CAUSE 2003: From Industrial Revolution to…

Industrial Ecology

with Amish, Eric, and Lauren

History of IE

Robert A. Frosch Nicholas E. Gallopoulus

History of IE

• A system that "would maximize the economical use of waste materials and of products at the ends of their lives as inputs to other processes and industries." -Frosch, 1992

• Essentially mimics natural systems

Types of Industrial Ecosystems

• Local, Regional, National, Global

• Industrial Symbiosis

• The Eco-Industrial Park

An Eco-Industrial Park in Devens, Massachusetts

 “We should leave to the next generation a stock of ‘quality of life’ assets no less than those we have inherited.”

-Devens Enterprise Commission

- Local opinion

- Government action

View of Devens, Massachusetts

Major Characteristics of the Devens Eco-Industrial Park

• Material, water, and energy flows• Companies within close proximity• Strong informal ties between

plant managers• Minor retrofitting of existing

infrastructure• One or more anchor tenants.

Examples of IE

Common Sense IE:

Saving resourcesRecyclingBe efficient when possible

Why?

Fewer resources consumed lower operational costs

Less waste/trash lower disposal costs

Examples

• Liberal plans

• Using renewable resources• Wastes become new resources

• Efficient production

• Long-lasting design of systems

PSU Dining Commons

• Computer software

• Batch Cooking

• Napkins

Kalundborg, Denmark

• Industries exchange wastes• Companies made agreements 70s –

90s• Asnaes – Coal-fired power plant• Statoil – Oil Refinery• Gyproc – plasterboard company• Novo Nordisk – biotechnology

company

Coal Power PlantProducts

• Electricity• Steam + Heat• Hot Salt Water• Ash• Gypsum

http://www.indigodev.com/Kal.html

Inputs:

•Coal•Surplus gas from nearby refinery•Cool Salt Water

Coal Power Plant

Waste Gas

Gypsum

OilRefinerySteam

Fuels

Gas

Sulfur

Petroleum

Industrial Ecology in Kalundborg

• Saves resources:– 30% better utilization of fuel using

combined heat + power than producing separate

– Reduced oil consumption– 3500 less oil-burning heaters in homes– Does not drain fresh water supplies

• New source of raw materials– Gypsum, sulfuric acid, fertilizer, fish farmhttp://www.symbiosis.dk

Lead

http://print.nap.edu/pdf/0309049377/pdf_image/77.pdf1989

Analysis of Lead, 1989, USA

• % Lead consumed for batteries = 78%

• In lead-acid batteries 700,000 tons out of 800,000 tons recycled, were re-processed and reused ~ (87%)

http://books.nap.edu/books/0309049377/html/77.html#pagetop

Smith, Gerald. “Lead Recycling in the United States in 1998”.

~ 360,000

~ 90,000

~ 130,000

~ 1,420,000

~ 1,000,000

~ 880,000

Lead, 1998

• % Lead consumed for batteries = 88%

• 95% recycling efficiency

Automobile IE

• 65% of an automobile is comprised of iron and steel

• In 2001, 15 million tons of iron and steel were recycled from automobiles

• Can be used to produce 48 million steel utility poles

http://www.recycle-steel.org/cars/main.html

From the Junkyard

• Useable engines, tires, batteries, fluids, and other parts are removed for resale

• The body is shipped to a scrap yard• Magnets separate iron/steels • Scrap metal is sent to steel mills• New car bodies are made with at least

25% recycled steel• Other parts such tires can be shredded

and reused

http://www.recycle-steel.org

http://www.fes.uwaterloo.ca/u/jjkay/pubs/IE/

Why Aluminum?

• Can replace steel• Less dense than steel• Increased fuel economy due to

lighter automobiles• Less emissions• rusting

Aluminum

European Aluminum Assocationhttp://www.eaa.net/downloads/auto.pdf

Aluminum Production

• Aluminum requires large amounts of energy to extract ~ 6 – 8 times more than steel

• However, recyclable without much loss

Aluminum Cans

• In 1998 879,000 metric tons of Aluminum cans were recycled (63% of all Al cans)

• Cans comprise less than 30% of Al products

• In 1998, 3.4 million metric tons of Aluminum were processed from recycled Aluminum (37%).

http://www.aluminum.org/Template.cfm?Section=Recycling

Summary of Autos

• Recycling steel and aluminum

• Replacing steel with aluminum

• Buying longer lasting automobiles with better fuel economy

• Using alternate means of transportation

Intermission

The Economics of Ecology (or…covering your bottom line)

Pictures courtesy of http://pubs.wri.org/pubs_description.cfm?PubID=3786 and http://www.kbnp.com/bl.htm respectively.

Monterey Regional Waste Management District Regional Environmental Park

• “Reduce, Reuse and Recycle”• Hazardous Waste Mitigation• Reselling materials instead of dumping • Landfill Gas Power Project

Cape Charles Sustainable Technology Park

Create 400 Jobs in first stage of development for Local Area

* 27% below poverty line

Redevelop Brownfields

Government Subsidy

Natural Habitat and Infrastructure

Solar Building Systems, Inc.

Energy Recovery

Market FailureNegative Externalities

• Harm proportionate with output produced• Harm increases at an increasing rate with output

produced (synergistic effect)• Harm significant initially, increases at decreasing rate

with output produced Negative Externalities

Time

Dam

age to E

nvir

onm

ent

Example 1

Example 2

Example 3

Market Failure Correction: Subsidies

Economic Benefits of IE

• Hidden Resource Productivity Gains – Within Firm: eliminating waste

• Making plant more efficient

– Within Value Chain: reducing costs • Synergies between production and distribution

– Beyond Production Chain: closed loop• Eco-Industrial Parks and inter-firm relations

Benefits of IE to Corporation

• Revenue Generation• Cost Savings• Reduced Liabilities• Competitive Edge of

Regulatory Flexibility• Enhanced Public

Image• Market Leader

Barriers to Development

• Suitability of materials to reuse• High cost of recycling (internalize negative

externalities)• Information Barriers (must set up

reciprocal relationships between sectors)• Organizational Obstacles• Institutional Barriers (need fiscal and

regulatory government intervention)

Macro to Micro Scale of IE

• Macro: Industrial Processes as a whole

• Meso: Sector Interrelationships

• Micro: Individual Consumer/Producer Behavior

• “Conspicuous Consumption” and Conspicuous Waste

Photo courtesy of: http://www.cpm.ehime-u.ac.jp/AkamacHomePage/Akamac_E-text_Links/Veblen.html

Jobs, Jobs, Jobs

• "President Bush is committed to increasing the productivity and wealth of the American economy and to ensure that all regions, states, and communities share in economic opportunity.“ ~ David A. Sampson, Assistant Secretary of Commerce for Economic Development

IE: Other Examples

The Future of IE

Iceland’s Hydrogen Fueling Station

That One Guy

References• http://www.is4ie.org//history.html • http://www.devensec.com/sustain.html