CASSAVA-BIO FUEL CROP1

What is Cassava

The scientific name Manihot Esculenta Crantz. The cassava plant is the only species in its genus

group that serves as a food crop. It stands to be the fourth largest staple in the world

after, wheat, rice and maize. About 500 million people around the world depend

cassava as a staple food. It is the third largest source of carbohydrates in plants

used for food in the world.

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Cassava plant Cassava root

The cassava root is toxic because it contains the chemical “cyanogenic glucoside” which becomes cyanide. So processing of the root is so important

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The Cassava Plant It can grow to about 15 feet tall

The cassava plant is made up of two main parts, the leaves and the woody shrub root, both of these parts of the plant serves as a food source.

The root can come in two forms, sweet or bitter.

It can be harvested between 10 and 30 months. The root is the main part of the plant that is used

as a food source and it is dark brown on the outside and white or yellowish on the inside.

It is known as other names such as cassada, yuca, manioc, mogo, mandioca.

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Cassava Growing Areas

The crop serves as a staple food in Central America, The Caribbean, South America, Africa and Asia.

The largest producer of the crop stands to be Africa, Thailand is largest exporter of the crop.

Thailand grows the crop for export purposes, Brazil produces it for industrial purposes and Africa produces it for local food expenditure.

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Uses of Cassava

Used as a food.(floor)

In recent years, Cassava is used as an ethanol bio-fuel.

Used as animal feed and this is a big sector of the cassava market these days.(widely used in most tropical areas for feeding pigs, cattle, sheep & paultry)

Used as a medicine.(Cassava is very low in fats and protein than in cereals and pulses, Young tender cassava leaves are a good source of dietary proteins and vitamin K)

Animal feedFlour6

What is Bio fuels?• Bio fuels are energy sources made from living things, or the waste

that living things produce.

• It’s can divide in to two parts. Those are,

1. First-generation or conventional bio fuels - made from sugar, starch, or vegetable oil.

2. Second-generation or (advanced) bio fuels - made from various types of biomass.

 

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Cont……

Bio fuel can also made from the cassava. Because cassava had starch.

Bio fuel has been produced from different sources in the past.

The generally accepted sources of raw material for alcohol production from starch are cereal grains such as corn, wheat, rye, barley, sorghum grains, rice, potatoes, apple wine, and others.

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Cont……

In many countries cassava use as the bio fuels.

Such as Vietnam ,Colombia ,Ghana , Thailand Nigeria ,Africa ,China, Japan.

Bio fuel can use in many ways those are Ethanol, Biodiesel, Other bio alcohols, Green diesel, Bio fuel gasoline, Vegetable oil, Bio ethers, Biogas, Syngas, Solid bio fuels.

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Cont…… In bio fuel production mainly use peel off ground

bio mass.

stem and leaves residues are also used to produce bio fuels.

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Commercial Production Process Of Bio-fuel

The ultimate output of the following process is to produce a Ethanol which can be used as a bio-fuel.

Cassava can be said as a great crop for ethanol production because it produces high yields (30-80 ton/hectare) & projects tremendous starch content.

Therefore Cassava produce high amount of Ethanol per ton. Compared to Wheat, Corn or Sugar cane, Cassava Ethanol yields amount up to about 200 liters per ton.

Cassava roots containing 30% starch is capable of producing about 280 liters (222kg) 96% pure Ethanol. 11

Process Of Production

Basically production of Ethanol with Cassava is followed through a main five step process.

Those can be listed as

1) Grinding

2) Liquification

3) Saccharification

4) Fermentation

5) Distillation

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Grinding

Mostly cassava roots are being used for this process.

First of all the taken cassava roots should be chopped & then be ground into powder.

This step is done in order to make the

production process easier.

After that the powder is mixed well with

water.

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Saccharification

In this step Glucosidase enzyme is provided, under controlled conditions.

Usually temperature is maintained between 55-65 Celsius & the pH between 4-4.5.

Purpose of this step is to convert the starch & cellulose molecules contained, into sugar molecules.

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Fermentation

After successive saccharification procedures, the mash was cooled to room temperature.

Then the yeast extract should be added to allow the fermentation.

Saccharomyces cerevisiae contained in yeast become activated.

Due to this microbial activity starch & sugar in the sample are broken down.

Resulting products of this stage are Ethanol & Carbon dioxide.

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Distillation

As CO2 was already emitted in the earlier step as a gas, only water is left with the Ethanol.

Therefore Distillation is done to evaporate the containing amount of water & to purify Ethanol with the anticipated concentration.

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Directly used as fuel for diesel engines

What is the usage?

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• Help to reduce fossil energy use

• Results in less acidification and nutrient enrichment

• Helps to improve the fuel's life cycle environmental performance.

• To reducing the emission of the greenhouse gases.

Advantage of cassava biofuel?

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• Complex process.

• Special skills required.

• More labor requirements.

• High production cost

• Cannot be stocked / short shelf-life due to high moisture content/ high perishability

Disadvantages of cassava biofuel?

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