CAUSES OF WORLD WAR 2

CAUSES Treaty of Versailles Fascism Hitler and the Nazi Party Appeasement Great Depression Japanese Expansion

Treaty of Versailles What was it?

Ended WWI between Germany and the Allied Powers.

The treaty was harsh against Germany. Why? Left German people poor and hungry

and the economy was ruined.

Germany had to: Accept blame for starting WW1 Had to pay damages caused by the

war for other countries Only allowed to have a small army

and 6 naval ships. No tanks, no air force and no submarines

Land was taken away and given to other countries .

Treaty of Versailles

German War Reparations

Disable World War I veteran begging on the streets of Berlin. 1923

American contemporary

view of unreasonable German World

War I war reparations.

Political cartoon 1921.

German War Reparations

Trains loaded with German machinery deliver their cargo as reparation payment in kind (1920)

German War Reparations

Hyperinflation in Germany

•The hyperinflation was a three-year period in the Weimar Republic (modern-day Germany) between June 1921 and January 1924.

French soldiers in the Ruhr in 1923

Humiliation for Germany

Fascism What is this?

Radical authoritarian nationalism Opposes Liberalism, Marxism, and

Anarchism. After the disaster to many economies in

Europe, many countries were taken over by fascist governments and dictators. Spain: Franco Italy: Mussolini

Eventually Hitler in Germany

Mussolini and his supporters during the March on Rome in 1922

1936

Fascism: Guernica. Spanish Civil War. April 26, 1937). Preparing World War 2.

Ruins of Guernica (1937)

October 23, 1940,

Meeting at Hendaya, between

Franco and Hitler.

Friends

Hitler & the Nazi Party Germans were desperate

for someone to improve their economy and restore their national pride.

On 30 January 1933, Hitler was named chancellor (Reichskanzler)

1934 Hitler became dictator of Germany.

He resented the Treaty of Versailles.

The Nazi Party & Persecution

The Dachau camp was the first concentration camp created by the Nazis in 1933 for holding political opponents.

Himmler in Dachau, May 1936

The Nazi Party & Persecution

Boycott against Jews, April 1, 1933: Don’t buy in Jewish Shops!

The Nazi Party & the anti-Jewish policies

The Nazi Party & the anti-Jewish policies

Humiliation of Jews in the streets of Vienna, Austria, after the annexing to Germany, 1938

A Jewish woman who is hiding her face sits on a park bench marked “Only for Jews”, Austria, 1938

On the night of the 9-10 November 1938 the Nazis organized 'Kristallnacht', the night of the broken glass. This mother and child pass the remains of a Jewish owned shop the morning after Kristallnacht.

The public humiliation of Christine Neumann und Julius Wolff . Cause: Rassenschande (‘Racial Shame’). Germany, 1935.

A teacher showing in biology class the differences between Germans and the Jews

The Kindertransport (German for “children's transport“ ) was an organized rescue effort that took place during the nine months prior to the outbreak of the Second World War. The United Kingdom took in almost 10,000 Jewish children. Often they were the only members of their families who survived the Holocaust.

Jewish refugees being marched away by British police at Croydon airport in March 1939.

They were put on a flight to Warsaw.

Impact on non-Jewish minorities

From 1935 the Nazis began rounding up Roma and holding them in camps.Nazi race theory saw many groups as ’undesirables’. These included: Jews, Roma, black Germans, homosexuals, Jehovah's Witnesses and the mentally and physically disabled. THESE PEOPLE COULD NOT BE PART OF THE NEW ‘RACIALLY PURE’ GERMANY.

View of the cemetery at the Hadamar Institute, where victims of the Nazi euthanasia program were buried in

mass graves.

Nazi Persecution of the Disabled: Murder of the “Unfit”

•The “euthanasia” program was Nazi Germany's first program of mass murder. It went before the genocide of European Jews (the Holocaust) by approximately two years. •The program targeted—for systematic killing—mentally and physically disabled patients living in institutional settings in Germany and German-annexed territories.

Nazi Persecution of the Disabled: Murder of the “Unfit”

Child Euthanasia was the name given to the organized murder of mentally and physically handicapped children and young people up to 16 years old during the Nazi. At least 5,000 children were victims of this programme.

Appeasement After WW1, countries in Europe did not want

another world war. When Italy and Germany became aggressive

and started to imperialize other nations, England and France hoped to keep peace through appeasement.

What is appeasement?• Appeasement means giving in to someone

provided their demands are seen as reasonable• To keep Germany happy and satisfied • To not cause trouble

Why?• They thought Hitler could help stop communism

Hitler Was secretly building up the German

Army. Because England and France didn't stop

him he had more time to build up his army and make allies. Two important alliances:

With Mussolini in Italy With Japan

First thing he did was take back the land given to Austria in 1939.

Hitler (Right) and Mussolini (left)

Hitler promised this was the only land he would take over so other European countries agreed wanting to avoid war

6 months later, he broke his word and demanded a part of Czechoslovakia be given to Germany

France and Britain did not want to go to war so they tried to peacefully settle an agreement with Hitler

This did not work and Hitler invaded Poland 1st, September 1939

Great Depression

Great economic suffering throughout the world.

Many people were out of work and struggling to survive.

Created unstable governments. Created weak governments.

Great Depression: The Wall Street Crash (October 24, 1929)

Great Depression: Unemployment

Release us from Hunger! We demand Winter Relief!

Great Depression: Hunger & Poverty

Clients of a Bank in Berlin try to take out their savings, Berlin, July 13, 1931

Great Depression: Europe

Bank Collapse in Europe

Great Depression: Europe

Looking for a job. Doctor! Berlin 1930

Woman looking for a job, Berlin 1931

Japanese Expansion Japan was growing rapidly Did not have enough natural

resources to sustain their growth So they looked elsewhere Started to take over other lands

Invaded China in 1931 China called the League of Nations

for Help What is the League of Nations?

League of Nations International organization set up in

1919 to help keep world peace Intended that all countries would be

members. If there were arguments between

countries, the league could help settle the fights peacefully rather than by force.

IT FAILED!!!

Japanese Forces of the Imperial Japanese Navy pose triumphantly after their success at the Battle of

Shanghai, 1937

1937

‘THE DOORMAT’: Japanese expansion in East Asia began in 1931 with the invasion of

Manchuria and continued in 1937 with a brutal attack on China.

•This cartoon of 1933, by the British cartoonist David Low, is entitled: 'The Doormat'.

• What is the

cartoonist suggesting about the League of

Nations, the Japanese Army and

the western diplomats?

League

Japan

David Low, Evening Standard (8th July, 1936)

WHY did it fail?

Not all countries joined The league had no power The league had no army They were unable to act quickly

Before... the invasion of Poland

The Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, also known as the Nazi–Soviet Pact, was a NON-AGGRESSION PACT signed between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union (!!!) in Moscow on 23 August 1939.

The pact remained in force until the German attack on the Soviet positions in Eastern Poland on 22 June 1941.

The treaty included also a secret protocol that divided territories of Romania, Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, and Finland into German and Soviet "spheres of influence“.

Poland, September 1939

Cartoon in the Evening Standard depicting Hitler greeting Stalin after the

invasion of Poland, with the words: "The scum of the earth, I believe?". To which Stalin replies:

"The bloody assassin of the workers, I presume?"; 20 September 1939

Germany invaded

Poland on 1 September

1939.

Stalin ordered his

own invasion of Poland on

17 September.

THE OUTBREAK OF WORLD WAR 2

Poland, 1939

Hitler watching German soldiers marching into Poland in September 1939

Ten-year-old Polish girl Kazimiera Mika mourning the death of her sister, caused by strafing German aircraft, near Warsaw. Photo: Julien Bryan (1899 - 1974) Poland, 13 September 1939.

A young boy sits next to the corpse of his mother who was killed when a German airplane dropped bombs on them while their were digging for potatoes.

Two Polish nurses attend to corpses lying on the ground in besieged Warsaw.

A group of Polish women stare ahead in front of a bombed out building in besieged Warsaw.

Two nurses tend to a sick and wounded Polish woman in the besieged city of Warsaw.

Nurses and mothers care for infants in a makeshift maternity

ward in besieged Warsaw.

DESTRUCTION: View of an operating table in

the bombed out maternity ward of the

Catholic Hospital of the Transfiguration (one of

Warsaw's largest hospitals).

Polish boy in the ruins of Warsaw September 1939. Photographer: Julien Bryan

HUNGER: Polish citizens line up for bread in the besieged city of Warsaw

HUNGER: Polish women forage for potatoes in the besieged city

of Warsaw

German soldiers parade through Warsaw to celebrate the conquest of Poland. October 05, 1939.

EXPULSION OF POLES FOLLOWING THE GERMAN INVASION OF POLAND IN 1939. The Poles are removed to make place for German colonists as part of a PLAN TO GERMANIZE WESTERN POLAND.

LEBENSRAUM

The Nazi establishment of German Lebensraum required the expulsion of the Poles from Poland, such as their expulsion from Wartheland in 1939.

LEBENSRAUM