Case Studies we need to revise / know1. PHYSICAL SYSTEMS & ENVIRONMENTS

• GEOMORPHIC LANDSCAPE (EU) OLD HARRY / HOLDERNESS

• CLIMATE: UK – MARITIME

• CLIMATE: MEDITERAINIAN

• CLIMATE: RAINFOREST

• AN ECOSYSTEM: BRAZIL RAINFORESTS

2. NATURAL HAZARDS & PEOPLE

• MEDC EARTHQUAKES SAN FRANSISCO

• LEDC ERATHQUAKES SAMOA PHILLIPINES

• MEDC FLOODS MISSISSIPI

• LEDC FLOODS BANGLADESH

3. INDUSTRY & DEVELOPMENT

• LOCATION OF HEAVY & HIGH TECH

• TOURISM IN MEDC (IBIZA)

• TOURISM IN LEDC (THAILAND)

• TNC: FORD

• AID: PRACTICAL ACTION

4. POPULATION & SETTLEMENT

• MIGRATION: MEXICO - USA

• POPULATION CHANGE: CHINA

• REGIONAL DIFFERENCES: UK

• REDEVELOPMENT: DOCKLANDS

• URBANISATION: RIO & ROCINIA FAVELLA

1. PHYSICAL SYSTEMS & ENVIRONMENTS

• GEOMORPHIC LANDSCAPE (EU) OLD HARRY / HOLDERNESS

• CLIMATE: UK – MARITIME

• CLIMATE: MEDITERAINIAN

• CLIMATE: RAINFOREST

• AN ECOSYSTEM: BRAZIL RAINFORESTS

Maritime Climate: British IslesName of place United Kingdom

Name of Climate Maritime climate

Location North West Europe

Main Features: • Cool summers & warm winters.

• West and North Wetter / South Warmer

• A prevailing wind from the southwest which is warm and moist meaning

we have on average rain on 1 in 3 days.

• Average temp = 9 degrees Total Rainfall = 600mm

Reasons for our climate:

• Latitude = We are north of the equator and further from the sun so we are cooler than other places further south.

•Gulf stream = The warm water flowing towards us from the south (gulf) keeps us mild in winter

• Prevailing wind = most common wind comes from south west and brings water from the Atlantic causing rain.

• Depressions = Low pressure comes across us and warm air meeting cool air increases amounts of rain

• Anti cyclones = High pressure blocks depressions and we have clear skies. (Freezing in winter & Hot in summer)

Mediterranean: EU ClimateName of place Mediterranean (southern Europe / Northern Africa)

Name of Climate Mediterranean climate

Location (southern Europe / Northern Africa)

Main Features: • Hot summers (40 degrees) & warm winters (5 degrees).

• Summer months June-Sep in some areas have 0mm rainfall.

• Average temp = 20 degrees Total Rainfall = 450 mm

Reasons for our climate:• Latitude = The area sits around 40 degrees north & south of the equator so is warm near the sun.

• Warm oceans = keep the winters mild as the sea cools down slowly.

• Anti cyclones = High pressure blocks depressions throughout the summer and keeps hot, dry weather with clear skies.

Equatorial Climate: Amazon- BrazilName of place Brazil (Manaus)

Name of Climate Equatorial

Location South America

Main Features: • Hot & Wet

• Temperatures vary only 2 degrees throughout the year.

• The weather pattern is the same all day every day

• Average temp = 23 degrees Total Rainfall = 2104 mm

Reasons for our climate:

• Latitude = On the equator so is closest to the sun and therefore very hot.

• Prevailing wind = Comes from the desert regions north and south of the equator (hot air)

• Convectional rainfall

Rainforest ecosystems: Amazon Name of place Amazon rainforest: Equatorial:

Location South America – Northern Brazil (on equator)

Facts: • There are 4 layers of plants in the rainforest.• Nutrient & water cycle are a big part of rainforest systems• Plants have adapted in many ways: buttress roots - SUPPORT & carnivorous plants (MORE NUTRIENTS).

Human positive impacts • Improved transportation & infrastructure for local people.• Profits from selling resources can be used to improve infrastructure (70% of the Amazon has been rented to companies by the government). • Raw materials, such as hardwood (4% of the GDP) and medicines from plants can be exported for profit.

Human negative impacts • Deforestation means more CO2 in the air. (20% Amazon is gone)• An area the size of a football pitch is lost each second• Loss of Habitat: Extinction of plant and animal species (1 a day!)• Destruction of tribal settlements / way of life. (less than 70 left)

Sustainable management • Replanting after cutting down (Afforestation)• MEDC countries only to buy government approved wood.• Create reserves for local tribes and plant & animal species. Amazon Region Protected Areas (ARPA) is the worlds largest protected area.

Pg 85 Revision guide

Geomorphic Landscape:LOCATION Old Harry Rocks, Dorset (Swanage) UK

GEOMORPHIC PROCESSESS OF ITS INITIAL CREATION

1. Chalk made up of fossilised remains of single-celled organisms that lived in the sea.

2. Fossils became compressed under the sea to form the rock

3. As sea levels fell, the chalk became exposed as a cliff.

GEOMORPHIC PROCESSESS OF ITS CURRENT STATE

Cave – Arch – Stack – Stump

HUMAN ACTIVITY

• 68% of Old Harry is being weathered more by acid rain.

• It is now an AOANB (Area of outstanding natural beauty) and is protected from footpath erosion

Holderness Coastal managementLOCATION North East England (near Hull)

CREATION Headlands and bays have been formed along this coast line due to erosion rates and caused a spit to the south due to long shore drift.

PROBLEMS Erosion: Softer ‘boulder clay’ is being eroded quickly at 2m a year

Long Shore Drift: moving the material southwards (spit at ‘Spurnhead)

EFFECTS 29 villages have been claimed by the sea in 1000 years

Farmers are losing valuable farmland

In June 1993 the Holbeck Hall Hotel slumped into the sea.

Sea defences at Mappleton are causing problems further along the coast as there is less sediment to travel down (spurn head is in danger)

SOLUTIONS £2 million was spent on putting in a ‘rip rap’ large granite blocks to absorb the waves energy at Mappleton

2 rock groynes were erected to build up the beach at Mappletopn: BUT… this led to increased erosion of farmland south of the groynes.

A sea wall has been erected at Eastington to protect the gas station Offshore reefs of old tyres have been placed in the sea along the coastline

2. NATURAL HAZARDS & PEOPLE

• MEDC EARTHQUAKES SAN FRANSISCO

• LEDC ERATHQUAKES SAMOA PHILLIPINES

• MEDC FLOODS MISSISSIPI

• LEDC FLOODS BANGLADESH

MEDC: Tectonic Hazard: San FranciscoLocation & Date: San Francisco: 17th October 1989

Plates and Boundary Type San Andreas fault: CONSERVATIVE

6.9 on the Richter scale

Cause of Earthquake: The movement of the North American and the Pacific plates at different speeds leads to build up in tension, which eventually is released as an earthquake.

Human Effects:

Physical Effects

Predictions & Preventions 808 seismometers along the boundary & Nasa satellites monitor the plate movements.

Earthquake proof buildings & Evacuation plans.

Responses: • 186 ambulance dispatched within an hour.• Within 48 hours, environmental health staff conducted a complete survey • Provided food and shelter to persons displaced by earthquake damage • Church groups who were opening up new shelters for homeless

PRIMARY

• 67 deaths

PRIMARY

• 6000 homes destroyed

• 9 bridges collapsed

SECONDARY

• 2000 made homeless

SECONDARY

• Numerous fires from burst gas pipes

• $4.4 billion in reconstruction costs

LEDC: Tectonic Hazard Case Study: Samoa / Phillipines

Location & Date Samoa September 2009: 8.1 Richter scale

Plates and Boundary Type Pacific & Eurasian plate

Cause of Earthquake: Friction between plates and 14 m high tsunami caused.

Human Effects:

Physical Effects

Predictions & Preventions A tsunami warning was initially issued by US government (from MEDC’s mainly)

Limited preventions due to low GDP (no money!)

Responses: The New Zealand government also pledged over NZ$12 million for relief efforts.

The New Zealand Red Cross appeal raised donations amounting to almost NZ$3.5 million.

Australia & USA sent troops & medical teams to rebuild the area

PRIMARY

• 189 killed

PRIMARY

• people in villages have been cut off because the main bridge was washed away.

SECONDARY

• 3000 homeless on 1 island alone

SECONDARY

• $ 147.25 million costs

• 80% of all buildings damaged due to poor construction.

Location Bangladesh, Asia

Date of Flood: 1998

Cause of Flood: • Melt water from the Himalayas (spring)• Monsoon rains (June – November)•Low land – 80% of Bangladesh is a floodplain

(1m above sea level)

Human Effects:

Physical Effects

Prediction & Prevention PREDICTION: • Very basic early warning siren system.

PREVENTION:• 7,500km of flood embankments have been constructed (FROM MUD)• major embankments around Dhaka have been suggested however lack of money has meant that these suggestions have not been taken further.

Responses: Bangladesh government to try and reduce the impact of food shortages - the government also gave 350,000 tonnes of cereal to feed locals.

LEDC: Weather Hazard

PRIMARY

• 1000 deaths

PRIMARY

• 66% of farm land flooded

• 668,000 ha of crops destroyed

SECONDARY

• 30 million homeless

• Spread of Cholera (water born diseases)

SECONDARY

• 20% decrease in production of clothes (400 clothing factories closed).

• New fertile soil the floods bring.

HUMAN CAUSES• Increasing population pressure• Increased deforestation• Lack of prevention

MEDC: Weather HazardLocation Mississippi, USA, North America

Date of Flood: 1993 (200 days of rain)

Cause of Flood: • 60cm of rain (200% more than average)• High pressure (anticyclone) stopped rain being pushed away• Saturation of soil was 100% so all rainwater was run off.

Human Effects:

Physical Effects

Prediction & Prevention PREDICTION: National Weather service ‘flood prevention website’

PREVENTION: Billions of dollars spent on: Embankments, Levees, Dams etc

Responses: • $6 billion given by government in the aid effort fro homeless.• Flood defences were rebuilt

PRIMARY

• 11 deaths

PRIMARY

• Damaged 50’000 houses

• 6.6 million acres of Farm land flooded

SECONDARY

• 54’000 evacuated & homeless

• 16 deaths from illness as a cause of the flood.

SECONDARY

• 10 airports shut

• Roads and rail closed in area

3. INDUSTRY & DEVELOPMENT

• LOCATION OF HEAVY & HIGH TECH

• TOURISM IN MEDC (IBIZA)

• TOURISM IN LEDC (THAILAND)

• TNC: FORD

• AID: PRACTICAL ACTION

Heavy Industry RhurName of place Rhur: Germany

Location West Germany (largely urban area)

Good days

19th century

• In the 19th century almost 750 industries were open.

• Employing over ½ a million people.

• An abundance of coal and iron ore with good transport of rivers & canals made it perfect for heavy industry.

Bad days

Post WW2 (1950’s)

• After WW2 the industries were closed.

• In the 1950’s coal production had reduced by over 6 million ton’s

• Competition from LEDC producers made MEDC metals & coal too expensive.

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Footloose / High Tech M4 CorridorName of place M4 corridor – Aztec business park

Location South West UK along the M4 near Bristol

What is it: Manufacturing high tech products like micro chips or medicines etc.

What they need • Educated populations (near universities)

• Good Road transport for goods and workers (M4, Bristol airport, south west trains)

• Good sized towns for enough workers.

Sustainability There are over 100 business HQ’s an high tech factories along this area such as: SONY

These business’s are ‘footloose’ so can move and therefore governments keep them by giving them tax benefits etc to keep there income from tax’s and the jobs they provide.

Ford a TNCIssue it relates to Transnational's, Changing locations of Industry,

Impacts of TNC’s on LEDC countries.

Old Location USA does all in massive ‘Ford’ factories. (They moved because it became too expensive to do things in MEDC’s)

New Location

as a TNC

HQ = Detroit USA

Manufacturing = India

Sales = MEDC’s (Europe, Japan, N’ America)

Admin = Philippines

+ve • Social: 2000 new jobs in India. 1800 white collar jobs.

• Economic: 1,800 white collar jobs provide a higher level of income for the area.

• Environmental: Improves land they develop.

-ve • Social: High paid managers are from MEDC’s so stop progression.

• Economic: All the profits (2.6billion) go back to USA

• Environmental: Using their resources and polluting the air.

Ibiza (Spain) MEDCName of place Ibiza

Tourists 18-30 clubbing tourists

Location Spanish Island:

Mediterranean ocean:

+ve • ECONOMICAL: E 939 million a year

• SOCIALLY: Creates 1000’s of jobs for local people.

-ve • SOCIALLY: Westernisation of the original culture (now drink & drugs etc)

• ENVIRONMENTALLY: Litter levels have more than tripled.

Future Sustainability Government has introduced different advertising to encourage different tourist types to visit the north of the island who will help protect and conserve nature and culture.

Pukhet (Thailand) LEDCName of place Pukhet

Location South East Asia, south of Laos.

Type of tourists • Backpackers

• Family groups

+ve • ECONOMIC: 17.29 billion baht = £3.5 billion generated.

• SOCIAL: 1 in every 10 jobs is in the tourist trade.

-ve • ECONOMIC: Drug Trade = 500 billion baht illegal money with no tax going to government and costs police forces.

• SOCIAL: Prostitution = 9% of the female population is linked to the sex trade.

• SOCIAL: Overcrowding = Thailand's population increase by 4 times in summer.

Future Sustainability Encouraging eco and cultural tourism to rainforest areas, religious temples and social projects like orphanages.

PAGE 254 IN GEOG.GCSE

Practical Action: Long term Sustainable AidProject focus: • Building bricks and homes in shanty towns.

Location of project. • Zimbabwe

Why they need aid. • Poverty in slums• Fires in slums• Inflation doubling prices every 24 hours.

Who they are helping. • Epworth Women• Youth

How they helped. • ECONOMICALLY: £1 million budget / Euros:1,110233

• SOCIALLY: Machinery, Education & Training.

•ENVIRONMENTALLY: Using locally sourced material.

Results of aid. • ECONOMICALLY: 60 new brick factories and 100 other related business’s.

• SOCIALLY: 20% Housing is now brick in shanty towns reducing fire risk.

• ENVIRONMENTALLY: Less pollution now (1 tonne of wood to make a1000 bricks is now only 150kg coal to make 1000 bricks)

Trade: Japan & KenyaJAPAN: medc

• HDI = 10th (0.960)

• Total Exports = £538.8 billion

• Total Imports = £401.8 billion

• Deficit / Surplus = £137 billion

• Main Imports = Food, Cloth

• Main Exports = secondary / high tech - Cars, Chemicals, micro chips

KENYA: ledc

• HDI = 152nd (0.491)

• Total Exports = £2.6 billion

• Total Imports = £4.2 billion

• Deficit / Surplus = - £1.6 billion

• Main Imports = Oil, machines

• Main Exports = primary - Coffee, Tea

4. POPULATION & SETTLEMENT

MIGRATION: MEXICO - USA

POPULATION CHANGE: CHINA

REGIONAL DIFFERENCES: UK

REDEVELOPMENT: DOCKLANDS

URBANISATION: RIO & ROCINIA FAVELLA

China: Changing populations LEDCLocation East Asia: bordering Japan.

Cause Before the policy the average family had 5 children each. (more than doubling the population every generation!

Population was nearing 1 billion. (1/6 of the world population)

Effects Overcrowding & congestion in cities and towns.

Lack of food: (if population growth had continued ‘starvation of millions would occur)

Solutions 1979: 1 Child Policy introduced: (Not all rural areas had same policy mainly in cities)

Parents with multiple births aren’t given the same benefits as parents of one child.

Parents have to pay money to the government in order to get permission to have another child.

Results Good

reduced population growth in the by 400 million people in 25 years.

Improved healthcare & education as less people top provide for.

Bad

Girls are not as economically good for a family as boys in China and now because of abortions & abandonment.

114 males for every 100 females.

Extremely high dependency ratio of older people relying on few economically active.

Urban Redevelopment: DocklandsLocation South East London:

Reasons for decline The port / docks were being used less because:• Modern bigger ships could not enter this far up the Thames.• ‘Containerisation’ *(things in big metal box’s) meant less people needed to take imports off boasts.• The increase in air freight not by ship.

Effects of the decline • 15% of people unemployed.• Lack of open space

Solutions

(Urban re-development)

ECONOMIC• £7.7 billion in private sector investment• 2,700 businesses trading

SOCIAL• £10 million spent on improvement council homes• 22,000 new homes• £100 million spent on health & education.

ENVIRONMENTAL• planting of 200,000 trees• network of pedestrian and cycle routes through the area

Results SUCCESSunemployment had fallen to 7%

22,000 news housing units

1000s of new jobs

FALIURE× The jobs with new businesses mainly required skills that the locals did not have.

× Locals were unable to afford the high costs of the new houses

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International Migration: Mexico - USAIssue it relates to International Migration: (1 million migrate every year)

Location Mexico & USA: North America. (2000km border)

Push & Pull Factors PULL FACTORS

•Good healthcare- 400 per doctor • Well paid jobs - GNP = $24,750) • Adult literacy rates Good 99•Life expectancy 76 yrs • Many jobs available for low paid workers such as Mexicans

PUSH FACTORS

•Poor healthcare- 1800 per doctor • Low paid jobs - (GNP = $3750) • Adult literacy rates 55% - poor education prospects • Life expectancy 72 yrs • 40% Unemployed

USA effects • Illegal migration costs the USA millions of dollars for border patrols and prisons

• Mexican migrants benefit the US economy by working for low wages

• Mexican culture has enriched the US border states with food, language and music

Mexico effects • The Mexican countryside has a shortage of economically active people • Legal and illegal immigrants together send some $6 billion a year back to Mexico • Certain villages such as Santa Ines have lost 2/3 of its inhabitants

http://www.sln.org.uk/geography/schools/blythebridge/GCSECSMigrationMexicoUSA.htm

Regional differences: Scotland vs South England

High Population densitySouth East England

Low Population DensityScottish Highlands

Longer growing season – more farming is possible

Short growing season – less farming possible

Flat land – easy to build on Mountainous terrain – difficult to build on

Fertile soils – greater crop yields Thin, infertile soils, difficult to farm

Warmer temperatures: in winter (2 degrees) and in summer (16

degrees)

Colder temperatures:Winter below freezingSummer 12 degrees

Moderate rain 625 – 750mm per year High rainfall 2000mm per year

Several international airports (e.g. Heathrow, Gatwick)

No major international airports

Well served by a range of railways A few local railways (slow)

Lots of motorways giving easy access e.g. M1, M25, M4

Difficult to build fast roads due to mountainous terrain

Urbanisation & shanty townsLocation Rochina: Rio de Janeiro: Brazil: S. America

Population growthRio grew from 7 million in 1970 to 17 million in 1990 In 2010 Rocinia had 60000 to 150000 people

Reasons for slums growth PUSH:

Poor rural lives

No healthcare

Problems Health; Sewage is left out in the street. A lack of clean water. Doctors and hospitals & Disease spreads quickly in this environment e.g: dysentery and typhoid. cholera in 1992.

Education: is limited because of a lack of funding.

Children are often employed at an early age (sometimes as young as 6)

Transport: Roads are usually earth tracks.

Solutions Low cost improvements. Existing houses have been upgraded to include a water tank that collects water, added electricity and sewers for a low cost rent. Rio city authorities have spent $500,000 on the 'Favela-Bairio' programme

Self-help schemes. People are encouraged to build their own home and the local authorities pay for the materials needed. Breeze blocks and other cheap materials are used. The money saved on labour goes on installing electricity, sewers, roads….

PULL:

Promise of jobs

Reuniting with family