Causes of the Industrial Revolution

Agricultural Revolution

Agricultural Revolution Crop Rotation

More fields = more food

Agricultural Revolution Mechanized Agriculture

● Came out of Scientific Revolution○ Ex:Jethro Tull’s seed drill○ Ex: Portable threshing machine

Enclosure Movement (1760-1815)Traditional Agriculture

CausesAtlantic Economy

● Mercantilism and capitalism emphasis trade with others

● Resources from colony of India and trade with China

Agriculture ● Agricultural Revolution

Natural Resources ● Coal● Iron ● Rivers ( to power

machines and transportation)

Geography ● Same as natural

resources

Stable Government ● No French Revolution ● Britain’s parliamentary

government promoted commercial and industrial interests because main group in Parliament was bourgeoisie and middle class

Labor Source ● Scientific Revolution and

Enlightenment create human capital such as engineers, inventors, and capitalists → emphasis on progress, experimentation, and innovation

Crystal Palace at the Great Exhibition of 1851● Sponsored by royal

family as celebration of Britain as industrial leader ○ “Workshop of

the world” ○ ⅔ European coal ○ ½ iron and

cotton cloth● Palace made of glass

and iron (2 formerly expensive materials)

ResultsDemographics

● Population explosion because higher agricultural productivity ○ 5 million in 1700 to 9 million in 1800 (Britain)

● Longer life expectancy and lowered infant mortality rate ● By 1750, less than ½ work in agriculture

○ Mostly in cottage industry

Cities

● Because Agricultural Revolution and enclosures, people move to cities

● Growth of cities eroded traditional communal values and city

Money

● More consumer centric and educated than France because not all $ goes to food

● Government have $ because high taxes and tariffs (higher than France)

Proto Industrialization in 17th All of these factors led to the Putting Out System/Cottage industry which laid the foundation for the Industrial Revolution

Merchant loans (“puts out”) raw materials (ex: cotton from India) for workers who turn raw materials into finished products at home (“cottage”)

Limitations > advantages by 1760

Women Before Industrialization Women pushed into cities because:

1. Fewer opportunities to work on common lands because enclosures

2. Difficult for peasant to feed families because loss of common lands

Work women did in cities: domestic work → fueled cottage industry, prostitution

Resistance to Factories (pg. 9c)Implications of Factories:

1. Fast tempo - have to keep up with machines and punished if you don’t

2. Factories like poorhouses - sad and gross and punitive

3. Monotony - have to be on time, stay there all day, etc.

In contrast…

Cottage workers work hard but can set their own pace