caucasus and central asia - final exam essay questions

7/30/2019 Caucasus and Central Asia - Final Exam Essay Questions

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I.Essay Questions:

1- Pipeline policies in Central Asia and the Caucasus- Blue Stream: Blue Stream is a major trans-Black Sea gas pipeline that carries natural gas

from Russia into Turkey. The pipeline has been constructed by the Blue Stream Pipeline

B.V., the Netherlands based joint venture of Russian Gazprom and Italian Eni. The BlueStream Pipeline B.V. is an owner of the subsea section of pipeline, including Beregovaya

compressor station, while Gazprom owns and operates the Russian land section of the

pipeline and the Turkish land section is owned and operated by the Turkish energy

company BOTA. According to Gazprom the pipeline was built with the intent ofdiversifying Russian gas delivery routes to Turkey and avoiding third countries.

http://www.offshore-technology.com/projects/blue_stream/

- South Stream: South Stream (Russian: , Bulgarian: , Serbian:J /Juni tok, Hungarian: Dli ramlat, Slovene: Juni tok) is a proposed gaspipeline to transport Russian natural gas through the Black Sea to Bulgaria and further to

Greece, Italy and Austria. The project is seen as rival to the planned Nabucco pipeline.[1]

The start of construction is planned for December 2012,[2] with a projected completion in2015.

- Nabucco project: The South Stream project is seen as a rival to the projected Nabuccopipeline.[61] There are doubts about the feasibility of South Stream project, since it may

cost twice as much as Nabucco, which was initially expected to cost 1215billion.[62]Some experts claim that the South Stream pipeline is a political project to counter

Nabucco and to expand Russian presence in the region.[63] Russian President (then First

Deputy Prime Minister) Dmitry Medvedev and former Hungarian Prime Minister Ferenc

Gyurcsny have stated that there is no contradiction between South Stream and the

Nabucco pipeline project, designated to bring Caspian (Azerbaijani) gas to Southern and

Central Europe via Turkey. "South Stream will have no negative impact on Nabucco, just

as Nabucco will have no negative effect on South Stream," Dmitry Medvedev said during

his visit to Hungary on 25 February 2008.[10] On 10 March 2010, CEO of Eni Paolo

Scaroni proposed to merge Nabucco and South Stream projects to "reduce investments,

operational costs and increase overall returns".[64][65] This proposal was rejected by

energy minister of Russia Sergei Shmatko saying that "South Stream is more competitive

than Nabucco" and that "Nabucco and South Stream are far from being competitors".[66]

Also OMV, a partner in the Nabucco project, has said that there are no ongoing

discussions about merging the projects.[67]

- Nord Stream project: Nord Stream (former names: North Transgas and North EuropeanGas Pipeline; Russian: , Severny potok) is an offshore natural gas

pipeline from Vyborg in Russia to Greifswald in Germany. It is owned and operated byNord Stream AG. The name occasionally has a wider meaning, including the feeding

onshore pipeline in Russia, and further connections in Western Europe. The project, which

was promoted by the government of Russia and agreed to by the government of Germany,

was seen as controversial for various reasons, including increasing European energy

dependence on Russia and potential environmental damage. [1] The project includes two

parallel lines. The first line of the pipeline was laid by May 2011 and was inaugurated on

8 November 2011.[2][3] The second line is to be laid in 20112012, after which the linewill be delivering gas at full throughput. At 1,222 km (759 mi) long, it is the longest sub-

sea pipeline in the world, surpassing the Langeled pipeline.[4][5]

- BTC: The BakuTbilisiCeyhan (BTC) pipeline is a 1,768 kilometres (1,099 mi) longcrude oil pipeline from the Azeri-Chirag-Guneshli oil field in the Caspian Sea to theMediterranean Sea. It connects Baku, the capital of Azerbaijan; Tbilisi, the capital of
http://www.offshore-technology.com/projects/blue_stream/http://www.offshore-technology.com/projects/blue_stream/http://www.offshore-technology.com/projects/blue_stream/


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Georgia; and Ceyhan, a port on the south-eastern Mediterranean coast of Turkey, hence its

name. It is the second longest oil pipeline in the former Soviet Union after the Druzhba

pipeline. The first oil that was pumped from the Baku end of the pipeline on 10 May 2005

reached Ceyhan on 28 May 2006.[1][2]

- Transcaspian corridor: The Trans-Caspian Gas Pipeline (Turkmen: Transhazar turbalygeiriji) is a proposed submarine pipeline between Trkmenbay in Turkmenistan, andBaku in Azerbaijan. According to some proposals it will also include a connectionbetween the Tengiz Field in Kazakhstan, and Trkmenbay.[1] The Trans-Caspian GasPipeline project if built would transport natural gas from Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan to

central Europe, circumventing both Russia and Iran.

2- Legal status of GarabaghArmenian claims:

a) April 3rd 1990 Secession Lawb) Stalin gave Garabah to Armeniac) The USSR Constitution permits Garabagh to become independentAzerbaijani claims:

a) Demographics are not as Armenia claims them to beb) 4 UNSC resolutions calling for the withdrawal of Armenia from the region: 822, 853,

874, 884

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_Security_Council_resolutions_o

n_the_Nagorno-Karabakh_conflict

c) Baker rules: The Baker Rules refer to a set of negotiation process principlesidentifying who the parties to the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict are. The Republic ofArmenia and Republic of Azerbaijan are identified as the principal parties and

Armenian community and Azerbaijani community of Karabakh are identified as

interested parties.[1] The Baker Rules were named after the 61st US Secretary of

State James Baker III, who was appointed US top negotiator within CSCE mediation

efforts to end Nagorno-Karabakh conflict. The rules on how the parties to the conflict

were going to be represented during CSCE sponsored negotiations were agreed by

foreign ministers of Azerbaijan and Armenia. Since the inception, Baker Rules has

been the core basis within the negotiation process mediated by OSCE Minsk

Group.[2][3],

d) Madrid principles: The Madrid Principles refer to one of the proposed peacesettlements of Nagorno-Karabakh conflict. The original version of the principles waspresented to the Armenian and Azerbaijani foreign ministers at the Organization for

Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) ministerial conference in the Spanish

capital Madrid in November 2007.[1] They originated from a revised version of the

peace settlement proposal unveiled by the OSCE Minsk Group co-chairing countries

(France, Russia and the United States) in the early summer of 2006.[1] In 2009 at the

urging of the OSCE Minsk Group co-chairmen the Madrid Principles were updated.

Senior Armenian and Azerbaijani officials agreed on some of the proposed principles, but

reportedly made little or no progress towards the deadline of the withdrawal of Armenian

forces from occupied territories or towards the modalities of the decision on the future

Nagorno-Karabakh status.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_Security_Council_resolutions_on_the_Nagorno-Karabakh_conflicthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_Security_Council_resolutions_on_the_Nagorno-Karabakh_conflicthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_Security_Council_resolutions_on_the_Nagorno-Karabakh_conflicthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_Security_Council_resolutions_on_the_Nagorno-Karabakh_conflicthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_Security_Council_resolutions_on_the_Nagorno-Karabakh_conflict


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II.Short-answer Questions

5. Two factors:

- The Armenian lobbies around the Western Capitals

- Garabagh issue

3. 2 cases of Armenian terrorism:

- 24 September 1981, France 4 ASALA terrorists occupying the premises of Turkish

Consulate General, Paris, hostaged 56 Turkish officials and citizens and killed security guard

and wounded Consul General. The terrorists wanted Turkey to release 12 political detainees

and to send them to Paris. They surrendered to the police some 15 hours after. Four

Armenian terrorists named V. Sakoseslian, K. Gozlian, A. Basmacian and A.Turfanian,

received 7-year imprisonment .

- 2 June 1978, Spain - 3 terrorists opened fire on the car of Turkeys Madrid Ambassador ZekiKuneralp and his wife in this attack by Armenian Genocide Justice Commandos.

2. Territorial claims:

- Successive Turkish governments have longed portrayed the reference to Western Armeniaas proof of Armenian claims to areas in eastern Turkey that were populated by many

Armenians until their 1915-1918 mass killings and deportations. Dashnaktsutyun likewise

believes that the 1990 declaration, which is mentioned in the Armenian constitutionspreamble, bars Yerevan from explicitly recognizing the existing Turkish-Armenian border.

Part of the Wlsonian Armenian border

- Sevres Treaty on the Wilsonian armenia

4. two factors: media, art, television and entertainment and propaganda

6. anti-tr and anti-azerb:

- support for official US governmental recognition of genocide

IIIMultiple choice questions

1. The Armenians broke away from the Byzantine church in 451,150 years after they accepted

Christianity, leading to long centuries of Armenian-Byzantine clashes which went on until the

Turks settled in Anatolia starting in the late 11th century, with the Byzantines working towipe out the Armenians and eliminate the Armenian principalities in order to maintain Greek

Orthodoxy throughout their dominions. Contemporary Armenian historians report in great

detail how the Byzantines deported Armenians as well as using them against enemy forces in

the vanguard of the Byzantine armies. As a result of this, when the Seljuk Turks started

flooding into Anatolia starting in the late 11th century, they did not encounter any Armenian

principalities; the only force remaining to resist them was that of Byzantium. The Seljuk ruler

Alparslan captured the lands of the Armenian Principality of Ani in 1064, but it had

previously been brought to an end by the Byzantine in 1045, nineteen years earlier, with

Greeks being brought in to replace the Armenians who had been deported. It is therefore false

to claim that the Seljuk Turks destroyed any Armenian principality, let alone a state. This

already had been done by the Byzantines, and it was in fact the social and economic fermentthat resulted which greatly facilitated the subsequent Turkish settlement. Contemporary


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Armenian historians interpret this Turkish conquest of Anatolia to have constituted their

liberation from the long centuries of Byzantine misrule and oppression. The Armenian

historian Asoghik thus reports that "Because of the Armenians' enmity toward Byzantium, they

welcomed.

The evidence of history overwhelmingly denies these claims. We already have seen that thecontemporary Armenian historians themselves related how the Armenians of Byzantium

welcomed the Seljuk conquest with celebrations and thanksgivings to God for having rescued

them from Byzantine oppression. The Seljuks gave protection to an Armenian church which

the Byzantines had been trying to destroy. They abolished the oppressive taxes which the

Byzantines had imposed on the Armenian churches, monasteries and priests, and in fact

exempted such religious institutions from all taxes. The Armenian community was left free to

conduct its internal affairs in its own way, including religious activities and education, and

there never was any time at which Armenians or other non-Muslims were compelled to

convert to Islam.

2. Section 907, which banned direct American government assistance to the government ofAzerbaijan. Section 907 of the 1992 Freedom Support Act denied all aid to Azerbaijan,which left the Azerbaijani side in a difficult situation during the war and in the aftermath of a

ceasefire. Azerbaijan was alone among all other post-Soviet states which received no US aid

while Armenia became the highest per capita US aid recipient among former Soviet republics.

3. Tajikistan goes through civil war.

4. Multi-vectoral policies followed by each of the authoritarian rulers. All formed the

Commonwealth of Independent States to secure each other economically.

5.

6. Created borders had little to do with ethnic makeup, but the Soviets felt it important to

divide the region, as they saw both Pan-Turkism and Pan- Islamism as threats, which

dividing Turkestan would limit. Under the Soviets, the local languages and cultures were

systematized and codified, and their differences clearly demarcated and encouraged. New

Cyrillic writing systems were introduced, to break links with Turkey and Iran. Under the

Soviets the southern border was almost completely closed and all travel and trade was

directed north through Russia. The Soviet areas of Central Asia saw much industrialization

and construction of infrastructure, but also the suppression of local cultures and a lasting

legacy of ethnic tensions and environmental problems.

7. This strategy had a very simple overall objective, to establish Turkey as a Great Power notonly in the region, but also on a global level. In order to make this happen, Turkey needed to

utilize its central location within Eurasia as well as its historical and cultural ties withneighboring countries. Certainly, Turkey would retain ties with the West, especially the

European Union while also maintaining the security umbrella offered by NATO membership.

However, more focus was now on the Caucuses, Central Asia, and most importantly, the

Middle East. By doing so, according to the theory, Turkey would become a country of

strategic importance to nations from all regional blocs. It would be a pivotal state with global

significance. Turkey would become not only Europe and North Americas bridge to theMiddle East, but also the worlds civilizational conduit to the Muslim East.


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8. Blue Stream project

- Nord Stream project

- South Stream project

All going through Russia to strengthen its monopoly. Policy of purchasing cheap CA oil fordomestic use and export Russian natural resources 2x more expensively.

9. Kars, Erzerum, Sivas, Trabzon, Van. Living conditions were good. The Armenians enjoyed

privileges.

10. Wilsonian Armenia: Wilsonian Armenia refers to the boundary configuration of the

Armenian state in the Treaty of Svres, drawn by US President Woodrow Wilson State

Department. The proposed boundaries incorporated the Ottoman vilayets ofErzurum, Bitlis,

and Van, which once had significant Armenian populations. This region was extended to the

north, up to the west side ofTrabzon to provide the Democratic Republic of Armenia with an

outlet to the Black Sea at the port ofTrabzon.

11. Prosecution for, among other things, a Turkish genocide of Armenians within the Ottoman

Empire (Turkey) during World War I (WWI). The prisoners were found not guilty due to a

lack of evidence.

12. inter-ethnic strife and massacres of up to 12,000. Azerbaijanis and other Muslims[5]

that

took place between March 30 and April 2, 1918 in the city ofBaku and adjacent areas of the

Baku Governorate of the Russian Empire. Facilitated by a political power struggle between

Bolsheviks with support of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation (Dashnaktsutiun) on one

side and Azerbaijani Musavat Party on another.Campaign of terror in Baku against counter-terrorist forces. The idea was to induce fear, cleanse the land without necessarily killing butmaking them leave the country.

13. Nearly 40 million Azerbaijani-Iranians living in Tebriz to watch and prevent insurrection.

14. Separating Azerbaijan and Turkey.

15. two events in late 2009 seem to have all but halted the enforcement of the sea blockade

against Abkhazia.

16. Russian position is bi-fold. On one hand Russia would be relieved that another country

shares the economic burden of Armenia. On the other hand, Russia may fear that the Turkey-

Armenia reapproachment would generate alternative pipeline routes and reduce the Russian

monopoly.

17. China is finding alternative energy resources a part from the Middle Eastern tap. US has

control over Middle Eastern oil and as such the distribution of those resources. China sees

Central asia as its second vault.

18. Shangai Cooperation Organization is an organization to counter balance Russian and

Western influence in Central Asia.

19. Armenian presidentRobert Kocharianrejected this offer by saying, "It is the

responsibility of governments to develop bilateral relations and we do not have the right to

delegate that responsibility to historians. That is why we have proposed and propose againthat, without pre-conditions, we establish normal relations between our two countries."
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Armeniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_S%C3%A8vreshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States_of_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodrow_Wilsonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_State_Departmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_State_Departmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilayetshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erzurum_Vilayethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitlis_Vilayethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Vilayethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trabzon_Vilayethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Armeniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trabzonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_Ihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijani_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_Days#cite_note-York_Times_Current_History_1920_p._492-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_Days#cite_note-York_Times_Current_History_1920_p._492-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_Days#cite_note-York_Times_Current_History_1920_p._492-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baku_Governoratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolshevikhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_Revolutionary_Federationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musavathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Kocharianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Kocharianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Kocharianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Kocharianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musavathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_Revolutionary_Federationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolshevikhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baku_Governoratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_Days#cite_note-York_Times_Current_History_1920_p._492-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijani_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_Ihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trabzonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Armeniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trabzon_Vilayethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Vilayethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitlis_Vilayethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erzurum_Vilayethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilayetshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_State_Departmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_State_Departmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodrow_Wilsonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States_of_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_S%C3%A8vreshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Armenia


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20. Azerbaijan and a Consortium of foreign oil companies signed a production sharing

contract in Baku's Gulistan Palace to develop Azerbaijan's Caspian oil reserves. The only

remaining barriers are the ratification of the contract by the Azerbaijan Parliament and

approval of the contract by the boards of the companies comprising the Consortium. The

agreement brings full circle the recognition of Azerbaijan as the birthplace of the international

oil industry, the subsequent demise of the oil industry due to Soviet mismanagement, the

premature conclusion on the part of the Western companies that Azerbaijan's oil had been

depleted, and the ultimate comeback of Azerbaijan as a leading world supplier of light sweet

crude petroleum. SOCAR (Azerbaijan) 20% British Petroleum (UK) 17.127% Amoco (USA)

17.01% Lukoil (Russia) 10%

caucasus and central asia - final exam essay questions

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