cassava value chain development linking small-holder farmers and processors to markets andrew...
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Cassava value chain developmentlinking small-holder farmers and processors to markets
Andrew Westby, Kolawole Adebayo, Lateef Sanni, Nanam Dziedzoave, Vito Sanifolo, Grace Mahende, Francis Alacho, Andrew Graffham, Louise Adeyomi,
Helena Posthumus, Adrienne Martin, Rory Hillocks, Lora Forsythe, Richard Lamboll, Paul Ilona, Adebayo Abass
Partners:
Funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
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Linking smallholders to markets
• Increasing small-holder incomes.
• Contributing to food security.
• Share lessons mainly from the Cassava: Adding Value for Africa Project.
• Not the only approach
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Cassava: Adding Value for Africa project
• Five year project starting in 2008.
• Five countries (Ghana, Nigeria, Uganda, Tanzania and Malawi).
• Each country coordinated by a small national team.
• Development and not research project.
• Supported by a grant from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
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C:AVA is a partnership project
• Led by NRI• Over 75 partners of different types:
– One lead partner per country– IITA– NGOs/public sector involved in extension with rural
level farmers/processors– Farmers associations– Other technical support organizations– Technical experts
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Our Vision...
A vibrant and competitive High Quality Cassava Flour industry based on market-led efficient production and processing which leads to a reduction in rural poverty
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C:AVA – the model
Village level Intermediate End User/Industry
Farmer(s) / Group– sells fresh roots
Processor/ bulking agent
-Peel-Grate-Dry-Mill-Bulk-Sell
Farmer(s) – processors –Pressed wet cake
Farmer(s) – processors – Cassava grits
End users/Industry
-Wheat millers-Bakeries-Biscuit makers-Traditional food products-Plywood/-Paperboard
Roots
Grits
Cake
• Ensure a consistent supply of raw material (Village level)• Ensure financially viable intermediaries (Intermediary)• Support end users to adopt high quality cassava flour (End user/industry)
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C:AVA framework
Village Processing Units
Bakeries – replacing wheat with HQCF
Farmers/Farmer Processors
Grow cassava and sell semi-processed product to intermediary
Intermediaries (private sector)
Semi-processed product
HQCF
Roots Grated roots
Value chain
BenefitsRural areas- Increased farmer incomes
- Employment
Intermediaries- Business opportunity - Employment
End-users:- Increased profitability- Lower consumer prices
Nationally- Reduced imports
Main inputs
- Business development services- Financial services- Technical support in processing- Ensure quality
-Technical support in adopting HQCF-Financial services
- Support farmer organisations- Increase cassava productivity- Support Village Processing Units- Ensure quality
Service providers capacity strengthening
Food processing industry using HQCF
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Overall progress
• Established value chains in each of the C:AVA countries.
• Increasing production of HQCF and other products.
• Increasing numbers of beneficiaries
• Improved planting and agronomic practices increased yields greater than national averages.
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HQCF production per year in East African countries
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HQCF production per year in West African countries
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Yield differences in the C:AVA operating areas and national averages
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Lessons learnt
• Need multi-point interventions in the value chain, which may differ by location and time.
• Partnerships have been essential to progress made.
• Facilitation of the value chain is very important – provision of equipment and training is not sufficient
• Public – private partnerships essential to success.
• National ownership is very important.
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Lessons learned
Rural level production and processing
Intermediary bulking/secondary processing
Industry/end users
One model, different contexts
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Nigeria
Produce/sell roots or wet cake
Flash drying
Main uses:-Wheat flour replacement-Confectionaries
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Ghana
Produce/sell roots or wet cake
Sun dried grits
Bin drying
Main uses:-Glue extender for plywood-Bakery
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Tanzania
Produce dried grits
Bulking marketing
Main uses:-Sale as HQCF-Biscuit use-Food industry
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Uganda
Bulking, milling and marketing
Main uses:-Domestic consumption-Biscuits-Bakeries-Paperboard
Produce grits or flour
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Malawi
Produce/sell roots
Groups
Produce grits and flour
Main uses:-Village bakeries
Entrepreneurs
Produce grits and flour
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Gender and diversity – C:AVA’s approach
C:AVA approach designed to integrate gender and diversity
C:AVA emphasised understanding gender and diversity in each country context: •how project outputs and plans would affect and be affected.
• factors promoting participation.
•contribute to organisational learning / training and capacity needs.
Analysis of gender and diversity along value chain•analysis at individual, household, farmer and village-based processor group levels through to SMEs, market traders and end users
•gender and diversity audit of partner organisations and service providers
•gender and diversity aspects included in baseline studies
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Gender and diversity – C:AVA’s approach
Monitoring of gender and diversity in project activities –
• indicators disaggregated by sex and diversity; e.g. membership of farmer and processor groups, participation in training, employment, leadership positions
• monitoring at household level, the impact of engaging in new products and markets on livelihoods , gender relations and food security
COUNTRY OPERATION % WOMEN
Tanzania Sun-drying 76
Uganda Sun-drying 60
Malawi Sun-drying 73
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Gender and diversity lessons
• Importance of appropriate location and timing of training and information activities for village women
• Flexibility in working hours and availability of transport increases women’s ability to work in enterprises.
• Some limits to women’s ability to exploit new opportunities due to lack of control over their labour
• Women’s access to their own plots gave them greater control over budget decisions, cost of production and access to income
• Increase in processing opportunities are empowering women, although there are some cases of tension.
• Labour, time and capital requirements of new technologies require particular scrutiny if poorer individuals and groups are to participate.
• Men’s participation in processing groups has increased, particularly working with processing equipment.
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Policy environmentNigeria
2007/8
Change in Government – less favourbale policy environment.
SME activity collapses.
Main C:AVA activities:
alternative markets; policy advocacy for HQCF inclusion in wheat.
2011/12
New Minister Change in Government policies – Government advocacy for HQCF
Main C:AVA activities:
Price competitiveness of HQCF through (a) fair pricing (b) improved flash drying; market linkages
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Quality assurance and management
• Partnership with UNBS who carried out inspections and audits.
• Partnership with end-user markets (biscuit, agri-foods, paperboard) who sent their quality control officers.
• Training of processors on quality management.
• Development of schedules, instructions and records to provide documentary evidence of quality management.
• Setting up model processing prototypes.
Interventions to assure quality in Uganda
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MarketsPotential HQCF markets as identified by the value chain study in Malawi (2009)
Market segment
Wheat flour demand (t/yr)
Estimated HQCF
HQCF prices (MK/ton)
HQCF supply chain
Price drivers
Millers 49000 4900 (10%) 168,000 Artificial Wheat flour processing costs
Rural retail 36000 7200 (20%) 189,000 sundried Processing and transportation
Biscuit 10000 2500 (25%) 144,000 artificial Cost of wheat flour
Paper board
750+reqional markets
750 (100%) 224,000 artificial Cost of corn starch & delivery cost
Other 78 78 (100%) 224000 artificial Cost of corn starch & delivery
Total 99078 15428
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Technology
• 156 flash-dryers (FD) in 127 SME’s
• 86% of FD’s poor – 11% efficiency, Output 103kg/hr 374 litres diesel/tonne
• 14% FD’s - 32% efficiency, Output 96kg, 132 litres diesel per tonne
• International standard: Efficiency 50%, 200kg/hr 76-80 litres diesel per tonne
• New design FD: 49% efficiency, Output 202kg/hr, 86 litres diesel per tonne Double output - saving $63,000/yr when compared to old models for comparable output
• Upgrade existing FD – 41% efficiency, Output 138kg/hr, 103 litres diesel per tonne
Flash dryer improvements
Before 2011 After 2011
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Technology
• Graters and presses found in the market were poor quality and break down after a few days of use
• Practical hands-on training organised for equipment fabricators with Nigerian commercial expertise
• C:AVA supported processing groups with newly fabricated improved food grade equipment
Equipment upgrades in East Africa
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Profitability and price competitiveness
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HQCF alone?
• C:AVA scope has been broadened to look at related products.
• C:AVA model is potentially applicable to other cassava product value chains.
• Examined new market opportunities for a wider range of products in Uganda and Tanzania (Example of Tanzania)
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Market segment Cassava product
Current market Short term market (t/annum)
Long term market (t/annum)
Wheat mills HQCF 0 0 17,500 - 35,000
Bakeries HQCF Limited 150-300 2,300 – 4,700
Biscuits HQCF 50-100 1,000 – 2,000 5,000 – 10,000
Home use HQCF Limited 1,000-2,500 11,000 - 25,000
Small-scale mills Grits/chips Limited 1,300 50,000
Animal feed Chips/grits 10-15 1,000 40,000-45,000
Clear beer Improved makopa
0 0 1,000 – 2,400
Traditional beer Improved makopa
0 900 10,000-12,000
Starch Fresh root 0 0 228,000
Markets identified for cassava products in Tanzania (2012)
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C:AVA is now more than a project
Additional research funding (2 projects from European Commission; 3 million Euro each):
– Research issues raised in C:AVA (FSTP funded CassavaGMarkets).
• Climate change• Brown-streak• New uses of HQCF• Improved small-scale drying• Quality management• Impacts on food security and gender
– Reduce losses in value chain and added value to waste products (Framework 7 - GRATITUDE).
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Future prospects
• Undertake impact studies in each country.
• Future growth in HQCF markets.
• Need for processing technology between sun-drying and a flash dryer.
• Impact of climate change.
• Application of the C:AVA approach to other cassava product value chains.
• Strong linkages with initiatives on seed systems and breeding.