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Page 1: Catalog # 77-1008 · on our corporate website or by consultation with BS&B with respect to your specic application. Where larger sizes are called upon, all of BS&B’s rupture disk

Catalog # 77-1008

Page 2: Catalog # 77-1008 · on our corporate website or by consultation with BS&B with respect to your specic application. Where larger sizes are called upon, all of BS&B’s rupture disk

2

Custom Engineered Products

Solutions for Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEM), Aerospace and Energy IndustriesBS&B fast tracks customer projects by the e!cient use

of standard building blocks of rupture disk technology.

Many custom engineered product solutions are in

the form of an assembly that permanently combines

the rupture disk and holder device, ready for use.

Whether created by welding, screw thread connection

or custom #tting, a rupture disk assembly provides

the highest performance at the best cost. BS&B will

help you de#ne your rupture disk assembly needs

whether for a single custom designed component or

for thousands of competitively priced units. Our design

and manufacturing experience is put to work to meet

your challenge.

CapabilitiesAt the heart of our custom engineered products are a proven family of rupture disk designs, developed to achieve the wide range of burst pressures and to support the operating conditions demanded by the

OEM, aerospace and energy industries.

Rupture disk type FRBTM QRBTM MRBTM XTTM

Standard sizes

1/8, 1/4, 3/8, 1/2 and

3/4 inch

(3, 6, 9, 12 and 19mm)

1/4, 3/8,1/2 and 3/4 inch

(6, 9, 12 and 19mm)

1/4, 3/8, 1/2, 3/4, 1

through 8 inches

(6, 9, 12, 19,

25 through 200mm)

1/4, 3/8, 1/2, 3/4, 1

through 8 inch

(6, 9, 12, 19,

25 through 200mm)

Burst pressure15 to 1,000 psig

(1 to 67bar)

350 to 16,000 psig

(24 to 1,100bar)

1,500 to 70,000 psig

(100 to 4,660bar)

50 to 30,000 psig

(3.3 to 2,000bar)

Operating ratio 85% 90% 90% 80%

Vacuum resistant Yes Yes Yes Yes

Back pressure

resistance

To 15 psi

(to 1bar)

Variable, up to 1.25

times burst pressure

Up to 1 .5 times burst

pressure

To 15 psi

(to 1bar)

Fragmentation No No Yes - 1 large piece No

$e above tables are intended to provide snapshots of our capabilities. Detailed design and performance information is provided in the following pages and on our corporate website or by consultation with BS&B with respect to your speci#c application. Where larger sizes are called upon, all of BS&B’s rupture disk technology in nominal sizes 1 through 72 inches (25 through 1,800mm) can be deployed as a custom assembly.

Rupture Disk Application Solutions

Rupture disk type B, BV D, DV OTRBTM

Standard sizes

1/4, 3/8, 1/2, 3/4, 1 through

8 inch

(6, 9, 12, 19, 25 through

200mm)

1/4, 3/8, 1/2, 3/4, 1

through 8 inch

(6, 9, 12, 19,

25 through 200mm)

11/16 inch (17mm)

24UNEF-21 male thread

rupture disk welded to

body

Burst pressure

55 to 50,000 psig (1,000

for BV)

(4 to 3,516 barg (70 for BV)

150 to 1,000 psig

(10 to 70 barg)

1,000 to 14,500 psig

(70 to 1,000 barg)

Operating ratio 70% 80% 95%

Vacuum resistant Yes Yes Yes

Back pressure

resistance

To 15 psi

(to 1bar)

Variable, up to 1.25

times burst pressure

Up to 1 .5 times burst

pressure

Fragmentation Yes Yes No

Page 3: Catalog # 77-1008 · on our corporate website or by consultation with BS&B with respect to your specic application. Where larger sizes are called upon, all of BS&B’s rupture disk

3

Hastelloy is a trademark of Haynes International Inc. Monel and Inconel are trademarks of Huntington Alloys Corporation

Special RequirementsBS&B supports a number of industries o%en requiring special performance testing. Whether for design type approval or ongoing supply, special testing is a part of BS&B’s customer support program. Examples include:

Leak testing; bubble, liquid penetrant, helium mass

spectrometer

Pressure decay

Proof pressure testing; gas or liquid

Pressure cycle testing

Temperature testing; cryogenic through high temperature

Serialized identi#cation, AQA™ (Advanced Quality

Assurance) - international patents pending

Dimensional inspection; traditional metrology or CMM

PMI (positive material identi#cation)

Flow resistance testing (ASME PTC 25 method)

$is area of BS&B’s expertise is constantly evolving. For

requirements not listed, just ask!

Stainless steel

Nickel

Monel® (alloy 400)

Inconel® (alloy 600 and alloy 625)

Hastelloy® (alloy C-276)

Titanium

Tantalum

Aluminium

Materials

Inconel®, stainless steel and nickel are the most widely employed materials for custom engineered rupture disk products, and Inconel® is o%en favored for the stability of burst pressure over a wide range of temperature that it can uniquely provide. Holder components made from brass or stainless steel are most typically selected by customers. A considerable percentage of BS&B’s product output is manufactured from custom materials. Please ask us if the material you wish to use

is not listed above.

Quality AssuranceAll BS&B custom engineered products are manufactured and tested within ISO 9001 certi#ed facilities. Depending upon the industry that we are supporting, additional standards are met, including:

Aerospace, AS9100

Automotive TS16949

Nuclear ASME section III

Pressure vessels ASME code stamp and European Pressure

Equipment Directive

CE marked

Commitment to ExcellenceWhile BS&B’s products are o%en small in size, their contribution to safety and science ranges from space programs past and present, to vehicle protection systems, and the safety of the energy industry from exploration of fossil fuels to renewable power systems. Whether providing a single custom engineered product, building a few hundred simple threaded assemblies or embarking upon a journey to supply millions of items, the commitment to innovation and excellence is re3ected in our

people and our products.

$e starting point for all custom engineered pressure relief products is to de#ne the following parameters:

Burst pressure

Operating pressure and 3uctuations

Operating temperature and 3uctuations

Required relief area / opening area

Preferred materials

Mounting dimensions or design footprint

With BS&B’s wide range of rupture disk technology, there are typically several design and performance options available. Our experts are on hand to assist with the best #t among

performance, timing and budget considerations.

Custom Engineered Products

Page 4: Catalog # 77-1008 · on our corporate website or by consultation with BS&B with respect to your specic application. Where larger sizes are called upon, all of BS&B’s rupture disk

4

FRBTM Frustum Reverse Buckling Rupture Disks$e FRB rupture disk provides a reverse buckling style disk in small sizes and low pressures and is ideal for applications less than 1 inch (25mm) and low pressure ratings. $e reliable and accurate performance of the FRB has been proven in the aircra%, defense, automotive and OEM industries.

FeaturesStandard sizes: 1/4, 3/8 and 1/2 inch (6, 9 and 12mm)

Pressure ratings from 35 to 700 psig (2.41 to

Note: Most FRB disks are supplied as an assembly, o"en with screw threaded connections

Designed for non-fragmentation

Accurate and reliable burst ratings

Superior performance in cycling service

Full opening in either gas or liquid service

Withstands full vacuum

Can operate up to 80% of rated burst pressure

Low burst pressure ratings available in small diameters - 1/4, 3/8 and 1/2 inch (6, 9 and 12mm)

Standard and custom holder designs are available

Burst Pressure Capabilities

Pressure ratings at 72°F (22°C) for liquid service

Disk size

Disk material*

Nickel 200 Inconel® 600 316ss Aluminum

Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max

in mm psig barg psig barg psig barg psig barg psig barg psig barg psig barg psig barg

1/8 3 Consult factory

1/4 6 250 17.2 450 31.0 250 17.2 800 55 250 17.2 850 59 60 4 300 21

3/8 9 150 10.3 400 27.6 150 10.3 750 52 150 10.3 800 55 35 2.4 250 17

1/2 13 80 5.5 200 13.8 80 5.5 650 45 80 5.5 675 46.5 25 1.7 200 14

3/4 19 Consult factory

*Consult factory for material and burst pressure availability

Metal °F °C

Nickel 200 750 399

Inconel®

600900 482

316ss 900 482

Aluminum 250 121

Pressure ratings at 72°F (22°C) for gas or vapor service

Disk size

Disk material*

Nickel 200 Inconel® 600 316ss Aluminum

Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max

in mm psig barg psig barg psig barg psig barg psig barg psig barg psig barg psig barg

1/8 3 200 13.8 500 34.5 250 17.2 850 58.6 300 20.8 900 62.1 125 8.6 400 27.6

1/4 6 100 6.9 450 31.0 150 10.3 800 55.0 150 10.3 850 59.0 60 4.0 300 21.0

3/8 9 50 3.5 400 27.6 60 4.1 750 52.0 60 4.1 800 55.0 35 2.4 250 17.0

1/2 13 35 2.4 200 13.8 45 3.1 650 45.0 45 3.1 675 46.5 25 2.0 200 14.0

3/4 19 30 2.1 120 8.3 35 2.4 390 26.9 40 2.8 405 27.9 20 1.4 120 8.3

Disk DimensionsTo assist with the design of a rupture disk assembly, please use these core dimensions for guidance.

Nominal size A B C D

in mmFlow

diameter

*Outside

diameter

Dome

diameter

Maximum

height

1/8 3 Consult factory

1/4 6 0.22 0.55 0.32 0.05

3/8 9 0.35 0.94 0.50 0.07

1/2 13 0.53 0.94 0.75 0.09

3/4 19 0.79 1.81 0.98 0.13

48.28barg)Full opening along circular scoreSolid metal, reverse buckling technologyStandard materials: 316ss, nickel 200, Inconel® 600

and aluminum

Custom Engineered Products

High-energy lithium batteries

Fire protection equipment

Industrial gas equipment

Refrigeration systems

Aerospace energy systems

Cryogenic systems

Sample Applications

Page 5: Catalog # 77-1008 · on our corporate website or by consultation with BS&B with respect to your specic application. Where larger sizes are called upon, all of BS&B’s rupture disk

5

QRBTM Quantum Reverse Buckling Rupture Disks

$e QRB is ideal for medium pressure applications. $is reverse buckling disk is designed for extended life.

Features

Solid metal, reverse buckling technology

Standard sizes: 1/4, 3/8, 1/2 and 3/4 inch (6, 9, 12

and 19mm)

Standard materials: 316ss, nickel 200, Inconel®

600, Hastelloy® C and Monel®

Domed solid metal reverse buckling disk with

circular score opening and structural apex

forming

Pressure ratings from 350 psig (24barg) to 16,000

psig (1,100barg)

Full opening along circular score

Gas and liquid service

Resists full vacuum

90% operating ratio

Accurate and reliable burst ratings

Superior performance in cycling service

Full opening in either gas or liquid service

Withstands full vacuum

Can operate up to 95% of rated burst pressure

Standard and custom holder designs are available

Applications

- Brass Sta-KulTM

- Welded assemblies

- TorqueFitTM

US and International patents pending

Pressure ratings at 72°F (22°C) for gas or vapor service

Disk size

Disk material

Nickel 200 Inconel® 600 316ss

Min Max Min Max Min Max

in mm psig barg psig barg psig barg psig barg psig barg psig barg

1/4 6 800 55 16,000 1,100 800 55 16,000 1,100 800 55 16,000 1,100

3/8 9 800 55 14,000 965 800 55 14,000 965 800 55 14,000 965

1/2 13 500 35 10,500 725 500 35 10,500 725 500 35 10,500 725

3/4* 19 350 24 3,000 207 350 24 3,000 207 350 24 3,000 207

Custom Engineered Products

US and international patents pending

*Consult BS&B#e QRB rupture disk is available in a non fragmenting design when requested

Page 6: Catalog # 77-1008 · on our corporate website or by consultation with BS&B with respect to your specic application. Where larger sizes are called upon, all of BS&B’s rupture disk

6

Custom Engineered Products

MRBTM High Pressure Integral Reverse Buckling Disk

With its one piece leak-tight design, the MRB (Machine Reverse Buckling Disk) is ideal for high pressure applications.

Features

Standard sizes: 1/4 inch (6mm) and up

Pressure ratings available up to 70,000 psig

(4,800barg)

Opens full bore with no 3ow restrictions

Design assures long service life with a very high

resistance to fatigue

Operates up to 90% of disk pressure rating

Accurate and reliable burst ratings

Superior performance in cycling service

Withstands full vacuum

Standard and custom holder designs are available

Non-torque sensitive

Pressure ratings at 72°F (22°C) for gas or vapor service

Disk

type

Disk size

Disk material*

Hastelloy® C-276 Inconel® 600

Min Max Min Max

in mm psig barg psig barg psig barg psig barg

MRB

3/8 9 4,300 296 49,000 3,378 4,500 310 55,000 3,792

1/2 13 3,800 262 48,000 3,309 4,000 275 54,000 3,723

5/8 16 3,500 241 46,000 3,171 3,500 241 52,000 3,585

3/4 19 2,900 200 44,000 3,033 3,100 213 49,000 3,378

1 24 2,500 172 39,000 2,689 2,500 172 43,000 2,965

Nominal size A A B B C C

in mm in mm in mm in mm

3/8 9 1.0 24.5 0.38 9.5 0.32 8.0

1/2 13 1.0 25.4 0.38 9.5 0.50 12.7

5/8 16 1.3 31.8 0.38 9.5 0.63 15.8

3/4 19 1.5 38.0 0.50 12.7 0.75 19.1

1 25 2.0 50.8 0.63 15.8 1.00 25.4

(Diameter)A

C

B

Other dimensions available upon request

Page 7: Catalog # 77-1008 · on our corporate website or by consultation with BS&B with respect to your specic application. Where larger sizes are called upon, all of BS&B’s rupture disk

Custom Engineered Products

Mini XTTM Advanced Rupture

Disk Performance from a Forward Acting, Tension Loaded Design

Features

Solid metal, tension loaded rupture disk

Standard sizes: 3/16, 1/4, 3/8, 1/2 and 3/4 inch

(4.8, 6, 9, 12.7 and 19mm)

Standard materials: 316ss, nickel 200, Inconel®

600, Hastelloy® C and Monel®

Domed solid metal disk with circular score

opening

Pressure ratings from 300 to 17,000 psig (22 to

1,173barg)

Resists full vacuum

Opens full bore with no 3ow restrictions

Designed for gas service or gas driven liquid

service

‘X’ shaped score pattern; designed for non-

fragmentation

Accurate and reliable burst ratings

Superior performance in cycling service

Withstands full vacuum

Standard and custom holder designs are available

Non-torque sensitive

Operates up to 90% of disk pressure rating

Applications

- Brass Sta-KulTM

- Welded assemblies

- TorqueFitTM

Process side

Vent side

Pressure ratings at 72°F (22°C) for gas or vapor service

Disk type Disk size

Disk material

Nickel 200 Inconel® 600 316ss

Min Max Min Max Min Max

Mini XT and

Scored “B”

in mm psig barg psig barg psig barg psig barg psig barg psig barg

1/4 6 3,000 207 20,000 1,379 3,000 207 20,000 1,379 3,000 207 20,000 1,379

3/8 9 3,000 207 20,000 1,379 3,000 207 20,000 1,379 3,000 207 20,000 1,379

1/2 13 3,000 207 20,000 1,379 3,000 207 20,000 1,379 3,000 207 20,000 1,379

3/4 19 170 11.7 * * 230 15.9 * * 425 29.3 * *

1 25 100 6.9 1,450 100.0 165 11.4 1,450 100.0 175 12.1 1,450 100.0

*Maximum burst pressures are handled on a case by case basis

7

Pressure ratings at 72°F (22°C) for gas or vapor service

Disk type Disk size Aluminum

Min Max

Mini XT and

Scored “B”

in mm psig barg psig barg

1/4 6 290 20.0 * *

3/8 9 200 13.8 * *

1/2 13 140 9.7 * *

3/4 19 90 6.2 * *

1 25 80 5.5 1,450 100.0

Page 8: Catalog # 77-1008 · on our corporate website or by consultation with BS&B with respect to your specic application. Where larger sizes are called upon, all of BS&B’s rupture disk

8

Custom Engineered Products

Assembly

ConnectionsDischarge area Overall height

Inlet Outlet

in in in2 mm2 in mm in mm

AC 1 1/4 MPT FREE 0.05 31.6 13/32 27.8 11/8 28.6

A1 1/4 NPT FREE 0.05 31.6 13/32 27.8 11/8 28.6

AC 2 1/2 MPT FREE 0.20 126.0 11/4 31.8 11/8 28.6

A2 1/2 NPT FREE 0.20 126.0 11/4 31.8 11/8 28.6

A 3 3/8 MPT 3/8 SAE 0.06 40.0 17/8 47.5 11/8 28.6

A 4 3/8 MPT 1/2 SAE 0.11 71.0 115/16 49.2 11/8 28.6

A5 3/8 MPT 1/2 MPT 0.11 71.0 17/8 47.5 11/8 28.6

A 6 1/2 MPT 1/2 MPT 0.20 126.0 21/16 52.3 11/8 28.6

A 7 1/4 MPT 0.05 31.6 19/16 39.6 11/8 28.6

A 8 1/2 MPT 0.20 126.0 13/4 44.0 11/8 28.6

A 9 1/2 MPT 0.31 198.0 211/64 55.0 11/8 28.6

A 10 1 MPT FREE 0.78 503.0 27/20 59.7 2 50.8

A 19 3/4 MPT 3/4 NPT 0.44 284.0 217/25 68.1 11/8 28.6

TBD 3/4 NPT FREE 0.44 284.0 21/9 53.6 - -

AC-1 AC-2

A-4

A-5 A-7 A-8

A-9

A-10

A-19

A-1 A-2

A-6

A-3

Assemblies

Sta-KulTM Integral Single Use Assemblies

BS&B Sta-Kul type integral assemblies are supplied ready to use in a wide range of applications that include pressurized bottles, gas cylinders, hydraulic accumulators, compressed air or liquid systems, high pressure washers, autoclaves, laboratory pressure equipment, aerospace ground support equipment, or cryogenic systems.

Each assembly is leak tested before it leaves the factory. $e leak-tight capability of the Sta-Kul makes it highly desirable applications that requre a one-time use relief device. When the disk activates, the complete unit is replaced.

Sta-Kul important features:Ready to useSet pressure controlled at factoryConvenient standard threaded connectionsAvailable with FRB, B, D or XT type rupture disks

Page 9: Catalog # 77-1008 · on our corporate website or by consultation with BS&B with respect to your specic application. Where larger sizes are called upon, all of BS&B’s rupture disk

9

Custom Engineered Products

Maximum pressureMaximum

temperature

6,500 psig

(450barg)

400° F

(225° C)

TorqueFitTM AssembliesBS&B torque#t assemblies are leak-tight pressure relief devices designed for refrigeration systems, pressurized bottles, gas cylinders, hydraulic accumulators, compressed air or liquid systems, high pressure washers, autoclaves, laboratory pressure equipment, aerospace ground support equipment or cryogenic systems.

Torque#t assembly consists of:

Rupture disk

Press #t copper washer

Components are assembled together using mechanical methods and application

of torque provides leak tight seal.

BS&B TempSafTM Fusible PlugsBS&B TempSafTM fusible plugs are calibrated to activate at a predetermined temperature to provide thermally triggered pressure relief. Typically comprising a brass housing with a threaded inlet connection, TempSafTM assemblies are designed to meet the material and connection requirements of each customer.

Type SA Screw Type Safety Heads$e Type SA screw type assembly provides a body design rated to 15,000 psig (1,035barg) within which di?erent disk types can be installed to achieve burst pressures up to this value. A variety of inlet and outlet connections are provided to cover a full range of sizes below from 1/4 to 1 inch. Type B, type D and type Scored B rupture disks are available. Type SA assemblies are multiple use, the rupture disk being replaced by the user a%er a disk activation. Refer to the catalog number 77-7005 page 4 for more information.

Disk size FRB QRB Mini XT B

in mm psi bar psi bar psi bar psi bar

1/4 6 250-700 17-48 800-16,000 55-1,100 3,000-10,000 206-690 - -

3/8 9 150-650 10-45 800-14,000 55-965 - - - -

1/2 13 80-450 5.5-31 500-10,500 34-725 3,000-10,000 206-690 625-30,000 43-2,068

3/4 19 - - 350-3,000 24-207 3,000-10,000 206-690 - -

Pressure Range for TorqueFitTM Assemblies at 72°F (22°C)

Page 10: Catalog # 77-1008 · on our corporate website or by consultation with BS&B with respect to your specic application. Where larger sizes are called upon, all of BS&B’s rupture disk

10

Custom Engineered Products

Welded Assemblies

Features

Flush mounted, welded rupture disk construction

Stainless steel body with rupture disk attached

onto the process end

Customized applications available upon request

Inconel® or 316ss rupture disk

Burst pressures from 1,500 psig (105barg) to

15,000 (1,035barg).

$reads: 1/2 inch - 20 UNF, 5/8 inch - 11 NC, 3/4

inch 16 UNF, M18 x 1.5

Length: 1.82 inch up to 12 inches

Heads: slotted, hex with 1/4 inch and 1/2 inch

NPT outlet

Resists full vacuum

90% operating ratio

Extruder Rupture Disks for Protection and Relief of Excess Pressure in Plastics and Processing Equipment

Eliminates critical leak path

Tighter helium leak rate test values

Elimination of torque requirement

during installation

Elimination of a loose disk being

installed improperly

Elimination of disk damage during

installation

BS&B welded assemblies are used in a multitude of industries where design engineers specify customized overpressure relief solutions to meet required footprints. BS&B manufactures welded assemblies using a variety of rupture disks, outlined in this section, and integrates the disks with customized holders unique to the application. Advantages of BS&B’s welded assemblies include the following:

BS&B Extruders

Ensures accurate burst pressure

Can be con#gured for no axial clearance

Can be con#gured for one way installation

Can be con#gured with weld preparations

Unending variety of end connections

Can be con#gured for tight #t installations

Reduce weight for aerospace / defense

3ight programs

$e Extruder rupture disk is a 3ush-mounted welded disk prohibiting product build-up on rupture disks. Designed for protection and relief of excess pressure in plastics and processing equipment, these units are designed to #t hole-in-vessel wall with the rupture disk mounted 3ush with interior wall. Typical applications include polyethylene manufacturing equipment and plastic extruder barrels.

Page 11: Catalog # 77-1008 · on our corporate website or by consultation with BS&B with respect to your specic application. Where larger sizes are called upon, all of BS&B’s rupture disk

Oil Tool Reverse Buckling Disk (OTRB)

11

Custom Engineered Products

Features

Standard and custom burst pressure program

Certi#ed burst pressure, tight tolerance

95% operating ratio*

Circular score line for full opening

Standard body design with 11/16 inch to

24UNEF-21 male thread rupture disk welded to

body

Choice of rupture disk materials: Inconel®,

Hastelloy® C and stainless steel

Model OTRB-A designed to burst from the

annulus

Model OTRB-I designed to burst from the tubing

or drill string side

Internal 1/4 inch across 3ats hexagon drive for

installation

Corrosion resistant materials

Compact one-piece design

High back pressure resistance (Minimum 100%

of burst pressure)

Structural apex forming technology (APEX

indention)

Standard burst pressure rapid response program

Leak tight design

Simple and reliable threaded installation

Superior corrosion resistance from choice of disk

materials

Applications$e OTRB is available for use in applications where pressure activation is required including:

Activiation - used with peforation tools and liner hangers

Isolation - zone packers

Circulation - for drilling, packing, and completion tools

Communication - for drill stem testing

Stimulation - for acid tools

Materials of construction:

- Body: 316ss

- Rupture disk (Inconel® 600, stainless steel or

Hastelloy® C)

Maximum operating ratio: 95% of minimum burst

pressure

Standard burst pressure range: 1,000 to 14,500 psig (69 to

1,000barg) in 500 increments standard

Burst tolerance:

- +100 psig (6.9barg) for burst pressures 1,000 to

5,000

- + 2% of burst pressure for >5000 psig

Maximum temperature: up to 450°F (232°C)

Note: Other sizes, pressures, tolerances, and materials available upon request

*Percentage of minimum burst pressure

Description$e setting and recovery of downhole tools has always been a challenge for the oil and gas exploration industry. $e BS&B Oil Tool Reverse Buckling Disk (OTRB) o?ers higher performance than the established forward acting legacy technology.

$e ORTB is constructed from Inconel®, Hastelloy® C or stainless steel and is welded to a stainless steel threaded body. $e compact integral unit is a robust, accurate and reliable one-piece design.

$e OTRB continues BS&B’s tradition of being the #rst to provide superior reverse buckling disk technology to industry. $is solid metal reverse disk features a circular score line to control opening and structural apex forming (SAF) for burst control accuracy. $e reverse buckling disk structure is loaded in compression, avoiding the fatigue risk exhibited by traditional forward acting disks that are operated close to their rated burst pressure.