CASE STUDY TEACHING & DEVELOPMENT By: Shashi Tiwari

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CONTENTS

What is a Case? Case Characteristics Our approach as a Reader Types of Case situations Discussing the Case Guidelines to Develop a Case Steps in Case Writing Teaching Note Case Discussion & Presentation

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WHAT IS A CASE?

Cases are the verbal representations of reality that put the reader in the role of a participant in the situation.

A business case imitates or simulates a real situation.

Any problem may be developed as case.

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CASE CHARACTERISTICS A significant business issue or issues Sufficient information on which to base

conclusion No stated conclusion BUT, many cases have these complicating

characteristics: Information that includes “noise” Unstated information that must be inferred

from the information that is stated A non linear structure in which related

evidence is scattered throughout the text and is often disguised and left to inference

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OUR APPROACH AS A READER

Construct conclusions from the information in the text

Filter out irrelevant or low value portion of the text

Furnish missing information through inferences

Associate evidence from different parts of the case and integrate it into a conclusion

Active reading – Think as you read

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TYPES OF CASE SITUATIONS

Problems Decisions Evaluations Rules

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HOW TO ANALYZE A CASE?

A case is a text that refuses to explain itself. Understanding the situation. To analyze a

case, an individual needs ways of identifying and understanding important aspects of a situation and what they mean in relation to the overall situation

The major dilemma that confronts everyone who reads a case is they don’t know what to look for in a case.

In an active approach to solving a case, thinking and reading must go hand in hand

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CONTD……….

Active reading is interrogative & purposeful. Questions give a purpose for reading, they direct and focus study on important aspects of a study

Active reading is iterative, meaning an individual needs to make multiple passes through a case. With each iteration, the purpose of reading changes. An individual looks for new information or looking at old information in a new way.

Three concepts contribute to active reading: a goal, a point of view and a hypothesis.

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CONTD…….

Goal: Understanding the situation with the information in the case, come to a conclusion, show why your conclusion is reasonable, and discuss about other possible solutions that might have existed.

Point of view: Adopt the point of view of the protagonist.

Hypothesis: Cases don’t allow any just any hypothesis. The available evidence in the case sets the rational limit on the range of hypothesis.

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ANALYSIS OF THE CASE : THE PROCESS

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DISCUSSING THE CASE : CASE DISCUSSION SKILLS

Collaboration Overcome classroom risks

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CONTD……..

Read actively Recognize the social factor Remember how to laugh Listening is participating Reflect on what you learn Be patient with yourself

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What is the focus? Or the Case Objectives Identify the organization Parts of a case : Introduction, Body &

Conclusion Teaching notes

GUIDELINES TO DEVELOP A CASE

WHAT IS THE FOCUS? / CASE OBJECTIVES

What theories & concepts are you going to reach through the case?

Is there is a hook (theme), an overriding issue that pulls all the parts together? This can be a managerial issue or a decision that requires attention

The hook must be linked to the concept that are we are teaching.

Identify the target audience

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IDENTIFY THE ORGANIZATION

Has the organization faced the issue that you propose to write?

Identify the major protagonist Will the organization provide data? Will the organization provide permission for

publication? Identify the sources of information

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INTRODUCTION

Set the general issue Highlight a concise but interesting picture of

the main issues in the case Bring out the context and the purpose of the

case Introduce the principle protagonist Highlight objectives

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BODY

Tell the total story – the start, background of the company, background of the business environment

Maintain a chronological order Detail the specific issues faced by the

company Bring out the different sides of the

organization by quoting information from the interviews

The problems are generally not easy to resolve and have competing alternatives

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CONCLUSION

Do not state the conclusion Leave questions for the readers

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STEPS IN CASE WRITING

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STEP 1 : PLANNING

Identify the purpose of case writing task 1. what are the learning outcomes for the

case? a. what students are expected to know? b. what they are expected to be able to do, value or feel at the completion of an instructional task?

Eventually the learning outcome helps us to determine the content of the case in terms of concepts, rules and principles needed

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CONTD…

How is the case used in terms of the instructional sequence?

1. May be presented at the beginning of the instruction to elicit students’ attention 2. May also act as an anchor that supports the learning of the content or skills of the subject 3. Students may be asked to read and analyze the cases before coming to class 4. Employ a role play activity to involve

students in the problem solving process 5. May be used to assess students’ learning

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CONTD……

Identifying the learners 1. Search the common ground that you and

your readers share 2. Awareness of the level of entry skills of

the students is helpful in determining what learning issues should be pursued

Deciding what information should be put in the case

1. Determine the authenticity of the case 2. Determine the source of information

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STEP 2: ORGANIZING

In this part you tackle the problem of how to present case materials. Typically, cases are presented in a narrative format.

Structuring in a narrative form 1. What does a narrative consist of? It is a story of an event. It includes WHAT

happened, WHO was involved, WHY it happened and HOW it happened. Therefore in a narrative style, the following are impotant:

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CONTD….

a. Details of a specific settingb. A list of actors with names and descriptions

of personalitiesc. A progressive disclosure of actionsd. The problems or issues that evolve the case

How is narrative organized? 1. Chronologically 2. Order of importance 3. Start with and end, and tell the story

through a series of flashbacks

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STEP 3 : DRAFTING

What is the central idea of the case? How should the central idea of the case

should be supported? For example : If I am talking about positioning of a product, I should provide information about by current strategies of positing a product.

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STEP 4 : REVISING

This involves re – reading, evaluating, and making changes to improve the written case. Considering The following questions may help: Will the case produce the intended learning

outcome? Are the problems or issues presented in the

case related to learning outcomes? Does the case appear to be realistic? Are all the elements of narrative style used in

the case? Are the events organized in a logical order?

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PREPARING A TEACHING NOTE

A teaching note, usually, but not necessarily, produced by the author of the case, is a

document designed to give other potential instructors valuable insights into the case and the learning which can be derived from the case. Components of a teaching note:1. Summary of the case2. Teaching objectives & Target Audience3. Teaching approach 7 strategy4. Analysis5. Additional reading or references6. Feedback

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CASE DISCUSSION

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