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THE UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA

MINISTRY OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND TOURISM

CATEGORIZATION OF HUNTING BLOCKS IN WILDLIFE

MANAGEMENT AREAS IN TANZANIA

VERSION 1.0

Prepared by

TANZANIA WILDLIFE RESEARCH INSTITUTE (TAWIRI)

APRIL 2011

ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF FIGURES iv

LIST OF FIGURES vii

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ix

CHAPTER 1: GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1

CHAPTER 2: GEO-REFERENCED MAPS OF WMA HUNTING BLOCKS 3

2.1 INTRODUCTION ..........................................................................................................................3

2.2 SOURCES OF DATA FOR CATEGORIZING WMA HUNTING BLOCK BOUNDARIES .....................3

2.3 MAP OF WMAs AND HUNTING BLOCK BOUNDARIES ................................................................3

CHAPTER 3: QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF WMA HUNTING BLOCKS AND CATEGORIZATION 5

3.1 INTRODUCTION ..........................................................................................................................5

3.2 METHODOLOGY: DEVELOPING CRITERIA FOR ASSESSING QUALITY OF WMAs......................6

3.2.1 Wildlife species presence 6

3.2.2 Natural vegetation 6

3.2.3 Hydrology 6

3.2.4 Airstrips 7

3.2.5 Roads network 8

3.2.6 Adjacency to wildlife protected areas 8

3.2.7 Cultivation 8

3.2.8 Value of species based on safari packages 8

3.2.9 Diversity of huntable species based on safari day value 9

3.3 CLASSIFYING HUNTING BLOCKS IN WMAs ...............................................................................9

3.3.1 WEIGHING IMPORTANCE OF CRITERIA USED IN CATEGORIZATION OF WMA BLOCKS 10

3.3.2 ANALYSIS OF WMA HUNTING BLOCKS QUALITY (GRADE POINT AVERAGE APPROACH) 10

3.3.3 CATEGORIZATION OF WMA HUNTING BLOCKS 11

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CHAPTER 4: INDIVIDUAL WMA REPORTS 13

PART I: BURUNGE WMA 13

PART II: ENDUIMET WMA 22

PART III: IKONA WMA 31

PART IV: IPOLE 39

PART V: LIWALE WMA 47

PART VI: MAKAME WMA 55

PART VII: MBARANG’ANDU WMA 63

PART VIII: NGARAMBE TAPIKA WMA 72

PART IX: PAWAGA-IDODI WMA 80

PART X: TUNDURU WMA 88

PART XI: UKUTU WMA 97

PART XII: UYUMBU WMA 104

CHAPTER 4: GENERAL CONCLUDING REMARKS & RECOMMENDATION 112

6. REFERENCES 113

7. ANNEXES 115

iv

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1.1: Map of Tanzania showing WMA……………………………………………………………………….. 2

BURUNGE WMA

Figure 4.1.1: Location of Burunge WMA...................................................................................................... 14

Figure 4.1.2: Resource Use Management Zone in Burunge WMA.............................................................. 15

Figure 4.1.3: Vegetation types in Burunge WMA......................................................................................... 16

Figure 4.1.4: Map of Burunge WMA showing Adjacency............................................................................. 18

Figure 4.1.5: Map of Burunge WMA showing extent of Agriculture.............................................................. 19

Figure 4.1.6: Map of Burunge WMA Hunting block...................................................................................... 20

ENDUIMET WMA

Figure 4.2.1: Location of Enduimet WMA .................................................................................................... 22

Figure 4.2.2: Resource Use Management Zone in Enduimet WMA ............................................................ 23

Figure 4.2.3: Vegetation types in Enduimet WMA ....................................................................................... 24

Figure 4.2.4: Map of Enduimet showing infrastructure................................................................................. 25

Figure 4.2.5: Map of Enduimet WMA showing Adjacency ........................................................................... 27

Figure 4.2.6: Map of Enduimet showing extent of Agriculture...................................................................... 28

Figure 4.2.7: Map of Enduimet WMA Hunting block .................................................................................... 29

IKONA WMA

Figure 4.1.1: Location of Burunge WMA...................................................................................................... 14

Figure 4.1.2: Resource Use Management Zone in Burunge WMA.............................................................. 15

Figure 4.1.3: Vegetation types in Burunge WMA......................................................................................... 16

Figure 4.1.4: Map of Burunge WMA showing Adjacency............................................................................. 18

Figure 4.1.5: Map of Burunge WMA showing extent of Agriculture.............................................................. 19

Figure 4.1.6: Map of Burunge WMA Hunting block...................................................................................... 20

IPOLE WMA

Figure 4.4.1: Location of Ipole WMA............................................................................................................ 39

Figure 4.4.2: Resource Use Management Zone in Ipole WMA.................................................................... 40

Figure 4.4.3: Vegetation types in Ipole WMA............................................................................................... 41

Figure 4.4.4: Map of Ipole WMA showing Adjacency................................................................................... 43

Figure 4.4.5: Map of Ipole showing extent of Agriculture ............................................................................. 44

Figure 4.4.6: Map of Ipole WMA Hunting block............................................................................................ 45

LIWALE WMA

Figure 4.5.1: Location of Liwale WMA ......................................................................................................... 47

Figure 4.5.2: Resource Use Management Zone in Liwale WMA ................................................................. 48

Figure 4.5.3: Vegetation types in Liwale WMA ............................................................................................ 49

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Figure 4.5.4: Map of Liwale WMA showing Adjacency ................................................................................ 51

Figure 4.5.5: Map of Liwale WMA showing extent of Agriculture ................................................................. 52

Figure 4.5.6: Map of Ipole WMA Hunting blocks.......................................................................................... 53

MAKAME WMA

Figure 4.6.1: Location of Makame WMA...................................................................................................... 55

Figure 4.6.2: Resource Use Management Zone in Makame WMA.............................................................. 56

Figure 4.6.3: Vegetation types in Makame WMA......................................................................................... 57

Figure 4.6.4: Map of Makame WMA showing Adjacency............................................................................. 59

Figure 4.6.5: Map of Makame showing extent of Agriculture ....................................................................... 60

Figure 4.6.6: Map of Makame WMA Hunting blocks.................................................................................... 61

MBARANG'ANDU WMA

Figure 4.7.1: Location of Mbarang'andu WMA............................................................................................. 64

Figure 4.7.2: Resource Use Management Zone in Mbarang'andu WMA..................................................... 65

Figure 4.7.3: Vegetation types in Mbarang'andu WMA................................................................................ 66

Figure 4.7.4: Map of Mbarang'andu WMA showing Adjacency.................................................................... 68

Figure 4.7.5: Map of Mbarang'andu showing extent of Agriculture .............................................................. 69

Figure 4.7.6: Map of Mbarang’andu WMA Hunting blocks........................................................................... 70

NGARAMBE-TAPIKA WMA

Figure 4.8.1: Location of Ngarambe-Tapika WMA......................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

Figure 4.8.2: Resource Use Management Zone in Ngarambe-Tapika WMA. Error! Bookmark not defined.

Figure 4.8.3: Vegetation types in Ngarambe-Tapika WMA............................ Error! Bookmark not defined.

Figure 4.8.4: Map of Ngarambe-Tapika WMA showing Adjacency................ Error! Bookmark not defined.

Figure 4.8.5: Map of Ngarambe-Tapika showing extent of Agriculture .......... Error! Bookmark not defined.

Figure 4.8.6: Map of Ngarambe-Tapika WMA Hunting blocks....................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

PAWAGA-IDODI WMA

Figure 4.9.1: Location of Pawaga-Idodi WMA ............................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

Figure 4.9.2: Vegetation types in Pawaga-Idodi WMA................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

Figure 4.9.3: Map of Pawaga-Idodi WMA showing Adjacency ...................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

Figure 4.9.4: Map of Pawaga-Idodi WMA showing extent of Agriculture ....... Error! Bookmark not defined.

TUNDURU WMA

Figure 4.10.1: Location of Tunduru WMA.................................................................................................... 89

Figure 4.10.2: Resource Use Management Zone in Tunduru WMA ............................................................ 90

Figure 4.10.3: Vegetation types in Tunduru WMA ....................................................................................... 91

Figure 4.10.4: Map of Tunduru showing Adjacency..................................................................................... 93

Figure 4.10.5: Map of Tunduru showing extent of Agriculture...................................................................... 94

Figure 4.10.6: Map of Tunduru WMA Hunting block .................................................................................... 95

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UKUTU WMA

Figure 4.11.1: Location of Ukutu WMA........................................................................................................ 97

Figure 4.11.2: Resource Use Management Zone in Ukutu WMA ................................................................ 98

Figure 4.11.3: Vegetation types in Ukutu WMA ........................................................................................... 99

Figure 4.11.4: Map of Ukutu WMA showing Adjacency ............................................................................. 101

Figure 4.11.5: Map of Ukutu showing extent of Agriculture ....................................................................... 102

UYUMBU WMA

Figure 4.12.1: Location of Uyumbu WMA...................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

Figure 4.12.2: Resource Use Management Zone in UWIMA......................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

Figure 4.12.3: Vegetation types in Uyumbu WMA ......................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

Figure 4.12.4: Map of Uyumbu WMA showing Adjacency ............................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

Figure 4.12.5: Map of Uyumbu WMA Hunting block...................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

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LIST OF TABLES

Table 3.1: Distance of WMA blocks from Arusha and Dar es Salaam Airports………………………………..7

Table 3.2: Description of criteria for the categorization of WMA blocks………………………………………..9 Table 3.3. Example for determining GPA for a hypothetical hunting block “Y”……………………………….. 10 Table 3.4: GPA cut-off points for WMA hunting blocks………………………………………………………….. 11

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ACRONYMS

AWF African Wildlife Foundation

CBO Community Based Organization

FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

FR Forest Reserve

FZS Frankfurt Zoological Society

GCA Game Controlled Area

GIS Geographical Information System

GPA Grade Point average

GPS Global Positioning System

GR Game Reserve

GTZ German Technical Aid Agency

HB Hunting Block

IRA Institute of Resource Assessment

Lat-Long Latitude and Longitude

LCC Land Cover Classification System

NP National Park

OA Open Area

SISTA Survey Information System for TAWIRI

SRF Systematic Reconnaissance Flight

TAWIRI Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute

TC Total Count

URT United Republic of Tanzania

UTM Universal Transverse Mercator

WCA Wildlife Conservation Act

WCA Wildlife Conservation Act

WD Wildlife Division

WMA Wildlife Management Area

WPT Wildlife Policy of Tanzania

WWF World Wildlife Fund for Nature

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute (TAWIRI) was requested by the World Wildlife Fund for Nature through

USAID to carry out evaluation and categorization of twelve Wildlife Management Areas (WMA’s) in the

country. The categorization had the following objectives contained in the Terms of Reference (ToR): (i) to

produce maps of hunting blocks in the WMA (ii) to categorize hunting blocks in the WMA into four classes

based on their resources and potentiality in the hunting industry.

Implementation of this assignmen work effectively started on 20th April 2011. Twelve WMAs located in

different ecosystems were evaluated. Eight out of the twelve WMA boundaries (All WMA are shown in

figure 1.1) were acurately digitized and georeferenced which enabled creation of new accurate WMA maps.

Efforts were made to determine species number, distribution, and abundance and population trends. The

categorization exercise was conducted by using available data on wildlife populations, water resources

habitat diversity, value of species and infrastructural development which included rads and airstrips to

develop decisive factors for understanding the quality of each WMA. Nine criteria were identified and used

in valuation of the 12 WMAs. They included; adjasceny, availability of water for wildlife, habitat diversity,

exclusivity (presence or absence of human activity), species diversity, species value, distance from airstrip,

accessibility, distance from entry and exit towns.

ArcGIS’s geoprocessing tools were used to analyse attribute and spatial data collected during this

assignment. The combination of spatial analysis and geodatabase operations enabled us to develop four

categories of the 12 WMAs assessed in this exercise. The four categories are; Category I, II, III and IV.

1

CHAPTER 1: GENERAL INTRODUCTION

Wildlife hunting in Tanzania is based on hunting regulations as described in the Government Notice

Number 272 (1974) and Tourist Hunting Regulations No. 306 (2002) enacted under the Wildlife

Conservation Act No. 12 of 1974, which was reviewed in 2009 to be in line with current needs. Since the

1960s tourist hunting off-take in Tanzania were based on hunting quota that were issued annually by the

Wildlife Division. However, hunting was suspended from 1973 to 1978 to pave way for the development of

Wildlife Conservation Act of 1974 and its regulations in order to provide effective supervision. Hunting

blocks in the country were located in Game Reserves, Forest Reserves, Game Controlled Areas and in

Open Areas. However, based on Wildlife Conservation Regulations of 2005 (Government Notice No. 284)

hunting blocks have recently also been located in Wildlife Management Areas (WMAs). The new Wildlife

Conservation Act (WCA) No. 5 of 2009 (URT 2009) repeals the WCA No. 5 of 1974 (URT 1974), 1974} and

allows for provisions regarding categories, size, and quality of hunting blocks by prescribing them into the

subsequent regulations.

The quantity and quality of resources found in WMA blocks and other protected areas, including wildlife,

sometimes may not adequately meet demands of the hunting industry. In order to address these concerns,

efforts were made to evaluate species availability, population status and species distribution. The

evaluation exercise was conducted by using (i) wildlife census records and/or wildlife species reported in

WMA resource use documents (ii) vegetation types, (iii) hydrology, (iv) infrastructure, (v) non-wildlife uses

practised in the WMA blocks based on FAO Land Use Classification System (Modified) (vi) diversity of

species, and (vii) divesity of safari days. All these were used as part of the process to develop decisive

factors that are based on data to understand the quality of each WMA block for sustainable tourist.

Following analyses of available data and developed criteria, all WMA blocks were categorized into four

groups. Several challenges were encountered during the evaluation exercise including difficulties of

obtaining data in some of the hunting blocks. Figure 1.1 shows the twelve WMA (Including the two non

categorized WMA, i.e Wami Mbiki and Makao) in Tanzania in relation to National Parks, Conservation Area

and Game Reserves.

2

Figure 1.1: Map of Tanzania showing WMA

3

CHAPTER 2: GEO-REFERENCED MAPS OF WMA HUNTING BLOCKS

2.1 INTRODUCTION

The WMA maps obtained from individual WMA documents were scanned, geo-referenced and accurately

digitized to obtain the actual boundaries. Some WMA were found to overlap with other protected areas (See

figure 1.1 above). Boundaries conflicts are also described where WMA or village land overlapped with other

protected areas. The existing boundary problems have been addressed by TAWIRI (Report is in the final

process for submission Wildlife Division in June) to ensure that such conflicts are resolved in a wisely manner

and do not occur in the future.

2.2 SOURCES OF DATA FOR CATEGORIZING WMA HUNTING BLOCK BOUNDARIES

The data used in this exercise came from different sources as follows:-

• Survey and Mapping Division (Ministry of Lands Housing and Human Settlement Development) that

provided (i) the Tanzania’s 1:50,000 topographic maps and (ii) Survey Plans for surveyed villages in the

some WMA.

• Satellite images (2002) obtained from the African Wildlife Foundation (AWF) Arusha and Nairobi, Kenya

(AFRICOVER - Analyzed by FAO).

• Boundaries for the Enduimet, Burunge and Makame obtained from AWF

• Wildlife Conservation Act (R.E. 2002) and WMA Guideline.

• Central Wildlife Database (SISTA) held at TAWIRI.

• TAWIRI GIS and Remote Sensing Laboratory

• Database held at the Selous Niassa Wildlife Protection Corridor (SNWPC), in Songea.

2.3 MAP OF WMAs AND HUNTING BLOCK BOUNDARIES

The production of an accurate WMA block maps using GIS technology followed the following steps:-

Digitizing boundaries of (i) Existing WMA blocks, (ii) Villages, and (II) Other national land uses from a

1:50,000 scale map using ArcGIS computer programs.

Interview with WMA officials on boundaries of some WMA, especially where overlapped with other protected

areas.

Digitized WMA boundaries and other features were thereafter stored in a database either in UTMs or Lat-

Long coordinates. These were stored as polygons, lines and points in ArcGIS. Other data were stored in

Microsoft Excel readable format.

4

The spatial geo-referenced maps of all 12 WMA blocks including its database is stored in Geodatabase

(Figure 1.1) at the Conservation Information and Monitoring Unit (CIMU) GIS and Remote Sensing

Laboratory. The map layout showing all WMA and their hunting blocks is presented in figure 2.1, whereas

detailed maps of each WMA are described throughout part I-VII of this report.

5

CHAPTER 3: QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF WMA HUNTING BLOCKS AND

CATEGORIZATION

3.1 INTRODUCTION

Quality assessment of WMA blocks

Historical background of blocks categorization: Before 2007, allocation of hunting blocks was conducted

without considering quality differences among them. However, since 2007 hunting blocks were grouped into

two categories. Grade “A” blocks comprised of all hunting blocks allocated in Game Reserves or those

adjoining National Parks. Grade “B” blocks comprised of all blocks that do not meet the conditions for grade

“A” above (WCA, CAP 283, R.E.2002 and Hunting of Animals Amendment 2007). Terms of reference of the

present work directed classification of WMA blocks, for which, we adapted classes I, II, III and IV used in

categorization of non-WMA hunting blocks.

This work was carried out in eight steps: (i) documenting availability of huntable species, (ii) cross cheking in

TAWIRI database available information so as to obtain population estimate of huntable species in each WMA,

(iii) assessing natural vegetation, (iv) assessing human activities, (v) assessing available infrastructures, e.g.

roads and airstrips, (vi) assessing presence of water for wildlife, (vii) assessing protection status of the WMA

block and adjacency to National Parks (NP) or Game Reserves and (viii) determining distance from hunting

block to Arusha and Dar es Salaam for each WMA block. Arusha and Dar es Salaam are considered, and in

fact are the main entry and exit point for tourists.

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3.2 METHODOLOGY: DEVELOPING CRITERIA FOR ASSESSING QUALITY OF WMAs

3.2.1 Wildlife species presence

(i) TAWIRI Central Database (SISTA): In this exercise, available country and/or WMA data census mainly

with a trend of 5 years (i.e. 2006-2010) were used. Nevertheless, in some areas with no data, we used the

information on species abundance recorded based on WMA documents and/or the criteria of species

presence or absence.

(ii) Interview with WMA Leaders and District Game Officers: Direct and phone interviews were conducted to

obtain information on species presence in WMA, which were compared with the surveys data at TAWIRI.

(iii) Use of field guide books: Field guide books were used to enhance the accuracy of collected

informations in order to fill-in gaps of species distribution where primary (field) data could not be obtained.

The list of selected books used included; Kingdon Field Guide to African Mammals” (Kingdon 2007) and

“Field Guide to the Larger Mammals of Africa” (Stuart and Stuart 2006).

3.2.2 Natural vegetation

Natural vegetation is an important component for wildlife as it provides requirement for species survival such

as food and cover. Different vegetation types can provide variety of habitats that support diverse wildlife

species (Mligo and Lyaruu 2008). Apparently, the more diversified the natural vegetation of the WMA, the

higher the diversity of wildlife species that can be supported in each WMA. Spatial analysis was carried out to

determine the extent of major natural vegetation types for each WMA. The FAO Land Cover Classification

(Modified) of 2002 for the whole country was used. These information was overlaid with a map of designated

WMAs by different vegetation types and categorized into four classes: (i) stratum containing all four

vegetation types, (ii) stratum with only a combination of three major types, (iii) stratum with a combination of

only two vegetation types, and (iv) stratum dominated by only one vegetation type. WMA with varieties of

vegetation types were considered more advantageous and therefore given a higher score than those with

fewer vegetation types. The vegetation types categorical were classified as grassland, bushland, open

woodland and closed woodland, however in some WMA there were categorized as mixed vegetation.

3.2.3 Hydrology

The availability of permanent water was used; as this is the only source that attracts most of wildlife species.

The presence of clean water which orginates from springs can attract most tourists investors to invest in each

WMA. Through geo-processing, it was possible to identify WMA with water sources. Thereafter WMA were

categorized into four classes based on availability of water: (i) WMA with multiple sources of permanent and

seasonal water, (ii) WMA with perennial single source of water (iii) WMA with only seasonal water source(s),

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and (iv) WMA that have insufficient water source. WMA with more reliable sources of water were more

advantageous and therefore scored higher.

3.2.4 Airstrips

Infrastructure such as airstrips is important for the tourism industry. Aspects such as the cost of air transport

partly depends on (i) distance to the entry and exit two major cities (Dar-es-Salaam and Arusha), and (ii)

distance to the nearest airstrip from the major cities. The available coordinates of all registered airstrips from

the Tanzania Airports Authority (TAA) were used for this exercise.

To determine distance from the WMA to the entry and exit cities of Dar-es-Salaam and Arusha. Distances

were measured from the WMA airstrip to Arusha and Dar es Salaam then grouped into four classes (< 200

km, 201-400 km, 401-600 km and > 600 km). WMAs with short distances from the entry cities were ranked

high and scored higher than WMAs with long distances from the two cities (Table 3.1). The distances to the

nearest airstrip were determined through spatial analysis in ArcGIS carried out enabled categorization of

WMAs above distance. WMAs with airstrips located inside scored higher than the WMA with airstrips outside

and/or far away.

Table 3.3: Distance of WMA blocks from Arusha and Dar es Salaam Airports

SN WMA Distance Arusha (Km) Distance DSM (Km)

1 Burunge WMA 95 505

2 Enduimet WMA 69 512

3 Ikona WMA 272 744

4 Ipole WMA 538 731

5 Liwale WMA 689 321

6 Makame WMA 166 359

7 Mbarang'andu WMA 782 506

8 Ngarambe-Tapika WMA 586 169

9 Pawaga-Idodi WMA 456 434

10 Tunduru WMA 803 488

11 Ukutu WMA 463 152

12 Uyumbu WMA 531 778

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3.2.5 Roads network

Data on country roads networks were used as criteria in this exercise. Roads easily accessibility for the user

(close to well maintained public roads) allow for smooth and less costs of WMA users. For easy caomparison;

(i) WMA that cut-across or are adjacent to main roads (ii) WMA that are not more than 20 kilometres from the

main road (iii) WMA that are between 20 and 40 kilometres from the main road, and (iv) WMA that are more

than 40 kilometres from the main road. So these criteria were used to show up the closer the WMA to the

main road the higher the score the WMA received and vice-versa.

3.2.6 Adjacency to wildlife protected areas

The status of WMA will entirely depend on the adjacency to different categories of Protected Area and its use.

Protected areas such as National Parks and Game Reserves can provide highest levels of wildlife protection

that can ensure dispersal of animals into adjacent areas. WMA adjacent to protected areas scored higher

than others did, because fuel the rate of species dispersal. The the following criteria were used:- (i) WMAs

adjacent to NP, (ii) WMAs inside Game and Forest Reserves and/or buffered by other hunting blocks (iii)

WMAs in GCA or OA that are adjacent to a GR. (iv) Stand-alone WMAs (isolated)

3.2.7 Cultivation

Non-compatible land uses such as agriculture were calculated in each WMA. Cultivation and other human

activities are perceived as a threat to wildlife conservation, and may disturb the hunting operations. FAO Land

Cover Classification of 2002 was used to identify and assess cultivation. Maps of cultivation for each WMA

were prepared. Based on this analysis, WMA were categorized into four groups: (i) WMA without/little

agriculture (ii) WMA with low (1-10%) land used for agriculture, (iii) WMA with 11 to 15% of land used for

agriculture, and (iv) WMA with more than 20% of land used for agriculture. Following these categories WMA

blocks with little or no human activities scored higher points and vice versa.

3.2.8 Value of species based on safari packages

Species Diversity (SD) differs from one WMA to another, and Game licence fee also differs from one species

to another. Tourist hunting quota allocation involves 57 species (Annex I) whose diversity varies between the

locations. All types of huntable species present in each individual WMA were listed according to their game

licence values in USD dollars. The dollar values was divided into four classes; (i) above 1500 USD scored 4,

(ii) between 400 to 1500 USD scored 3, (iii) 200 to 400 USD scored 2, and (iv) less than 200 USD scored 1.

The total types of species presence in different WMAs were categorized into four classes; (i) WMA with >40

huntable species (ii) WMA with species type ranging from 38 to 40 (iii) WMA with huntable species types

between 33 and 37 and (iv) WMA with huntable species type <33. Based on these criterias; the higher the

types and dollar value of the huntable species in a , the higher the WMA scored.

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3.2.9 Diversity of huntable species based on safari day value

Licence fees for different species vary among the 57 huntable species. Treasured species e.g., Leopards,

Lions and Elephant fetch more value than plains species and these values are based on number of hunting

safari days. The tourist hunting safari days are grouped into 21, 16, 10 and less than 10 days (Annex II), and

assigned score of 4, 3, 2, and 1 respectively. The total number of species in each safari category in a WMA

were multiplied by its corresponding weight and the results summed up to get total diversity safari values for

each WMA. Four clasess were used (> 113, 100 – 113, 85 – 99 and < 85) for diversity safari value. In regards

to this diversity safari value, the higher the score the WMA block receives and vice versa.

3.3 CLASSIFYING HUNTING BLOCKS IN WMAs

All hunting blocks were classified into four groups based on the criteria developed specifically for this work

(Table 3.1). These criteria were weighted against each WMA hunting block by using a predetermined scale

ranging from 1 to 4 and with attached grades from I to IV.

Table 3.4: Description of criteria for the categorization of WMA blocks

Score I II III IV

Criteria 4 3 2 1 Weight

Species diversity and Wildlife abundance

High Medium Low None 5

Adjacency to protected areas

Bordering national park

Completely surrounded by hunting blocks

Adjacent to GR but not buffered all around

Standalone and/or isolated blocks

5

Habitat diversity 4 main types 3 main types 2 main types 1 main types

4

Distance to nearest Air strip

Within block < 20 km 20 – 40 km > 40 km 2

Distance from a block to entry or exit cities; Dar and Arusha

Within 200 km 201-400 km 401-600 km > 600 km 2

Access by road- distance to nearest main road

Touching block or going through WMA block

Note more than 20 km

21-40 km > 40 km 3

Water for wildlife Multiple permanent and seasonal

Permanent single source

Only seasonal

None 4

Human activities <10% 10-20% 21-50% >50% 4

Diversity of huntable species weighted by licence fee in USD

>41 graded value 38-41 33-37 <33 4

Diversity of huntable species weighted by safari days values

> 113 100-113 85-99 <85 3

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3.3.1 WEIGHING IMPORTANCE OF CRITERIA USED IN CATEGORIZATION OF WMA BLOCKS

All criteria listed above were used in the categorization of WMA blocks. However, some criteria are perceived

to be more important in hunting industry than others. For example, a criterion on wildlife diversity is

considered relatively more important than availability of airstrip. In this case, every criteria that used for the

categorization was weighted with points ranging from 1 to 5 based on its relative importance (Table 3.2, last

column shows a list of the criteria and the respective weighting).

3.3.2 ANALYSIS OF WMA HUNTING BLOCKS QUALITY (GRADE POINT AVERAGE APPROACH)

The Grade Point Average (GPA) system was used to get average mark for each WMA block by combining

scores of developed criteria. GPA for each WMA block was determined by dividing the total grade points

obtained for each block by the total weighting of criteria. This system is the same as the one used to assess

performance of students in higher learning institutions, with subject scores replaced by criteria/feature score.

Table 3.3 shows an example of how GPA for a hypothetical WMA block “Y” was determined. GPAs for all

WMA blocks were calculated and assigned grades; with higher scores given class “I” as shown in table 3.3.

Table 3.3: Example for determining GPA for a hypothetical hunting block “Y”.

Criteria Weight Grade Block Score Grade point

Adjacency 5 A 4 20

Vegetation types 4 A 4 16

Air strips 2 C 2 6

Roads 3 B 3 9

Water for wildlife 4 A 1 4

Human activities 4 A 4 16

Wildlife abundance 4 B 2 8

Diversity-value of

species

4 A 4 16

Diversity-safari days 3 C 2 6

Block size (Km2) 1

X

A 4

=

4

Total 34 105

GPA(Y) = Total Grade points(Y) ÷ Total weight(Y) (= 105 ÷ 34 = 3.088)

Note: Grade point = (criterion weight) X (criterion score of the block)

Value of block A = 4, B= 3, C = 2 and D = 1

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3.3.3 CATEGORIZATION OF WMA HUNTING BLOCKS

Class I of WMA blocks are expected to have a combination of the best quality features with a highest GPA

score. However, none of the blocks was perfect, instead the highest GPA score was 3.4 and the lowest score

was 2.6.This outcome was not a surprise especially with such expanse natural systems. Therefore, instead of

using absolute GPA scores for setting classes (as used in institutions of higher learning) this assessment was

based on relative results. The range between the highest and lowest GPA was determined and divided into

four equal intervals (Table 3.4). NB: WMA hunting blocks classes based on equal interval between relative

minimum and maximum scores.

Table 3.5: GPA cut-off points for WMA hunting blocks

Class Max GPA Min GPA

I 3.4 3.2

II 3.1 3.0

III 2.9 2.8

IV 2.7 2.6

Thus, the best quality combination would consist of diverse and abundant wildlife for hunting with a possibility

of wildlife migrating from national parks and/or the NCA (sink areas). Such blocks would normally be legally

protected against poaching (GR or FR) and therefore law enforcement done by the Government. Hence,

costs for conducting law enforcement (anti-poaching) activities are relatively low. Similarly, these WMA

blocks would have higher levels of exclusivity relative to blocks of lower classes.

Most hunting blocks have the potential of acquiring class “I” quality if managed properly, especially those in

class “II” and “III.” Biotic factors can best maintained if sound and informed decisions are properly applied.

Infrastructure improvement requires dedication and appropriate investment. However, some abiotic factors

like distances (to supply cities or to natural water sources) are difficult to improve on.

12

POSSIBLE LIMITATION OF WMA CATEGORIZATION EXERCISE

• The use of FAO LCC image was not recent, it is about 9 years old, some changes may have taken place

since then-although radical changes are not expected, and due to the budget and time limitation we were

not able to use the recent images. Future assessments should consider use of up-to-date images.

• Distance from airstrips to WMA was calculated from the centre of the WMA to the airstrip/airport and not

from the nearest boundary line, this would have affected the overall score.

• The public roads network data are the major one, we believe that at WMA level there is a good roads

network data which was not used in the present exercise.

• Data on density, refugees and/or hotspot areas is a good indicator of species availability for hunting, and

yet this could not be incorporated in the assessment due time limitation.

• The scale of maps that were used for analyses were small to provide all the necessary details, for

example, some incompatible land uses in WMA blocks may have been missed.

• Weighting of important features require more rigorous analyses in the hunting industry-by involving

important stakeholders.

13

CHAPTER 4: INDIVIDUAL WMA REPORTS

PART I: BURUNGE WMA

1. Introduction

Burunge WMA was established in 2006, with a financial support from the African Widlife Foundation (AWF).

The WMA includes ten villages, namely, Olasiti, Minjingu, Vilima Vitatu, Mwada, Sangaiwe, Ngolei, Maweni,

Manyara and Magara. In May and June 2004, the initial five villages composing the Burunge Pilot WMA

organized two workshops (BPWMA 2005). In the same participatory workshop, purposes were defined as the

reason or reasons for which the area was set aside and exists as a proposed Wildlife Management Area.

Stakeholders in a technical workshop used the information data sheet and outstanding resources and values

to define the following purposes and significance of the BPWMA:

Purposes

• To generate revenue from tourism, photographic and hunting activities;

• To protect and preserve the wilderness character of the area;

• To protect and preserve the variety of wildlife, including birdlife;

• To protect and preserve the Burunge and Manyara lakes; and

• To safeguard the wildlife corridor for Manyara and Tarangire National Parks.

Significances

• BPWMA is one of the most important WMA in Tanzania with significant potentials to generate revenue

from tourism, and is the most researched pilot WMA in Tanzania;

• BPWMA is one of the pilot WMA with very unique wetlands of Burunge and Manyara lakes; and

• BPWMA is the only pilot WMA that protects the wildlife corridor of two famous National Parks, Manyara

and Tarangire.

14

2. WMA description

Burunge WMA is within the Burunge Game Controlled Area (GCA) in Babati district. The area is is bordered

with Tarangire National Park on the East. On the west, the WMA is bordered with Lake Manyara National

Park, while on the North is bordered with Lake Manyara (Figure 4.1.1). The WMA is approximately 240 Km2

excluding some villages (BPWMA 2005).

Figure 4.1.1: Location of Burunge WMA

15

WMA RESOURCE AND CATEGORIZATION CRITERIA

3.1 Resources Management Zones

Burunge WMA has the following resources management zones as follows (i) Corridor Use Zone (CUZ); (ii)

General Use Zone (GUZ); (iii) Hunting Use Zone (HUZ), (iv) Lake Use Zone (LUZ), (v) Horse Race Use Zone

(HRUZ) (vi)Visitor Development Zone (VDZ), (vii) Total Protection Zone (TPZ) as shown in figure 4.1.2. The

allowed and restricted use are detailed in WMA document under management zone scheme (BPWMA

2005)

Figure 4.1.2: Resource Use Management Zone in Burunge WMA

16

3.2 Available species

Burunge WMA has a high diversity of wildlife resources. Being bordered with Tarangire national Park, the

WMA has almost all species found in the Park. To mention a few, includes Elephant, Bufallo, Lion,

Wildebeest, Giraffe, Impala, Eland, Hartebeest, Zebra and Waterbuck. These species suffice the 10 to 21

hunting safari in the WMA (BPWMA 2005; TAWIRI 2011)

3.4 Vegetation type

Based on the FAO Land Cover Classification System (FAO LCCS), BWMA is dominated by shrubland

vegetation (Figure 4.1.3). This vegetation type provide essential habitat for the wildlife species within the

WMA and the Tarangire ecosystem at large.

Figure 4.1.3: Vegetation types in Burunge WMA

17

3.3 Water sources

Burunge WMA is situated in a well water system, the Burunge Lake and the Lake Manyara National Park.

The Tarangire river and other seasonal dams and rivers as shown in figure 4.1.2 also drain the WMA.

3.5 Airstrips

The WMA is almost 20 km from the nearby Majimoto and Tarangire airstrips, and is about 95 Km from the

Arusha Airport as shown in figure 4.1.2.

3.6 Roads

The WMA is bissected by the Arusha-Babati-Singida-Dodoma highway; it has also other road network across

it as shown in figure 4.1.1, 4.1.2, and 4.1.4. The WMA has also good road network built by the support from

AWF.

18

3.7 Adjacency to wildlife protected areas

BWMA is adjacent to Tarangire National Park on the East, and Lake Manyara National Park on the far North-

west. Being adjacent to Tarangire, it allows flow of wildlife species between the WMA, Tarangire National

Park and Lake Manyara National Park.

Figure 4.1.4: Map of Burunge WMA showing Adjacency

19

3.8 Cultivation

According to the FAO LCCS, 23% of Burunge WMA, including some composing village is cultivated. Mainly

the cultivation carried out along the corridor. Cultivation and other unsustainable human activities can lead to

degrade the ecosystem and displace animal to other areas, and or migratory routes. The extent of agriculture

is shown in figure 4.1.5.

Figure 4.1.5: Map of Burunge WMA showing extent of Agriculture

20

4. WMA Block Category

BPWMA is one among the areas with high biodiversity values in northern Tanzania. Among other factors,

such as water resources, available species, being adjacent to NP, the WMA is graded in category I. The

WMA hunting block is shown in figure 4.1.6. TAWIRI recommends the WMA to stand alone as a block, which

can sustain hunting based on the allocated quota.

Figure 4.1.6: Map of Burunge WMA Hunting block

21

4.1 Problems, Challenges, Opportunities, and Conclusion

Burunge WMA has been facing human related problems such as bushfires, charcoal burning, poaching, and

increasing cultivation (LAMP 2009). The WMA has conflicts with local communities due to crop raiding. Other

forms also conflicts also exists, for example, according to Wilfred (2011), local communities around the WMA

are in conflicts with district government. The government does not want to respect local communities as major

stakeholders in conservation. The Burunge WMA provides a migration route for animals that connects

Tarangire National Park and Lake Manyara National Park. This is a great opportunity for the WMA, not only

that, but the WMA is also in the process of building the infrastructure services, under the USAID support.

Therefore, the WMA has a greater potential taking in consideration the location, resources and infrastructure

available.

22

PART II: ENDUIMET WMA

1. Introduction

Enduimet WMA is in the Longido district, Arusha region. The WMA was established in 2003 and gazetted in

2007 with support from the African Wildlife Foundation (AWF). The WMA includes nine villages, these are

Ngereiyani, Tingatinga, Sinya, Elerai, Olmolog, Lerang’wa, Kitendeni, Irkaswa, and Kamwanga.

2. WMA description

The WMA is approximately 1282 Km2. It is bordered with Kilimanjaro National Park on the South-East, while

on the North it borders the Tanzania-Kenya political boundary. On west side, the WMA borders with Ngasurai

Open Area.

Figure 4.2.1: Location of Enduimet WMA

23



The WMA has main four resource management zones, which are Embarnati zone, Elatia zone, Olkunonoi-

Kitendeni Wildlife Corridor and Roonjo zone (WMA core area for hunting). For this purpose, these zones are

translated in figure 4.2.2 below collectively into eight different zones.

Figure 4.2.2: Resource Use Management Zone in Enduimet WMA

24


Enduimet is reported to have the following species Elephant, Bufallo, Giraffe, Leopard, Oryx, Lesser Kudu,

Eland, Gerenuk, Klipspringer, Hartebeest, Bushbuck, Wildebeest, Bushuck, Hyaena, Thomson Gazelle and

Grants Gazelle. Other species are Reedbuck, Bushpig, Warthog, Impala, Dik dik and other small animals

(TAWIRI 2011).

3.4 Vegetation type

The WMA is dominated by open woodlands (Acacias) and a mixture of bushland. In the Northern part of the

WMA is dominated by grasslands (Figure 4.2.3).

Figure 4.2.3: Vegetation types in Enduimet WMA

25

3.3 Water sources

There is not enough water sources in the WMA during the dry season (TAWIRI 2011), however, around the

WMA there are well-distributed man made water sources where livestock and wildlife species uses these

water source. Figure 4.2.4 shows some of the rivers in the WMA.

Figure 4.2.4: Map of Enduimet showing infrastructure

26

3.5 Airstrips

Enduimet is close to West JRO, it is about 20 Km from the WMA centre. Ndarakwai WMA is also a close

airstrip from the WMA (Figure 4.2.4).

3.6 Roads

There are major roads crossing/passing through the WMA as shown in figure 4.2.1. Not only that, but the

WMA can be reached through the following roads. A gravel road from Boma ng’ombe through Sanya juu and

Engare Nairobi to Rongai. This road serves Elerai, Olmolog, Lerang’wa, Kitendeni, Irkaswa and Kamwanga

villages. There is another seasonal road from Namanga through Sinya village and branching to Tingatinga,

Ngereiyani and Elerai which join the Boma ng’ombe–Rongai road. Also can be reached by using a rough road

from Arusha–Namanga road junction at Longido village to Sinya, Ngereiyani and Tingatinga. Another rough

road from Engikaret village at the junction of Arusha–Namanga road to Ngereiyani up to Tingatinga and Sinya

can lead you to reach the WMA. There is also road from Arusha National Park gate in Ngarenanyuki ya juu

(Orkong’wado) village to Ngabobo and Ngereiyani village (Figure 4.2.1 and 4.2.4).

27

3.7 Adjascency to wildlife protected areas

Enduimet is adjacency to Kilimanjaro National Park and Ngaserai O.A. hunting block. On the other side of the

border, it joins the Amboseli National Park, acting as a connectivity between the Mkomazi NP, Arusha NP,

Kilimanjaro NP and Tsavo ecosystem. Figure 4.2.5 shows the adjacency of the WMA to protected areas.

Figure 4.2.5: Map of Enduimet WMA showing Adjacency

28

3.8 Cultivation

According to FAO LCC, cultivation is estimated to cover 9% of the villages composing the WMA. The main

food crops are cultivated, though there are commercial farms in the surrounding villages. Figure 4.2.6 shows

the extent of cultivation in the WMA.

Figure 4.2.6: Map of Enduimet showing extent of Agriculture

29


Enduimet WMA is categorized as grade I. The WMA is potential as it has high species diversity and

biodiversity values. The area acts as a corridor, linking to other three protected areas and Ngaserai O.A. It is

a well known area for Elephant research in the North-eastern of Tanzania. The area acts as a potential

dispersal area of Zebra, Wildebeest, and Thomson Gazelle (Minwary 2009), especially during the wet

season. Figure 4.2.6 shows the WMA hunting block.

Figure 4.2.7: Map of Enduimet WMA Hunting block

30


Enduimet is facing some challenges, including illegal harvesting of natural resources, bush fires, overgrazing

due to high number of livestock especially during the dry season, conflicts over water and land. Besides this,

the WMA stands as a potential migratory corridor between Arusha National Park, Kilimanjaro National Park

and Amboseli in Kenya.

31

PART III: IKONA WMA

1. Introduction

Ikona WMA formally known as Fort Ikoma Open Area is in Serengeti district. The WMA got its Authorized

Association (AA) certificate in 2007. Ikona WMA is one among the 16 pilot areas in the country. The WMA

was established and managed by the communities of Robanda, Natta-Mbiso, Makundusi, Park Nyigoti and

Nyichoka. The WMA was established by a generous support of the Frankfurt Zoological Society (FZS),

Regional Office.

2. WMA description

The WMA is located in Serengeti district. It borders Serengeti National Park in Robanda village in South and

South-east. On the South and South-west, the WMA borders the Grumeti Game Reserve (Mligo and Lyaruu

2008; Mfunda and Røskaft 2010). On the East and North-east, it borders with the Ikorongo Game Reserve,

and on the West, it borders with the Sasakwa consession area (Figure 4.3.1). The WMA is approximately

243.3 km², and receives an average of 700 mm of rains per year. The short rains starts in November to

March, and the dry season is from July to September.

Figure 4.3.1: Location of Ikona WMA

32



There are seven different land use zone across the WMA, including the villages non-WMA areas (Figure

4.3.2). However, in the WMA area, only two zones exists, WMA namely tourist hunting zone and

photographic zone. These zones allow human, livestock, and wildlife use in a sustainable manner. For the

wildlife zone, consumptive and non-consumptive utilization are carried out based on what is agreed and what

is not, under given time of the year (IKONA 2005)

Figure 4.3.2: Resource Use Management Zone in Ikona WMA

33


The most common large mammals found in the area includes Elephants, Lions, Buffaloes, Giraffe,

Hartebeest, Waterbuck, Wildebeest, Warthog, Leopard, Topi, Roan antelope, Lesser and Greater Kudu,

Klipspringer, Zebra, Hippopotamus, White and Black Colobus Monkey and Crocodiles (IKONA 2005; TAWIRI

2011).

3.4 Vegetation type

The WMA is composed of woody, sparsely vegetation consisting of shrubs, grasses, and herbs. The main

tree species include Acacia mellifera, Acacia tortilis, Acacia senegal, Acacia travigela, Acacia hockii and

Balanites aegyptiaca. The main grasses are Aristida spp and Eragrosits spp (IKONA 2005; Mligo and Lyaruu

2008). According to FAO LCCS, shrubland and open woodlands dominates the area (Figure 4.3.3).

Figure 4.3.3: Vegetation types in Ikona WMA

34

3.3 Water sources

The Ikona WMA is drained by some permanent rivers. These include Grumeti, Rubana, and Maruru rivers. In

these rivers, evergreen thickets, and riverine forests are found. The rivers distribution is shown in figure 4.3.2.

3.5 Airstrips

Fort Ikoma airstrip (about 8 Km) and Mugumu (20 Km) are closest airstrips from the WMA (Figure 4.3.2).

Futhermore, the WMA is about 270 Km from Arusha airport, which is the main entry and exit point of tourists.

3.6 Roads

The WMA is also bissected by the Seronera to Mugumu road, which passes through Robanda village (Figure

4.3.2). Within the WMA, there is a good road network across which are used for photographic safari and

tourism, and the WMA authority is opening up roads within the designated area and will carry on developing

infrastructure services as deemed important (IKONA 2005).

35


Protected area at National Park level (Serengeti) and the two game reserves (Ikorongo and Grumeti)

surround almost the entire WMA. These protected areas are abundant in wildlife species and wild animals

moves freely within this part of the ecosystem. According to personal observations, the WMA is rich in

species and all species found in the adjacent protected area are mostly found in the WMA. Figure 4.3.4

shows the adjacency map of the Ikona WMA.

Figure 4.3.4: Map of Ikona WMA showing Adjacency

36

3.8 Cultivation

Subsistence cultivation is carried out in the WMA surrounding villages. Based on FAO LCCS, 18% of the

WMA village area is used for agriculture as shown in figure 4.3.5 below. Fortunately, the WMA core area is

not affected by cultivation.

Figure 4.3.5: Map of Ikona showing extent of Agriculture

37


Ikona WMA is graded as category I. The WMA scored this category, among others due to its adjacency to

three protected areas, presence of abundant wildlife species available in the area, the vegetation type,

infrastructure services, and water availability. Figure 4.4.6 shows the WMA hunting block.

Figure 4.3.6: Map of Ikona WMA Hunting block

38


The WMA among others is facing high pressure of illegal hunting (bush meat poaching) from the surrounding

villages. Other challenges facing is occurrence of wildfires, especially during the dry season and crop raiding

due to Elephant to local communities. The WMA stand as a potential investment because it acts as a

migratory corridor for Wildebeest to Kenya Maasai Mara Reserve. The presence of the WMA in the corridor

increases its potentiality for sustaining the tourists hunting safari. It is urged that, formation of the WMA,

coupled with alternative sources of income and benefit sharing mechanisms will decrease the incidences and

make the area more and more economical viable.

39

PART IV: IPOLE

1. Introduction

The villagers of Ipole, Msuva, Udekamiso and Utimule decided to form a wildlife management area called

JUMUIA YA UHIFADHI WANYAMAPORI IPOLE (JUHIWAI). The process of setting aside the Ipole pilot WMA

was preceded by the Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) exercise, which was done between May 2001 and

October 2003. The PRA exercise was facilitated by an American NGO called Africare-Tanzania through the

Ugalla Community Conservation Project (UCCP). The PRA results indicated that these villages derive

significant resources and income from activities done in Ipole forest such as beekeeping, pit sawing, wildlife

hunting and fishing in Kalulu River.

2. WMA description

The Ipole WMA falls in Ugunda Game Controlled Area (GCA) in Ipole ward, Sikonge District, in Tabora

Region. Ipole pWMA covers an area of 2540 km². ‘Ugunda’ is a vernacular name for Nyamwezi people,

meaning ‘farm inspection’. The area is rich in wildlife, fish, and fertile valleys, which attracted many people to

settle in the area. Administratively, Ipole is a ward, in Sikonge division, Sikonge district, Tabora region.

Figure 4.4.1 shows the location of the WMA.

Figure 4.4.1: Location of Ipole WMA

40



There are about five different land use zones in the WMA (Figure 4.4.2), however, the main WMA zones are

two, being timber and beekeeping zone and photographic safari zone. These zones (not shown in the present

land use zone) were demarcated based on their potentiality. For example, the wildlife utilization zone was set

aside for tourism and local/residence hunting zone and for photographic tourism. The timber/beekeeping zone

was mainly set aside for conducting beekeeping activities and for logging. There is also fishing activities

conducted around the Kalulu river, from Koga fishing camp to Ulunga fishing camp.

Figure 4.4.2: Resource Use Management Zone in Ipole WMA

41


The area harbours a diverse of wildlife species such as Sable antelope, Roan antelope, Kudu, Hartebeest,

Lion, Giraffe, Impala, Elephant, Leopard, Warthogs, Monkey, Aardvark, Baboon, Hyena, Buffalo, Waterbuck,

Hydrax, Porcupine, Snakes, and birds (JUHIWAI 2004).

3.4 Vegetation type

Tree species in the WMA include timber, fruit and medicinal species such as Pterocarpus angolensis, Afzelia

quanzensis, Terminalia sericea,, Julbernadia globiflora, Strychnos cocculoides, Sclerocarya birea and vitex.

However, according to FAO LCC, the WMA is dominated by open woodland (Figure 4.4.3)

Figure 4.4.3: Vegetation types in Ipole WMA

42

3.3 Water sources

There are seasonal and permanent water sources in the WMA. The main water source is the Kalulu river and

Koga river (Figure 4.4.2).

3.5 Airstrips

The closest airstrip to Ipole pilot WMA is the Koga airstrip (35 Km), and the Kalulu airstrip (60 Km), there is

also an airstrip at Ipole village. During the wet season, air transport seems a reliable means of transport.

3.6 Roads

The Ipole pilot WMA is accessible throughout the year by the following road network:

• By road from Tabora Municipality via Sikonge township to Ipole

• By road from Mbeya via Kitunda to Ipole

• Road from Sumbawanga through Mpanda district via Inyonga to Ipole

Not only that, but the WMA has other small roads within the WMA as shown in figure 4.4.1 and 4.4.2

43


Ipole WMA is bordered with the Ugalla GR in the North-west (Figure 4.4.4). The Ugalla GR has three blocks

on itself, which allows flow of wild animals from the game the reserve to the WMA and vice-versa, in most

cases animal moves from the GR in the dry season, to the WMA, where they can get access to more water.

Figure 4.4.4: Map of Ipole WMA showing Adjacency

44

3.8 Cultivation

According to FAO LCC, Ipole WMA has about 14% of the area covered by cultivation. Cultivation is only in

the village land, and a very small strip of cultivation is observed in the South-west of the WMA (Figure 4.4.5).

Figure 4.4.5: Map of Ipole showing extent of Agriculture

45


Ipole WMA is graded as a category III block, besides being adjacent to the Ugalla GR, other factors such as

water sources; species available were not much abundant. TAWIRI recommends this WMA to remain as a

stand-alone.

Figure 4.4.6: Map of Ipole WMA Hunting block

46


Ipole WMA has been facing a problem of poaching, especially for Hippopotamus, mainly by refugees from

camps in Mpanda district. However, to overcome this, the WMA has been taking scheduled patrols with the

Antipoaching Unit in Tabora. Deforestation is also facing the WMA, particularly for valuable timber species.

The roads network within the WMA has to be improved. Besides these, the WMA is a viable area, and has a

good number of wildlife species based on previous TAWIRI surveys in the Ugalla ecosystem.

47

PART V: LIWALE WMA

1. Introduction

Liwale WMA is in Liwale district, was established with a financial support from the Wildlife Fund for Nature

(WWF), an American conservation NGO. The WMA is composed of eight villages, namely Mirui, Naujombo,

Kimambi, Barikiwa, Chimbuko, Milembwe, Ndapati, Mpigamiti, and was registered as MAGINGO. The villages

composing the WMA have a population of about 22,000 people.

2. WMA description

The WMA is in Liwale district, Lindi region. The WMA is found between latitude 370 E and 38.300 E, longitude

90 S and 100 S. The WMA has about 3440 Km2 and is bordered with Selous GR in the West and North-west,

while on the East there is Mitombati village (Figure 4.5.1).

Figure 4.5.1: Location of Liwale WMA

48



Liwale WMA has five management zones, namely (i) Nachengo tourist hunting zone, (ii) Hokororo tourist

hunting zone, (iii) Naimba Plain tourist hunting zone, (iv) Kurumila photographic safari zone, and (v) Namawe

resident hunting zone (MAGINGO 2010). The zoning (Figure 4.5.2) was developed purposely for resolving

the existing problems facing the WMA; it was believed that, this zoning would best minimize the conflicts.

Figure 4.5.2: Resource Use Management Zone in Liwale WMA

49


Birds, reptiles, mammals significant wildlife include Elephant, Lion, Leopard, Zebra, Buffaloes, Eland,

Hartebeest, Wildebeest, Pangolin, Wild dogs and Greater kudu. According to MAGINGO (2010), the last

three are rare and threatened species.

3.4 Vegetation type

Liwale WMA is composed of open woodland, the vegetation type (Figure 4.5.3). There are forest like Mbweo,

Kitako, Kihani, Kingoli, Mtondo, Namawe, Liboya, Likulilo, Kiperere, Ngungutu, Mpopo, Mtatali, Lioto, Likuba

and Namuhu which provide outstanding attractions and unique habitat for wildlife in the area.

Figure 4.5.3: Vegetation types in Liwale WMA

50

3.3 Water sources

Liwale WMA has got a well supply of water, being seasonal and permanent, these includes, Liwale River,

Matandu river, Mlembwe river, Tandamanga river, Ndapata river, Mirui river, Nakiu river, Mange river, Umira

river, Matepwende river, Hokororo dam, Kiurumira, Chindo, Panda la nyama, Ligondalima, Nachengo, Likale,

Tanda la Mngoni, Nakaumbi and Namatanda river. Some of the rivers are shown in figure 4.5.2.

3.5 Airstrips

The WMA is served by three nearest airstrips, namely Liwale, Milembwe, and Kibaoni. The location of

airstrips in or close to the WMA is shown in figure 4.5.2

3.6 Roads

The WMA is linked by a road from Liwale town, Nangurukuru township and village bordering it, there is

another road that link WMA with nearby towns, however, these roads are not in good conditions. In general,

there is a need to develop the road network within the WMA. Figure 4.5.2 shows the roads network in the

WMA.

51


The WMA is bordered by several hunting blocks, which are in the Selous GR (North and Western part) and in

Open area (Kilwa O.A.) as shown in figure 4.5.4.

Figure 4.5.4: Map of Liwale WMA showing Adjacency

52

3.8 Cultivation

Human activities like cultivation affect the WMA. Based on FAO LCC, about 7% of the WMA area there is

cultivation (Figure 4.5.5)

Figure 4.5.5: Map of Liwale WMA showing extent of Agriculture

53


Liwale WMA is graded as a category II block; the block is adjacent to many hunting blocks in the Selous GR

and other Liwale O.A. Based on the WMA size, availability of water resources and other factors, TAWIRI

recommends portioning the WMA into more than one block. Figure 4.5.6 shows different WMA blocks based

on the resource zone plans, which we recommends to be combined to form two to three blocks.

Figure 4.5.6: Map of Ipole WMA Hunting blocks

54


Liwale WMA is facing some problems such as tree falling, charcoal burning, poaching and bushfires. It also

faces some challenges such as shifting cultivation, inadequate funding, limited infrastructures. The WMA has

a boundary dispute with the Kilwa district. The WMA stands as a biggest WMA in the country, with high

diversity and density of wildlife species and act as a wildlife refugee area adjacent to the Selous GR and

Kilwa O.A.

55

PART VI: MAKAME WMA

1. Introduction

Makame WMA is in Kiteto district, in Manyara region. The WMA was gazetted in 2006 with financial support

from the African Wildlife Foundation (AWF). The WMA is composed of four villages, namely Ndedo, Makame,

Katikati and Irkushbor.

2. WMA description

The WMA is estimated to cover 3719 Km2, and is bordered and/or completely surrounded by hunting blocks.

These blocks are Masai O.A (West), Irkushbor and Masai O.A (E) on the North, Mkungunero O.A and Masai

O.A (South) in West and Talamai O.A in the South east (Figure 4.5.1 and 4.5.4).

Figure 4.6.1: Location of Makame WMA

56



The WMA has main four resource management zones, which are Embarnati zone, Elatia zone, Olkunonoi-

Kitendeni Wildlife Corridor and Roonjo zone. However, for this purpose, the zones are collectively described

into main three zones as shown in figure 4.6.2.

Figure 4.6.2: Resource Use Management Zone in Makame WMA

57


Makame is reported to have the following species Elephant, Lion, Bufallo, Giraffe, Leopard, Oryx, Lesser

Kudu, Eland, Gerenuk, Klipspringer, Hartebeest, Bushbuck, Zebra, Waterbuck, Wildebeest, Reedbuck,

Hyaena, Thomson Gazelle and Grants Gazelle and Warthog, Impala, Dik dik and Wild pig (TAWIRI 2011).

3.4 Vegetation type

The dominant vegetation type in the WMA is open woodlands and a mixture of shrubland. This vegetation

type is scattered within the entire WMA. as shown in figure 4.6.3.

Figure 4.6.3: Vegetation types in Makame WMA

58

3.3 Water sources

There is not much water sources within the WMA as shown in figure 4.6.2. In the wet season, there are

scaterred water points which provide water sources to livestock and wildlife. The following water sources are

mentioned in the MAKAME (2005) WMA document Orkirangirai, Lorngiwarra, Lelukunya,

Olotudung’o/Laisanga, Lorkidong’oi, Iloihoro-Kurumi and Olengirumu, others are Lesoit, Oloyangalani,

Lanjani Orgira and Olturoto Uwas

3.5 Airstrips

Makame is close to Irkushbor, Mbogo, and Talamai as shown in figure 4.6.2.

3.6 Roads

There is a good roads network within the WMA as shown in figure 4.6.1.

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3.7 Adjascency to wildlife protected areas

Makame is completely surrounded by hunting blocks, which are administered by the Wildlife division. These

are Masai O.A (W), Masai O.A (E), Masai O.A (E), Talamai O.A, Irkushbor and Mkungunero GR. Figure 4.6.5

shows the adjacent PA to the WMA.

Figure 4.6.4: Map of Makame WMA showing Adjacency

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3.8 Cultivation

Cultivation in Makame is estimated to cover about 3% of the villages area. This is according to FAO LCC.

Figure 4.6.6 shows the extent of cultivation in the WMA.

Figure 4.6.5: Map of Makame showing extent of Agriculture

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Makame WMA is categorized as grade II. The WMA as well as the ecosystem is known to possess high

species diversity and high biodiversity value. Figure .4.6.7 shown the hunting block for the WMA.

Figure 4.6.6: Map of Makame WMA Hunting blocks

62


Makame WMA is facing the some problems, such as water shortage, property damage by wildlife, small scale

agriculture in the WMA. Besides this, the WMA is potential for generating income for tourism related activities

and has high concentration of wildlife species.

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PART VII: MBARANG’ANDU WMA

1. Introduction

Following the aims of the Wildlife Policy of Tanzania (1998) and revised in 2007, the seven villages of

Namtumbo district, Ruvuma region took a joint responsibility of conserving and managing wildlife and other

natural resources inside their village land. According to the Village Land Act (1995), Kitanda, Nambecha,

Likuyu-Sekamaganga, Mtelawamwahi, Songambele, Mchomoro and Kilimasera villages set aside portion of

land each one to form the MBARANG’ANDU WMA. These villages, aimed also at resolving conflicts between

local communities and wildlife authorities, sharing information and improving livelihoods of these local

communities through wildlife management programs. In view of this, the World Wildlife for Nature (WWF),

Tanzania Country Office and the Millennium Challenge Account-Tanzania supported the process

(MBARANG'ANDU 2009).

64

2. WMA description

The Mbarang’andu Wildlife Management Area (MWMA) has an estimated size of size of 2318 km2. The WMA

is bordered with Selous Game Reserve in the North and in the South with Mozambique. Ludewa and Mbinga

districts border the WMA in Eastern side (Figure 4.7.1). The area receives single rainy season (November-

May), with an average of 1200 mm, and temperature of 250C.

Figure 4.7.1: Location of Mbarang'andu WMA

65



Seven land use plans exist for Mbarang’andu WMA. These includes Agriculture, Human settlement, Hunting,

Lumbering and two management zone which is Mbarang’andu and Ruhila tourist hunting zones and

Beekeeping zone (Figure 4.7.2).

Figure 4.7.2: Resource Use Management Zone in Mbarang'andu WMA

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Mbaran’gandu WMA is rich in species such as Elephant, Buffaloes, Hippopotamus, Leopards, , Lion, Sable

Antelope, Roan Antelope, Hyena, Zebra, Hartebeest, Wildebeest, Reedbuck, Eland, Waterbuck, Bush pig,

Warthog, Wild dog, Aardvark, and Silver backed jackal, to mention a few (MBARANG'ANDU 2009; TAWIRI

2011).

3.4 Vegetation type

According to FAO LCC, the most dominant vegetation is the open Miombo woodland (Figure 4.7.3) with

Brachystegia spp, Julbernadia globiflora, Pterocarpus angolensis, Terminalia spinosa and combretum spp

(MBARANG'ANDU 2009). Others vegetation type includes dense thickets, riverine and ground water forest.

Figure 4.7.3: Vegetation types in Mbarang'andu WMA

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3.4 Water sources

Mbarang’andu WMA has a good supply of permanent and seasonal rivers, such as Mbarang’andu Mkundi,

Naluwale, Likuyu, Luwila, Ndeleko, Lwegu, Ligombe, Lukimwa, Mtimbira, Msawati, Mwili, Liteterimo, Luloche-

Lukoro, Litetelimo, Pitu and Liwoyowoyo. Others includes, Ndilima water falls, Hiyogo spring and

Nnahenyumu waterfalls. Figure 4.7.2 shows some of the rivers in the WMA.

3.5 Airstrips

Airstrips are important for tour operation in wildlife sector. In view of this, Mikuyu is the closest airstrip to

Mbarang’andu WMA as shown in figure 4.7.2

3.6 Roads

Mbarang’andu WMA is linked with main roads from different parts of the Southern highlands; figure 4.7.2

shows existing roads, which links the WMA to other parts of the Ruvuma region.

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The WMA is adjacent to the Selous GR (Selous LU8 and MB1 hunting blocks), Litumbandosi O.A (hunting

block), Mtungwe O.A (hunting block), and Gezamasua F.R in the North (Figure 4.7.4).

Figure 4.7.4: Map of Mbarang'andu WMA showing Adjacency

69

3.8 Cultivation

The main crops cultivated in villages around the WMA include cashew nut, maize, cassava, simsim, beans,

rice and pigeon peas. According to the FAO LCC, cultivation covers 17% the WMA and/or adjacent village

land (Figure 4.7.5).

Figure 4.7.5: Map of Mbarang'andu showing extent of Agriculture

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Mbarang’andu WMA has high and rich fauna biodiversity among the WMA. The animals found in the WMA

are almost all found in the adjacent Selous GR. Not only that, but the WMA has a good number of permanent

water sources. Among other factors, the WMA has scored grade II. TAWIRI recommends that, this WMA can

stand as two separate hunting blocks, based on the resources available and its size. Figure 4.7.6 shows the

WMA hunting block.

Figure 4.7.6: Map of Mbarang’andu WMA Hunting blocks

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The WMA has some problem and challenges, such as uncontrolled bush fires, poaching, encroachment, and

deforestation. However, the WMA stands a better chance of managing its high biodiversity value as it act as a

refugee area, and provide a connection with the Selous-Niassa Wildlife Corridor.

.

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PART VIII: NGARAMBE TAPIKA WMA

1. Introduction

Ngarambe and Tapika villages jointly formed a wildlife management area (Ngarambe-Tapika WMA), with the

aim of conserving the wildlife and other natural resources within their approved village lands following the

Village land Act (1999). With an average of 2500 and 850 human population in Ngarambe and Tapika villages

respectively, the villagers jointly registered their WMA as MUNGATA. The World Wildlife for Nature (WWF),

Tanzania Country supported the establishment of the WMA.

2. WMA description

Approximately, the WMA covers 720 km2, and it is located in Kilwa. The WMA is adjacent to the Selous GR

on its western side (Figure 4.8.1).

Figure 4.8.1: Location of Ngarambe-Tapika WMA

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Ngarambe-Tapika has two main management zones, one being the human settlement and related activities.

In this zone, firewood collection, cultivation, fisheries, beekeeping, harvesting of timber and other forest

activities are practised. The second zone is the core WMA area, this is divided into four areas (units not

shown in the present map), this includes catchment area, safari hunting block, resident hunting area and

logging /timber harvesting zone (Figure 4.8.2).

Figure 4.8.2: Resource Use Management Zone in Ngarambe-Tapika WMA

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Flora and Fauna includes Elephant, Lion, Zebra, Giraffe, Warthog, Bush pig, Sable antelope, Greater Kudu,

Bufallo, Eland, Waterbuck, Hippopotamus, Bushbuck, Hartebeest, Hyaena, Impala, and other small animals

(NGARAMBE-TAPIKA 2010; TAWIRI 2011).

3.4 Vegetation type

The WMA is dominated by open woodland vegetation type. The dominant species in the area includes

Brachystegia spp, Julbernadia, and other miombo type vegetations. The vegetation map of the WMA is

shown below in figure 4.8.3.

Figure 4.8.3: Vegetation types in Ngarambe-Tapika WMA

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3.5 Water sources

The WMA has some rivers, mostly around the WMA. Figure 4.8.2 shows some of the rivers network system in

the WMA.

3.6 Airstrips

Ngarambe-Tapika WMA is close to Kingupira airstrip. The airstrip is about 23 Km from the WMA centre.

Figure 4.8.2 shows the location of the airstrip.

3.7 Roads

The road system in the WMA is shown in figure 4.8.2. The WMA has also some road network around it as

shown before.

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The WMA is adjacent to the Selous GR (Selous LR3, Selous LL2, and Selous LL1). Being adjacent to these

blocks the area has a large diverse of wildlife. .

Figure 4.8.4: Map of Ngarambe-Tapika WMA showing Adjacency

77

3.8 Cultivation

Cultivation covers about 3% of the WMA area. This is according to the FAO LCC. Figure 4.8....5 shows the

extent of cultivation.

Figure 4.8.5: Map of Ngarambe-Tapika showing extent of Agriculture

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Ngarambe-Tapika WMA is graded category II. Among others, the WMA has a good flow of wildlife due to its

adjacency to the three blocks in the Selous GR. Figure 4.8.6 shows the Ngarambe-Tapika WMA hunting

block.

Figure 4.8.6: Map of Ngarambe-Tapika WMA Hunting blocks

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The WMA has some problems and challenges facing it, among others, this includes, poaching, tree cutting

and bush fires. The WMA also needs a good roads network. The WMA stand a better chance of flow with

Selous GR due to its adjacency.

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PART IX: PAWAGA-IDODI WMA

1. Introduction

Pawaga-Idodi WMA is in Idodi and Pawaga Division in Iringa District, Iringa region. The villages composing

the WMA in Idodi Division are Mahuninga, Makifu, Tungamalenga, Mapogoro, Idodi, Malinzanga, and

Mafuluto and from Pawaga Division the villages are Isele, Kisanga, Kinyika, Luganga and Ilolompya. The

WMA is managed by MBOMIPA Association, and was initially facilitated by DFID between 1997 and 2002.

Later on, in 2004 WWF and WCS took over the facilitation role to support the MBOMIPA CBO, after DFID

ended its facilitation (IRA 2007). The WMA was established purposely for (i) ensuring effective and

sustainable wildlife management system under community authority and responsibility in the Pawaga-Idodi

Wildlife Management Area, and (ii) to promote sustainable management of all natural and cultural resources

as a means of enhancing local economic development and contributing to the reduction of poverty in the 19

member villages (MBOMIPA 2006).

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2. WMA description

Pawaga-Idodi WMA is located in Idodi and Pawaga Division in Iringa district, Iringa region. The WMA has an

approximately 776 Km2. Generally, the northern part of the WMA is drier than the south and gets an average

rainfall of 500 mm per annum while the southern part receive an average of 750mm-1000 mm of rain per

annum. The WMA is adjacent to the Ruaha National Park on the Western side and in the North lies Lunda

Mkwabi WMA (Figure 4.9.1).

Figure 4.9.1: Location of Pawaga-Idodi WMA

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According to MBOMIPA (2006), the WMA has four main management zones as described below: -

Zone 1: Photographic zone (Lunda Zone)

This includes villages of Pawaga Division and Malinzaga and Mafuluto of Idodi Division. In this zone, tourist

facilities will be established and improved.

Zone 2: Intensive tourism zone (Tungamalenga Zone)

This zone is lies on either side of the Tungamalenga-Ruaha National Park road, consisting of land in the

Lunda Mkwabi WMA within Mapogoro, Tungamalenga, and Makifu villages.

Zone 3: Mkupule-Kinyangesi zone

Lies on the western side of zone 2 and extends westwards to the western end of LM proposed WMA at the

Mbeya/Iringa regional boundary. Miombo and transitional miombo woodlands dominate mostly this zone.

Zone 4: Ruaha-Kinyangesi Photographic Zone

This zone was demarcated purposely for photographic tourism, in this manner; it excludes hunting activities.

Available species

The WMA is rich in wildlife species. About 64 species has been reported to be found in the area. This

includes, Elephant, Hippopotamus, Giraffe, Eland, Buffalo, Zebra, Hartebeest, Roan and Sable antelopes,

Greater and Lesser Kudu, Bushbuck, Reedbuck, Impala, Duiker, Lion, Wildebeest, Leopard, Cheetah, Wild

dog (MBOMIPA 2006; TAWIRI 2011).

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3.3 Vegetation type

According to FAO LCC, the WMA is composed by a mixture of shrubland and open woodlands, mainly Acacia

spp, Brachystegia woodland, Commiphora-Combretum bushland, Acacia tortilis thorn scrub, and Acacia

induced woodland (Figure 4.9.2).

Figure 4.9.2: Vegetation types in Pawaga-Idodi WMA

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3.4 Water sources

The WMA is fed by the Great Ruaha river which flows from the South-West to the North-East, other rivers

includes; Idodi, Kitanewa, Tungamalenga, Mahuninga, and Ilusi rivers. Figure 4.9.2 shows some of the rivers

network in the WMA.

3.5 Airstrips

The Ruaha and Lunda airstrip are the closest airstrip to the WMA (Shown in figure 4.9.3)

3.6 Roads

Pawaga-Idodi WMA can be reached from Dar es Salaam to Iringa, then to Tungamalenga, Idodi, Malinzaga

and Isele villages. The Isele village can also be accessed from Dodoma through Izazi, Makuka, Mboliboli and

Mbuyuni villages (Shown in figure 4.9.1).

85


Ruaha National Park lies on the Western side of the WMA, Lunda Mkwabi WMA lies on the North of Pawaga-

Idodi (Figure 4.9.3)

Figure 4.9.3: Map of Pawaga-Idodi WMA showing Adjacency

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3.5 Cultivation

According to the FAO LCC, cultivation is estimated to cover about 22% of the WMA. Cultivation is mostly

found in the Southern part of the WMA as shown in figure 4.9.3 below.

Figure 4.9.4: Map of Pawaga-Idodi WMA showing extent of Agriculture

87


Pawaga-Idodi WMA is rich in fauna biodiversity (about 64 wildlife species) as described above. Among other

valuation factors, the WMA has scored grade II. Due to its size, TAWIRI recommends the block to remain as

a stand alone hunting block (NB: We were not able to get the complete data of the resources zone plan,

however, all the three zones can be used as hunting block in combination, except the Mkupule-Kinyangesi

zone.


Cultivation seems to dominate the southern part of the WMA; there is a need for controlling this. Roads

network also needs to be improved in the WMA. Overall, the WMA is a good venture and a lesson to other

WMA.

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PART X: TUNDURU WMA

1. Introduction

Tunduru Wildlife Management Area is in Tunduru District, Ruvuma Region. The WMA was established with of

“integrated, well manage and self-financing protected area in which nationally-important biodiversity can

protected, essential ecological processes are sustained, and stakeholders fully support and tangibly benefit

from wildlife conservation efforts in the area. The WMA is registered as NALIKA Authorized Association; the

initiation process was financial supported by World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) Tanzania Programme

Office. Tunduru WMA comprise ten villages, these are Rahaleo, Mbugulaji, Kajima, Twendembele,

Kindamba, Huria, Darajambili, Namwinyu, Namakungwa, and Nandanyende.

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2. WMA description

Tunduru WMA is located in Tunduru District, Ruvuma Region. The WMA is a part of Selous Niassa Wildlife

Corridor and comprises an area of about 1372 Km2. The WMA borders the Selous Game Reserve and

Muhuwesi Forest Reserve to the north and Sasawala Forest Reserve to the south (Not shown in the present

map). The area has single rain season, November to May with annual average of 1200 mm. Figure 4.10.1

shows the location of the WMA.

Figure 4.10.1: Location of Tunduru WMA

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Three management zones exist in the WMA, these are: -

• Sasawala Nature Management Zone (SNMZ)

• Misisima Local Hunting Zone(MLHZ)

• Mbarangandu Tourist Hunting Zone(MTHZ)

Figure 4.10.2: Resource Use Management Zone in Tunduru WMA

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Common wildlife species found in the area includes Elephant, Hippopotamus, Leopard, Buffalo, Lion, Hyena,

Zebra, Bush pig, Warthog, Hartebeest, Eland, Wildebeest, Roan Antelope, Sable Antelope, Reedbuck, Wild

dog, Aardvark, Greater Kudu, and other small animals (TUNDURU 2009; TAWIRI 2011).

3.3 Vegetation type

The vegetation of the area is mainly open/deciduous Miombo woodland with Brachystegia spp, Julbernadia

globiflora, Pterocarpus angolensis, Terminalia spinosa and Combretum spp. Figure 4.10.3 shows the

vegetation type of the WMA.

Figure 4.10.3: Vegetation types in Tunduru WMA

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3.4 Water sources

The WMA has many permanent and seasonal flowing rivers. These include, Mbaran’ganda river, Lipembe,

Mkundi, Utumwa, Muhuwesi, Msizima, Lipembe, Kisi, Limbwembele, Maluwale, Likuyu, Luwila, Ndeleko,

Miwawa, Namaguruwe, Katumbe, Liteterimo. There are also water dams such as Kanduru, Mnemwajani,

Mkwate, Mnungwa, Lilasi, Naluwale, Mpwasi, Chandembo, Katuli, Kawe, Malaika, Maemila, Mkwajuni,

Kwakundungu, Machonda, Makereketa and Chechangu (Figure 4.10.2)

3.5 Airstrips

There is no a closest airstrip to the WMA, however, the Mikuyu airstrip is about 70 Km from the WMA centre

point.

3.6 Roads

Figure 4.10.2 shows the existing roads in the WMA. According to our country roads database, it shows that

the WMA has few roads, mainly shown the main road passing through the WMA or nearby.

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Tunduru WMA is adjacent to Selous Game Reserve (Hunting block: Selous MB1 and Selous N 1). The WMA

is South of the Selous GR (Figure 4.10.4).

Figure 4.10.4: Map of Tunduru showing Adjacency

94

3.5 Cultivation

According to FAO LCC, Tunduru WMA has about 13% of its area with cultivation, especially in the Sasawala

zone (Figure 4.10.5). The main crops are cashew nut, maize, cassava, simsim, beans, rice, and pigeon peas.

Figure 4.10.5: Map of Tunduru showing extent of Agriculture

95


Tunduru WMA is graded as a category II. Based on its size and resources available, TAWIRI recommends

the WMA to remain with the two hunting zones (Figure 4.10.6) as they can sustain hunting activitie as

independent blocks.

Figure 4.10.6: Map of Tunduru WMA Hunting block

96


Crop raiding/damage, human attacks by wildlife, shifting agriculture, deforestation, wild fire and poaching are

the main problems facing the WMA (TUNDURU 2009). The WMA acts as a refugee for animals from Selous

GR through the adjoining hunting blocks.

97

PART XI: UKUTU WMA

1. Introduction

UKUTU was the pioneer among the first 16 pilot WMA in the Country. The Community Based Organization

(CBO) for UKUTU WMA is registered as JUKUMU (UKUTU WMA). It was initially funded by GTZ until mid

2000 when the donor stopped funding it and in 2005 when the WWF-TPO supported JUKUMU to complete

the process of establishing the WMA.

The WMA is composed of 21 villages, which are Kidunda located in Mkulazi ward, Ngerengere Division;

Kiganila, Kiburumo, Bwila Chini, Bwila Juu and Magogoni in Selembala ward, Mvuha Division; Dalla, Mvuha,

Lukulunge, Kongwa and Tulo in Mvuha ward, Mvuha Divission; Mbwade, Bonye, Bwakila Chini and Dakawa

in Bwakila Chini, Bwakila Division; Mngazi, Vigolegole Sesenga and Milengwelengwe in Mngazi Bwakila

Division and Nyarutanga, and Gomero in Kisaki ward Bwakila Division.

2. WMA description

UKUTU is about 640 Km2, the WMA extends from Mkulazi Forest Reserve in the East to Mikumi National

Park in the West. In the North is bounded with Ruvu river and on the South by Selous Game Reserve (Figure

4.11.1).

Figure 4.11.1: Location of Ukutu WMA

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UKUTU WMA has main three management zones in the core WMA area (Gonabis Tourist Hunting Zones,

Photographic Safaris Zones and Resident Hunting Zones). Besides these zones, the non WMA area has

about nine different land use zones with different use level (Figure 4.11.2).

Figure 4.11.2: Resource Use Management Zone in Ukutu WMA

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The large part of UKUTU is open woodland which supports a high density of ungulates such as Wildebeest,

Elephant, Buffalo, Zebra, Giraffe, Impala, Common Waterbuck, Bohor Reedbuck, Red Duiker and Sable

Antelope, Hyena, Lion, Leopard, Wild dog, and Cheetah, Hippopotamus, Hartebeest, Bushbuck, Dikdik, Bush

pig, and Warthog (UKUTU 2010; TAWIRI 2011).

3.3 Vegetation type

Most part of the WMA is dominated by open woodland, with smaller areas of scrub, dense woodland and

riparian forest, the vegetation cover is homogenous in both the lower and upper section. The WMA has also

riparian forest and dense woodland and shrubland.

Figure 4.11.3: Vegetation types in Ukutu WMA

100

3.4 Water sources

Permanent rivers in the WMA include Mvuna, Mgata/Dutumi, Mgeta, Mgeta Kafa, Ruvu, Mngazi, Malaka, and

Msalu. Seasonal rivers are Selembala, Mwanakazi, Kisegese, Nyambungo, Mikula, Mombwe and Ludete.

There are also some dams such as Kihunungu dam, Nyambunda, Nyasule, Mngetakata, Tini, and

Tanzangala dam to mention a few (Figure 4.11.2).

3.5 Airstrips

Kinyanguru and Matambwe are the closest airstrips to the WMA. Kinyanguru is just close to the WMA (Figure

4.11.2).

3.6 Roads

The WMA has major road going through it, based on our roads data, however, we believe that there are

detailed roads in the WMA which are not shown in the map though in general the WMA has poor road

network system (Figure 4.11.1. and 4.11.2).

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The WMA is bordered with the Northern part of the Selous GR (South East with Selous MK 1 hunting block)

and on the far West with Mikumi National Park (Figure 4.11.4).

Figure 4.11.4: Map of Ukutu WMA showing Adjacency

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3.8 Cultivation

According to FAO LCC, cultivation in Ukutu WMA is about 22%, cultivation was only detected from the WMA

(Figure 4.11.5). The residents of surrounding villages cultivate crops such as paddy, simsim, cassava, millet

and maize to mention a few (UKUTU 2010).

Figure 4.11.5: Map of Ukutu showing extent of Agriculture

103


The WMA is graded in category III block, the WMA has a good supply of water, however, species diversity is

not high, and this can be attributed to disturbance in the WMA due to human related activities.


Threats such as unsustainable and illegal use of natural resources, poaching for ivory, bushmeat and

uncontrolled fires and encroachments are facing the WMA. These should be attended, otherwise the block

will loose its role of being an ecological buffer zone for Selous Reserve and Mikumi National Park. There is

also boundary dispute with Kisarawe District. We call for controlling these threats for better ecological

sustainability of the WMA.

104

PART XII: UYUMBU WMA

1. Introduction

Uyumbu pilot Wildlife Management Area (UWIMA) is in Usokke Division, Urambo district, Tabora region. The

WMA is composed of four villages namely Izimbili, Izengabatogilwe, Nsongolo, Isongwa and Ussoke Mlimani.

AFRICARE Tanzania through Ugalla Community Project (UCCP) provided the facilitation process in 2004.

The WMA was formed in realization of the Government decision of devolving the management of natural

resources to the local community living close to such resources.

The process of establishing the WMA was preceded by a resource management zone exercise, whose

objectives were to identify the level of human resource use within the area, giving the extent and potential

threats of each form of human disturbance recorded in the proposed WMA. The se information served as a

basis for villages to opt for sustainable management and conservation of the area for the benefit of present

and future generations in the village and the country as whole.

105

2. WMA description

UWIMA is located in Urambo district. The WMA has a total area of 830 km2. UWIMA border with the Ugalla

North Forest Reserve on West, Ugalla Game Reserve borders the WMA on its Southern-West boundary,

while on North is bordered with Izimbili, Nsogolo, Izengabatogilwe villages, and on South it borders Walla

river (Figure 4.12.1).

Figure 4.12.1: Location of Uyumbu WMA

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According to UWIMA (2004) the WMA has six resource management zones. These zones are:

• Beekeeping zone

• Tourist hunting zone

• Resident hunting zone

• Photographic tourism zone

• Fishing zone,

• Logging/Timber harvesting zone

The above zones were delineated based on resource potential in each unit. The use of each entity are

described in the UWIMA document (UWIMA 2004). Figure 4.12.2 shows the location of UWIMA.

Figure 4.12.2: Resource Use Management Zone in UWIMA

107


According to TAWIRI database (TAWIRI 2011), UWIMA has the following species, Elephants, Lion, Bufallo,

Zebra, Warthog, Eland, Giraffe, Hartebeest, Waterbuck, Hippopotamus, Leopard, Duicker (Common), Kudu,

Reedbuck, Sable antelope, Roan antelope, Hyena, Bushbuck, Impala and other species.

3.3 Vegetation type

The area is dominated by open woodlands (Figure 4.12.3), with tree species include timber, fruit and

medicinal species. To mention a few, e.g. Pterocapus angolensis, Afzelia quanzensis, Terminalia sericea,

Julbernadia globiflora, Albizia antunesiana, Brachestigia boehemii (UWIMA 2004).

Figure 4.12.3: Vegetation types in Uyumbu WMA

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3.4 Water sources

There is water deficient in the WMA (Pers. observations). However, the main water source is the Walla river

in the South of UWIMA (Figure 4.12.2)

3.5 Airstrips

The nearest airstrip to the WMA is the Ugalla WMA. The airstrip is about 50 Km for the WMA centre. If you

use this airstrip then you have to travel by road to Izengabatogilwe village.

3.6 Roads

UWIMA has also a limited roads network across it (Figure 4.12.2). However, from outside it can be accessed

through:-

• By road from Tabora through Urambo road via Ussoke village, then Ussoke to Izimbili.

• By road from Tabora Municipal through Sikonge road to Izimbili via Tutuo and Molle in Sikonge district.

• By train from Tabora through Kigoma line to Ussoke railway station and from Ussoke station by road to

Izimbili village.

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UWIMA is bordered with Ugalla Game Reserve on South-west (Figure 4.12.4). This provide protected to the

WMA as the protection level in GR is expected higher compared to the former. Being bordered by Ugalla GR,

it allows free movement of wildlife.

Figure 4.12.4: Map of Uyumbu WMA showing Adjacency

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3.8 Cultivation

According to FAO LCC, agriculture was not either detected in village land (non WMA land) as well as in

WMA. We could not establish the reason behind for this, may be a recent imageries with human related

activities be obtained for the same analysis.


Uyumbu has scored category III, though has a good species diversity, the WMA has few water sources and

poor roads network. However, the block (Figure 4.12.5) stands a better chance of good performance when

the infrastructure systems are developed in the WMA

Figure 4.12.5: Map of Uyumbu WMA Hunting block

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Human related activities as lumbering, pit sawing, poaching, cattle grazing and settlement are threatening

both habitat and wildlife species. Increased protection, proper and careful management of the area, aimed at

reducing these threats will increase viability and flow of animals from the adjacent Ugalla Game Reserve

(UWIMA 2004). The WMA holds a great potentiality for beekeeping, fishing, tourist, and local hunting.

Conservation efforts should not be limited within the core area only, but beyond the boundaries. Therefore, for

better managing the UWIMA, a strong collaboration is needed at village levels as well as the three bordering

districts of Uyui, Urambo and Sikonge.

112

CHAPTER 4: GENERAL CONCLUDING REMARKS & RECOMMENDATION

The Wildlife Policy of 1998 (revised in 2007) recognises tourist hunting blocks (In GR, GCA, WMA, O.A and

FR) as an economically viable and sustainable use of wildlife that is consistent with the guiding principles of

high quality yet low-density tourism that can contribute significantly to the national economy. All tourist

hunting businesses are guided by the new Wildlife Conservation Act no. 5 of 2009 (sections 38-49) and its

regulations. The Governments role in the management of the hunting industry involves–among others, (i)

creating and maintaining hunting blocks (In Game reserves and in WMA), (ii) leasing such blocks to

responsible outfitters (concessioners), (iii) setting sustainable hunting quotas, (iv) supervising the

implementation of ethical hunting practices, (v) management of trophies, and (vi) management of accrued

finances. These conditions are important in hunting bussiness e.g. in WMA.

RECOMMENDATIONS

• TAWIRI reccommends to divide some of WMA blocks as suggested in the individual WMA reports. If the

recommendation of subdividing the two WMA blocks is implemented; hunting quota given to these

particular blocks should be divided into half.

• Future works by WWF regarding these WMA should include detailed data on rivers, roads, and airstrips,

possibly with names of the well known/major rivers and roads. These are important aspect in the WMA.

• The use of FAO LCC image used in the present exercise was old, about 9 years old, some changes may

have taken place since then. Future assessments should consider use of more up-to-date images.

113

6. REFERENCES

BPWMA (2005). "Resource Management Zone Plan 2005-2010 for Burunge Pilot Wildlife Management Area, Babati District, Tanzania." IKONA (2005). "Resource Managemenet Zone Plan (2005-2010) for Ikona WMA, Serengeti District, Tanzania.". IRA (2007). "Institute of Resource Assesment (IRA). Assessment and Evaluation of the Wildlife Management Area in Tanzania. Wildlife Division, Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania." JUHIWAI (2004). "Resource Managemenet Zone Plan (2004-2014) for Ipole WMA, Sikonge District, Tanzania.". Kingdon, J. (2007). The Kingdon Field Guide to African Mammals. , A&C Black Publishers Ltd, London. LAMP (2009) Sharing land with Wildlife. The Land Management Programme, Tanzania. Pg 28 MAGINGO (2010). "Resource Managemenet Zone Plan (2010-2015) for Liwale WMA, Liwale District, Tanzania.". MBARANG'ANDU (2009). "Resource Management Zone Plan (2009-2013) for Mbarang'andu WMA, Namtumbo District, Tanzania." MBOMIPA (2006). "Resource Management Zone Plan (2004-2014) for Pawaga-Idodi (MBOMIPA) WMA, Iringa District, Tanzania." Mfunda, I. and E. Røskaft (2010). "Bushmeat hunting in Serengeti, Tanzania: An important economic activity to local people." International Journal of Biodiversity and Conservation 2(9): 263-272. Minwary, M. Y. (2009). Politics of Participatory Wildlife Management in Enduimet WMA, Tanzania. Department of International Environment and Development Studies, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (UMB) MSc. Mligo, C. and H. Lyaruu (2008). "The impact of browsing and grazing pressure on vegetation community, composition and distribution pattern in Ikona Wildlife Management Area, Western Serengeti, Tanzania." Botany Research Journal 1(1): 9-32. NGARAMBE-TAPIKA (2010). "Resource Managemenet Zone Plan (2010-2015) for Ngarambe-Tapika WMA, Rufiji District, Tanzania.". Stuart, C. T. and M. D. Stuart (2006). Field Guide to the Large Mammals of Africa, Struik Publishers. Cape Town, South Africa. TAWIRI (2011). "Wildlife Survey Data in Tanzania's Protected Area, Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute (TAWIRI), Arusha, Tanzania.".

114

TUNDURU (2009). "Resource Management Zone Plan (2009-2013) for Tunduru WMA, Tunduru District, Tanzania." UKUTU (2010). "Resource Management Zone Plan (2010-2015) for UKUTU WMA, Morogoro Rural District, Tanzania." URT (1974). United Republic of Tanzania. Wildlife Conservation Act . Act No. 12, Cap 283 of 1974. , Government Press. The Government of Tanzania, Dar es Salaam. URT (2009). United Republic of Tanzania. Wildlife Conservation Act (WCA) No 5 of 2009. , Government Press. The Government of Tanzania, Dar es Salaam. UWIMA (2004). "Uyumbu Pilot Wildlife Management Area Resource Management Zone Plan 2004-2014, Urambo District, Tanzania." Wilfred, P. (2011). "Towards sustainable wildlife management areas in Tanzania." Tropical Conservation Science 3(1): 103-116.

115

7. ANNEXES

Annex I: List of huntable species aranged on safari days

S/N Species Number of safari

days Game fees per annual

(USD)

African elephant – 32kg+ 21 20,000

African elephant – 27kg+ 21 12,000 1

African elephant – 15kg/1.5m 21 7,500

2 Lion 21 4,900

3 Leopard 21 3,500

4 Oryx 21 2,800

5 Lesser kudu 21 2,600

6 Roan Antelope 21 2,550

7 Sable Antelope 21 2,550

8 Gerenuk 21 2,500

9 Greater kudu 21 2,200

10 Sitatunga 21 2,000

11 Eland 21 1,700

12 Hippopotamus 21 1,500

13 Klipspringer 21 1,200

14 Ostrich 21 1,200

15 Genet 21 250

16 Porcupine 21 150

17 Python 16 220

18 Crocodile 16 1,700

19 Zebra 16 1,200

20 Waterbuck 16 800

21 Hyena 16 550

22 Reedbuck (Mountain/Bohor/Southern) 16 450

23 Bushbuck 16 420

24 Honey badger (Ratel) 16 300

25 Serval Cat 16 300

26 Dikdik (common) 16 250

27 Duiker (common) 16 250

28 Jackal 16 250

29 Oribi 16 250

30 Steinbuck 16 250

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S/N Species Number of safari

days Game fees per annual

(USD)

31 Wild cat 16 250

32 Civet 16 200

33 Suni 16 200

34 Zorilla 16 150

35 Mongoose 10 60

36 Buffalo 10 1,900

37 Puku 10 800

38 Topi 10 800

39 Hartebeest 10 650

40 Wildebeest 10 650

41 Bush pig 10 600

42 Thomson Gazelle 10 500

43 Grant’s Gazelle 10 450

44 Warthog 10 450

45 Impala 10 390

46 Grysbok 10 350

47 Fox 10 250

48 Caracal 10 150

49 Vervet Monkey 10 120

50 Baboon 10 110

51 Doves <10 30

52 Ducks <10 30

53 Francolin <10 30

54 Geese <10 30

55 Guinea fowl <10 30

56 Pigeon <10 30

57 Spurfowl <10 10

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Annex II: List of huntable species in TAWIRI database (SISTA)

SN COMMON NAME

1 Baboon

2 Buffalo

3 Bushbuck

4 Bushpig

5 Bustard

6 Crocodile

7 Duiker Common

8 Eland

9 Elephant

10 Gazelle Grant's

11 Gazelle Thomson's

12 Gerenuk

13 Hartebeest

14 Hippo

15 Hyaena

16 Impala

17 Klipspringer

18 Kudu Greater

19 Kudu Lesser

20 Oribi

21 Oryx

22 Ostrich

23 Puku

24 Reedbuck

25 Reedbuck Bohor

26 Roan Antelope

27 Sable Antelope

28 Sitatunga

29 Steinbuck

30 Stork

31 Topi

32 Vervet Monkey

33 Warthog

34 Waterbuck

35 Wildebeest

36 Zebra

118

BPWMA (2005). "Resource Management Zone Plan 2005-2010 for Burunge Pilot Wildlife Management Area, Babati District, Tanzania." IKONA (2005). "Resource Managemenet Zone Plan (2005-2010) for Ikona WMA, Serengeti District, Tanzania.". IRA (2007). "Institute of Resource Assesment (IRA). Assessment and Evaluation of the Wildlife Management Area in Tanzania. Wildlife Division, Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania." JUHIWAI (2004). "Resource Managemenet Zone Plan (2004-2014) for Ipole WMA, Sikonge District, Tanzania.". Kingdon, J. (2007). The Kingdon Field Guide to African Mammals. , A&C Black Publishers Ltd, London. LAMP (2009) Sharing land with Wildlife. The Land Management Programme, Tanzania. Pg 28 MAGINGO (2010). "Resource Managemenet Zone Plan (2010-2015) for Liwale WMA, Liwale District, Tanzania.". MAKAME (2005). "Resource Management Zone Plan 2005-2010 for Makame Pilot Wildlife Management Area, Kiteto District, Tanzania." MBARANG'ANDU (2009). "Resource Management Zone Plan (2009-2013) for Mbarang'andu WMA, Namtumbo District, Tanzania." MBOMIPA (2006). "Resource Management Zone Plan (2004-2014) for Pawaga-Idodi (MBOMIPA) WMA, Iringa District, Tanzania." Mfunda, I. and E. Røskaft (2010). "Bushmeat hunting in Serengeti, Tanzania: An important economic activity to local people." International Journal of Biodiversity and Conservation 2(9): 263-272. Minwary, M. Y. (2009). Politics of Participatory Wildlife Management in Enduimet WMA, Tanzania. Department of International Environment and Development Studies, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (UMB) MSc. Mligo, C. and H. Lyaruu (2008). "The impact of browsing and grazing pressure on vegetation community, composition and distribution pattern in Ikona Wildlife Management Area, Western Serengeti, Tanzania." Botany Research Journal 1(1): 9-32. NGARAMBE-TAPIKA (2010). "Resource Managemenet Zone Plan (2010-2015) for Ngarambe-Tapika WMA, Rufiji District, Tanzania.". Stuart, C. T. and M. D. Stuart (2006). Field Guide to the Large Mammals of Africa, Struik Publishers. Cape Town, South Africa.

119

TAWIRI (2011). "Wildlife Survey Data in Tanzania's Protected Area, Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute (TAWIRI), Arusha, Tanzania.". TUNDURU (2009). "Resource Management Zone Plan (2009-2013) for Tunduru WMA, Tunduru District, Tanzania." UKUTU (2010). "Resource Management Zone Plan (2010-2015) for UKUTU WMA, Morogoro Rural District, Tanzania." URT (1974). United Republic of Tanzania. Wildlife Conservation Act . Act No. 12, Cap 283 of 1974. , Government Press. The Government of Tanzania, Dar es Salaam. URT (2009). United Republic of Tanzania. Wildlife Conservation Act (WCA) No 5 of 2009. , Government Press. The Government of Tanzania, Dar es Salaam. UWIMA (2004). "Uyumbu Pilot Wildlife Management Area Resource Management Zone Plan 2004-2014, Urambo District, Tanzania." Wilfred, P. (2011). "Towards sustainable wildlife management areas in Tanzania." Tropical Conservation Science 3(1): 103-116.

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