representations concerning the accuracyor individual interpretation of the data. It is recommended that the nearest

Cavo representative be contacted for the latest information.

37

Figure 15


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38 1-11/16

1-11/16in OD

5:6 Lobe

3 Stage

5L-170-3

Tool OD 1-11/16 in 43 mm

Weight 40 lbs 18 kg

Length 7.5 ft 2.29 m

Lobe Configuration

Number of Stages

Bit Speed at Full Load

Flow Rate 25 - 45 gpm 95 - 170 lpm

Maximum Torque 110 ft-lbs 149 N-m

Maximum Power 7 hp 5 kw

Bit to Bend n/a n/a

Diff. Pressure at Full Load 450 psi 3,100 kpa

Diff. Pressure at Max. Torque 600 psi 4,140 kpa

Maximum Bit Pressure Drop 400 psi 2,760 kpa

Maximum Weight on Bit 3,000 lbs 13 kN

Maximum Pull to Re-Run Motor 8,000 lbs 36 kN

Pull to Yield Motor 40,000 lbs 178 kN

Top Connection (Box)

Bit Connection (Box)

1 AM MT

NC12

1 AM MT

NC12

Motor Specifications

5:6

3

100 - 450 rpm


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391-11/16

5L-170-3

MOTOR SPEED CURVE

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

0 100 200 300 400 500


SPEED(RPM)

45 GPM

Full

Load

35 GPM

25 GPM

5L-170-3

MOTOR POWER CURVE

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

0 100 200 300 400 500


POWER(HP) F

ullLoad

45 GPM

35 GPM

25 GPM

5L-170-3

MOTOR TORQUE CURVE

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 100 200 300 400 500 600


TORQUE(FT-LBS)

FullLoad


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40 1-11/16

1-11/16in OD

5:6 Lobe

5 Stage

5L-170-5


Weight 60 lbs 27 kg


Lobe Configuration

Number of Stages





Bit to Bend n/a n/a


Diff. Pressure at Max. Torque 1,000 psi 6,900 kpa







1 AM MT

NC12

1 AM MT

NC12


5:6

5

100 - 450 rpm


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411-11/16

5L-170-5

MOTOR POWER CURVE

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800


POWER(HP) Fu

llLoad

45 GPM

35 GPM

25 GPM

5L-170-5

MOTOR TORQUE CURVE

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000


TORQUE(F

T-LBS)

FullLoad

5L-170-5

MOTOR SPEED CURVE

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800


SPEED(RPM)

45 GPM

FullLoad

35 GPM

25 GPM


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42 2-1/16

2-1/16in OD

4:5 Lobe

7 Stage

4L-206-7


Weight 100 lbs 45 kg


Lobe Configuration

Number of Stages





Bit to Bend n/a n/a

Diff. Pressure at Full Load 1,050 psi 7,240 kpa

Diff. Pressure at Max. Torque 1,400 psi 9,652 kpa







1-1/2 AM MT

1-1/2 AM MT


4:5

7

200 - 730 rpm


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432-1/16

4L-206-7

MOTOR POWER CURVE

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100


POWER(HP)

50 GPM

35 GPM

20 GPM

Fu

llLoad

4L-206-7

MOTOR TORQUE CURVE

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400


TORQUE(F

T-LBS)

FullLoad

4L-206-7

MOTOR SPEED CURVE

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100


SPEED(RPM)

50 GPM

FullLoad

35 GPM

20 GPM


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44 2-1/16

2-1/16in OD

5:6 Lobe

3 Stage

5L-206-3


Weight 80 lbs 36 kg


Lobe Configuration

Number of Stages





Bit to Bend n/a n/a









1-1/2 AM MT

1-1/2 AM MT


5:6

3

50 - 200 rpm


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452-1/16

5L-206-3

MOTOR SPEED CURVE

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

0 100 200 300 400 500


SPEED(RPM)

45 GPM

FullLoad

35 GPM

25 GPM

5L-206-3

MOTOR POWER CURVE

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

0 100 200 300 400 500


POWER(HP) Fu

llLoad

45 GPM

35 GPM

25 GPM

5L-206-3

MOTOR TORQUE CURVE

0

50

100

150

200

250

0 100 200 300 400 500 600


TORQUE(F

T-LBS)

FullLoad


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46 2-7/8

3-1/2" 3-7/8" 4-1/4" 4-1/2" 3-1/2" 3-7/8" 4-1/4" 4-1/2"

0.31 3.40 5.13 6.85 7.99

0.62 0.76 8.31 10.03 11.73 12.86

0.93 6.33 0.30 13.22 14.92 16.61 17.74

1.22 11.55 5.50 17.81 19.50 21.18 22.29

1.50 16.58 10.52 4.64 0.81 22.25 23.93 25.59 26.70

1.76 21.25 15.18 9.29 5.45 26.36 28.03 29.69 30.78

2.00 25.56 19.48 13.58 9.73 30.17 31.82 33.47 34.56

2.23 29.70 23.61 17.69 13.84 33.81 35.46 37.09 38.17

2.42 33.11 27.01 21.09 17.23 36.82 38.46 40.08 41.16

2.60 36.35 30.24 24.30 20.44 39.67 41.30 42.92 43.99

2.74 38.87 32.75 26.81 22.94 41.89 43.51 45.12 46.19

2.85 40.84 34.72 28.77 24.90 43.63 45.25 46.86 47.92

2.93 42.28 36.15 30.20 26.33 44.90 46.51 48.12 49.18

2.98 43.18 37.05 31.10 27.22 45.69 47.30 48.91 49.97

3.00 43.54 37.41 31.46 27.58 46.01 47.62 49.22 50.28

5L-288-3 PREDICTED BUILD RATES ( Deg / 100 ft )

STABILIZED BEARING HOUSING

ABH

ANGLE HOLE SIZE HOLE SIZE

SLICK BEARING HOUSING

2-7/8in OD

5:6 Lobe

3 Stage

Bit ToBend

5L-288-3




Lobe Configuration

Number of Stages


Flow Rate 40 - 100 gpm 151 - 379 lpm



Bit to Bend 28 in 711 mm



Maximum Bit Pressure Drop 1,500 psi 10,300 kpa






2-3/8 Reg

2-3/8 Reg


5:6

3

100 - 260 rpm


55/132

472-7/8

5L-288-3

MOTOR SPEED CURVE

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

0 100 200 300 400 500


SPEED(RPM)

100 GPM

Full

Load

70 GPM

40 GPM

5L-288-3

MOTOR POWER CURVE

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

0 100 200 300 400 500


POWER(HP)

FullLoad

100 GPM

70 GPM

40 GPM

5L-288-3

MOTOR TORQUE CURVE

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

0 100 200 300 400 500 600


TORQUE(FT-LBS)

FullLoad


56/132

48 2-7/8

2-7/8in OD

7:8 Lobe

4 Stage

7L-288-4

Bit ToBend




Lobe Configuration

Number of Stages


Flow Rate 60 - 120 gpm 227 - 454 lpm

Maximum Torque 1,000 ft-lbs 1,356 N-m











2-3/8 Reg

2-3/8 Reg


7:8

4

100 - 350 rpm

3-1/2" 3-7/8" 4-1/4" 4-1/2" 3-1/2" 3-7/8" 4-1/4" 4-1/2"

0.31 3.40 5.13 6.85 7.99

0.62 0.76 8.31 10.03 11.73 12.86

0.93 6.33 0.30 13.22 14.92 16.61 17.74

1.22 11.55 5.50 17.81 19.50 21.18 22.29

1.50 16.58 10.52 4.64 0.81 22.25 23.93 25.59 26.70

1.76 21.25 15.18 9.29 5.45 26.36 28.03 29.69 30.78

2.00 25.56 19.48 13.58 9.73 30.17 31.82 33.47 34.56

2.23 29.70 23.61 17.69 13.84 33.81 35.46 37.09 38.17

2.42 33.11 27.01 21.09 17.23 36.82 38.46 40.08 41.16

2.60 36.35 30.24 24.30 20.44 39.67 41.30 42.92 43.99

2.74 38.87 32.75 26.81 22.94 41.89 43.51 45.12 46.19

2.85 40.84 34.72 28.77 24.90 43.63 45.25 46.86 47.92

2.93 42.28 36.15 30.20 26.33 44.90 46.51 48.12 49.18

2.98 43.18 37.05 31.10 27.22 45.69 47.30 48.91 49.97

3.00 43.54 37.41 31.46 27.58 46.01 47.62 49.22 50.28


ABH

ANGLE

SLICK BEARING HOUSING STABILIZED BEARING HOUSING

HOLE SIZE HOLE SIZE


57/132

492-7/8

7L-288-4

MOTOR SPEED CURVE

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

0 100 200 300 400 500 600


SPEED(RPM)

120 GPM

FullLoad

90 GPM

60 GPM

7L-288-4

MOTOR POWER CURVE

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

0 100 200 300 400 500 600


POWER(HP)

FullLoad

120 GPM

90 GPM

60 GPM

7L-288-4

MOTOR TORQUE CURVE

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800


TORQUE(F

T-LBS)

FullLoad


58/132

50 3-1/8

3-1/8in OD

7:8 Lobe

4 Stage

7L-313-4

3-7/8" 4-1/4" 4-1/2" 3-7/8" 4-1/4" 4-1/2"

0.31 5.13 6.85 7.99

0.62 10.03 11.73 12.86

0.93 0.30 14.92 16.61 17.74

1.22 5.50 19.50 21.18 22.29

1.50 10.52 4.64 0.81 23.93 25.59 26.70

1.76 15.18 9.29 5.45 28.03 29.69 30.78

2.00 19.48 13.58 9.73 31.82 33.47 34.56

2.23 23.61 17.69 13.84 35.46 37.09 38.17

2.42 27.01 21.09 17.23 38.46 40.08 41.16

2.60 30.24 24.30 20.44 41.30 42.92 43.99

2.74 32.75 26.81 22.94 43.51 45.12 46.19

2.85 34.72 28.77 24.90 45.25 46.86 47.92

2.93 36.15 30.20 26.33 46.51 48.12 49.18

2.98 37.05 31.10 27.22 47.30 48.91 49.97

3.00 37.41 31.46 27.58 47.62 49.22 50.28


ABH

ANGLE


HOLE SIZE HOLE SIZE

Bit ToBend




Lobe Configuration

Number of Stages


Flow Rate 60 - 120 gpm 227 - 454 lpm

Maximum Torque 1,000 ft-lbs 1,356 N-m











2-3/8 Reg

2-3/8 Reg


7:8

4

100 - 350 rpm


59/132

513-1/8

7L-313-4

MOTOR SPEED CURVE

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

0 100 200 300 400 500 600


SPEED(RPM)

120 GPM

Full

Load

90 GPM

60 GPM

7L-313-4

MOTOR POWER CURVE

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

0 100 200 300 400 500 600


POWER(HP)

FullLoad

120 GPM

90 GPM

60 GPM

7L-313-4

MOTOR TORQUE CURVE

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800


TORQUE(FT-LBS)

FullLoad


60/132

52 3-1/2

3-1/2in OD

5:6 Lobe

3 Stage

5L-350-3

4-1/4" 4-1/2" 4-3/4" 5" 4-1/4" 4-1/2" 4-3/4" 5"

0.31 4.05 5.04 6.02 7.00

0.62 1.01 8.47 9.46 10.43 11.40

0.93 6.15 3.13 0.17 12.90 13.87 14.84 15.80

1.22 10.95 7.93 4.96 2.03 17.03 18.00 18.96 19.92

1.50 15.59 12.56 9.58 6.65 21.03 21.99 22.94 23.89

1.76 19.90 16.86 13.88 10.94 24.74 25.69 26.64 27.58

2.00 23.87 20.83 17.84 14.89 28.16 29.11 30.05 30.99

2.23 27.69 24.64 21.64 18.69 31.44 32.39 33.32 34.26

2.42 30.83 27.78 24.78 21.82 34.16 35.09 36.02 36.95

2.60 33.82 30.76 27.75 24.79 36.72 37.66 38.58 39.51

2.74 36.14 33.08 30.06 27.10 38.72 39.65 40.58 41.50

2.85 37.96 34.90 31.88 28.91 40.29 41.22 42.14 43.06

2.93 39.29 36.22 33.20 30.23 41.43 42.36 43.28 44.19

2.98 40.12 37.05 34.03 31.05 42.15 43.07 43.99 44.90

3.00 40.45 37.38 34.36 31.38 42.43 43.36 44.27 45.19


ABH

ANGLE


HOLE SIZE HOLE SIZE

Bit ToBend




Lobe Configuration

Number of Stages


Flow Rate 70 - 160 gpm 265 - 606 lpm

Maximum Torque 960 ft-lbs 1,300 N-m


Bit to Bend 41 in 1,046 mm









2-3/8 Reg

2-3/8 Reg


5:6

3

100 - 240 rpm


61/132

533-1/2

5L-350-3

MOTOR SPEED CURVE

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

0 100 200 300 400 500


SPEED(RPM)

160 GPM

Full

Load

115 GPM

70 GPM

5L-350-3

MOTOR POWER CURVE

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

0 100 200 300 400 500


POWER(HP)

FullLoad

160 GPM

115 GPM

70 GPM

5L-350-3

MOTOR TORQUE CURVE

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

0 100 200 300 400 500 600


TORQUE(FT-LBS)

FullLoad


62/132

54 3-3/4

3-3/4in OD

1:2 Lobe

4 Stage

1L-375-4

4-3/4" 5" 5-1/2" 5-7/8" 4-3/4" 5" 5-1/2" 5-7/8"

0.31 4.29 5.16 6.88 8.17

0.62 0.42 8.15 9.01 10.72 12.00

0.93 5.25 3.00 12.01 12.87 14.57 15.83

1.22 9.76 7.50 3.07 15.63 16.47 18.16 19.42

1.50 14.12 11.85 7.41 4.16 19.11 19.96 21.63 22.88

1.76 18.16 15.89 11.44 8.18 22.35 23.19 24.85 26.09

2.00 21.90 19.62 15.16 11.89 25.34 26.17 27.83 29.06

2.23 25.48 23.20 18.72 15.44 28.21 29.03 30.68 31.91

2.42 28.44 26.15 21.66 18.38 30.57 31.40 33.04 34.26

2.60 31.24 28.95 24.45 21.16 32.82 33.64 35.27 36.48

2.74 33.42 31.12 26.62 23.32 34.56 35.38 37.01 38.22

2.85 35.13 32.83 28.33 25.02 35.93 36.75 38.37 39.58

2.93 36.38 34.08 29.57 26.26 36.93 37.74 39.36 40.57

2.98 37.15 34.85 30.34 27.03 37.55 38.37 39.98 41.19

3.00 37.46 35.16 30.65 27.34 37.80 38.61 40.23 41.43


ABH

ANGLE


HOLE

cavo motor operations manual

Documents

motor design

iimotor operations manual

ing motor introduction

manual orthe data

vertica drilling applications

drill ing motor appl

whilecavo drilling motors

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