case studies undp: ngata toro community, indonesia

7/27/2019 Case Studies UNDP: NGATA TORO COMMUNITY, Indonesia

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Equator Initiative Case StudiesLocal sustainable development solutions for people, nature, and resilient communities

IndonesiaNGATA TORO COMMUNITY

Empowered live

Resilient nation

Empowered live

Resilient nation


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UNDP EQUATOR INITIATIVE CASE STUDY SERIES

Local and indigenous communities across the world are advancing innovative sustainable development solutions that woor people and or nature. Few publications or case studies tell the ull story o how such initiatives evolve, the breadththeir impacts, or how they change over time. Fewer still have undertaken to tell these stories with community practitionthemselves guiding the narrative.

To mark its 10-year anniversary, the Equator Initiative aims to ll this gap. The ollowing case study is one in a growing ser

that details the work o Equator Prize winners vetted and peer-reviewed best practices in community-based environmenconservation and sustainable livelihoods. These cases are intended to inspire the policy dialogue needed to take local succeto scale, to improve the global knowledge base on local environment and development solutions, and to serve as models replication. Case studies are best viewed and understood with reerence to The Power o Local Action: Lessons rom 10 Yearsthe Equator Prize, a compendium o lessons learned and policy guidance that draws rom the case material.

Click on the map to visit the Equator Initiatives searchable case study database.

EditorsEditor-in-Chie: Joseph CorcoranManaging Editor: Oliver HughesContributing Editors: Dearbhla Keegan, Matthew Konsa, Erin Lewis, Whitney Wilding

Contributing WritersEdayatu Abieodun Lamptey, Erin Atwell, Toni Blackman, Jonathan Clay, Joseph Corcoran, Larissa Currado, Sarah Gordon, Oliver HugheWen-Juan Jiang, Sonal Kanabar, Dearbhla Keegan, Matthew Konsa, Rachael Lader, Patrick Lee, Erin Lewis, Jona Liebl, Mengning Ma,Mary McGraw, Gabriele Orlandi, Juliana Quaresma, Peter Schecter, Martin Sommerschuh, Whitney Wilding, Luna Wu

DesignOliver Hughes, Dearbhla Keegan, Matthew Konsa, Amy Korngiebel, Kimberly Koserowski, Erin Lewis, John Mulqueen, Lorena de la ParBrandon Payne, Mariajos Satizbal G.

AcknowledgementsThe Equator Initiative acknowledges with gratitude the Ngata Toro Community, and in particular the guidance and inputs o RukmTokehe (OPANT). All photo credits courtesy o Ngata Toro Community. Maps courtesy o CIA World Factbook and Wikipedia.

Suggested CitationUnited Nations Development Programme. 2012. Ngata Toro Community, Indonesia. Equator Initiative Case Study Series. New York, NY.
http://equatorinitiative.org/images/stories/events/2012events/Book_Launch/power%2520of%2520local%2520action%2520final%25202013%25208mb.pdfhttp://equatorinitiative.org/images/stories/events/2012events/Book_Launch/power%2520of%2520local%2520action%2520final%25202013%25208mb.pdfhttp://equatorinitiative.org/images/stories/events/2012events/Book_Launch/power%2520of%2520local%2520action%2520final%25202013%25208mb.pdfhttp://equatorinitiative.org/images/stories/events/2012events/Book_Launch/power%2520of%2520local%2520action%2520final%25202013%25208mb.pdfhttp://equatorinitiative.org/index.php?option=com_winners&view=casestudysearch&Itemid=858


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PROJECT SUMMARYThe Ngata Toro Communitys 22,300 hectares o traditionallands lie partly within Lore Lindu National Park, a UNESCOBiosphere Reserve located on the Indonesian island oSulawesi. Since 1993, two local organizations have worked tostrengthen traditions, customary laws, and local institutionsor sustainable use o orest, land and water resources.

The Organization or the Indigenous Women o Ngata ToroVillage (Organisasi Perempuan Adat Ngata Toro - OPANT)and the Institute or Indigenous People o Ngata Toro Village

have promoted the sustainable harvesting o non-timberorest products, low-impact agriculture, sh arming, andecotourism in and around the national park. Following therecognition o their traditional lands in 2001, the communityhas developed a series o regulations governing resourceuse within its boundaries.

KEY FACTS

EQUATOR PRIZE WINNER: 2004

FOUNDED: 1993

LOCATION: Ngata Toro Village, Sulawesi island

BENEFICIARIES: Indigenous people of Ngata Toro Village

BIODIVERSITY: Lore Lindu National Park

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NGATA TORO COMMUNITYIndonesia

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Background and Context 4

Key Activities and Innovations 5

Biodiversity Impacts 7

Socioeconomic Impacts 8

Policy Impacts 8

Sustainability 9

Replication 9

Partners 10


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he indigenous people o Ngata Toro Village live in an enclave oore Lindu National Park, a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve located onhe Indonesian island o Sulawesi. The 2,180-km park covers bothowland and montane orests, providing habitat to numerous rarepecies, including 77 bird species endemic to Sulawesi. Plant speciesnclude Eucalyptus deglupta, important medicinal plants, and rattans,

while endemic mammals include the Tonkean Macaque (Macacaonkeana tonkeana) and the North Sulawesi babirusa (Babyrousaabyrussa celebensis).

Campaigning or indigenous rights

O the Ngata Toro communitys 22,300 hectares o traditional lands,8,000 hectares lie within the National Park and have been legallyecognized by the park authorities. The Ngata Toro are involved inhe sustainable harvesting and production o non-timber orest

products, low impact agriculture, sh arming, and ecotourism thatre helping to reduce poverty, conserve the parks natural heritage,nd build sel-reliance. The recognition o their customary rights to

and has made the people o Ngata Toro a best practice study orndigenous peoples in Indonesia and in the wider region. The parkuthorities have also acknowledged the communitys traditionalnowledge o local biodiversity and customary resource use laws,

working collaboratively with the villagers inhabiting the parkn monitoring and sustainably managing orest resources. The

nitiative has also promoted the use o non-timber orest productsn traditional handcrats and as organic ertilizers that can generatencome or orest-dwellers.

Engaging all community stakeholders

he Ngata Toro Community consists primarily o two groups: theOrganization or the Indigenous Women o Ngata Toro VillageOrganisasi Perempuan Adat Ngata Toro, or OPANT) and the Instituteor Indigenous People o Ngata Toro Village. The two institutionsre made up o representatives rom seven sub-villages o Ngata

Toro; the initiative has sought to engage all elements withinNgata Toro community, including village government, indigeinstitutions, women, religious gures, and youth members.

Beyond its impact in the sub-villages o the Ngata Toro commuthe initiative has achieved an impressive level o global expoand replication. Using presentations, seminars, workshops, symposiums organized by its partner organisations and internatactors, the indigenous men and women o Ngata Toro have beento share their experiences with a diverse array o similar communrom around the world. The high degree o knowledge exchangepeer-to-peer learning the group has engaged in has ensured th

has played a leading role in these international processes, inspothers by proling its success in promoting indigenous and womissues in the context o local conservation and development.

Background and Context


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Key Activities and Innovations

he key activities o the Ngata Toro community have been topreserve the ecosystem o the Lore Lindu National Park throughevitalizing indigenous knowledge and traditional laws o access,ontrol and sustainable use o natural resources, and to obtainconomic benets rom the preservation and conservation o theropical orest ecosystem in which they live to ensure sustainableevelopment. Since 1993, the community, represented by the

nstitute or Indigenous People o Ngata Toro Village and OPANT, hasarried out initiatives aimed at strengthening traditions, customaryaws, culture, and local institutions or the sustainable use o orest,and and water resources or the benet o all community members.

Participatory beginnings

he initiative began with community-led discussions on thenterrelated challenges acing the Ngata Toro people: namely, the

over-exploitation o natural resources, the lack o legal recognitiono their lands, and low household income levels. A positive catalyst,meanwhile, was the high level o natural potential in the Ngata

oro customary land. These initial discussions led to a customaryillage Musyawarah, or mediation process, at the community level.he community then began mapping their traditional land andocumenting indigenous knowledge and customary laws, andppointed a community member as a local orest ranger.

ased on a participatory mapping exercise, the group then identiedand usage zones based on their customary resource use system.

With assistance rom legal experts and academics, in 2000-2001 theommunity began negotiations with the Lore Lindu National Parkuthorities or the recognition o their traditional land and customary

aws. This was ultimately successul, leading to the communityrawing up a series o village regulations governing resource use

within their 22,300 hectares o orestland. The agreement andegulations were disseminated throughout the communitys sevenub-villages; indigenous institutions were empowered to overseeesource use, and a number o village enterprises were begun,

including sh arming, animal husbandry, and handicrats mrom bamboo, palms, rattan, and tree bark.

Multiaceted orest management

Some o the primary threats the community has had to include the clearing o orest or agriculture, a practice thatcommonplace among communities living on the orests e


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he initiative has also combated the hunting and trapping owild pigs and anoa (Bubalus depressicornis, also known as Dwar

ualo) within the orest, and has reduced logging o teak or usen constructing local dwellings. In place o these environmentallyarmul livelihood activities, the initiative has provided training inering orest guiding services to tourists, and producing traditionalandicrats rom non-timber orest resources or sale. Lore Lindu

National Park received 2,000 visitors in 2007: the high volume o

ourism oers multiple opportunities or community members tobenet economically. The group has also undertaken replanting oorest areas where tree clearing had led to soil erosion during heavyains.

Bringing local and external stakeholders into the old

nherent to the solutions put orward by the Ngata Toro initiative ishe belie that challenges can be overcome i all stakeholders sharen interest in sustainable orest management or mutual gains.

Disagreements have been resolved through the orums o villagemeetings and indigenous meetings, which deal with problems inhe community related to human relationships (Hintuwu) and theelationship between humans and nature (Katuwua). Both orms o

meetings are attended by representatives o all sectors o the Ngataoro people. The initiative has brought together the National Parkuthority, the regional government o Sigi Regency, academics,

nternational environmental NGOs, and the indigenous people oNgata Toro to conserve the orest ecosystem. Since 2001, the group

as also ocused on disseminating the results o their work to otherndigenous Indonesian communities, emphasizing the role o localnstitutions and customary law in environmental conservation.

The initiative has also pioneered several innovative methodcommunicating ideas both within the Ngata Toro commuand to outside observers. These have included technoloinnovations, such as training the local orest ranger in usincompass, binoculars and walkie-talkies or monitoring huactivity within the orest boundaries. The Ngata Toro communityalso eectively disseminated inormation through publicationscampaigns on indigenous knowledge to other indigenous groliving around the orest boundaries. Finally, training in sustainorest management techniques has been given to members oOrganization or the Indigenous Women o Ngata Toro Villagethe Institute or Indigenous People o Ngata Toro Village to empothem as local conservation leaders.

Fig. 1: Ngata Toro Land Use

ource: Ngata Toro


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Impacts

BIODIVERSITY IMPACTS

ollowing the demarcation o the 18,400 hectares o the Ngata Toroommunitys traditional land located within the conservation area,he initiative has devised strategies or the sustainable management

o the communitys orest. Participatory land-use mapping and spatialplanning have dened sustainable land-use zones that delineatediscrete areas or resource extraction and utilization, and thoseprioritized or conservation. In the latter, or instance, regulationshave prohibited the elling o teak trees or construction. As a result,

ommunity members have reported an increased number o largeeak trees within Ngata Toros conservation area.

The initiative has given training in the production and use oorganic ertilizer using compost prepared with local plant and

nimal materials, and acilitated by a stimulant composed omicroorganisms that has reduced armer dependence on chemicalertilizers, and in turn maintained water quality and avoided chemicalun-o. Previously, swidden arming had resulted in the loss o manyocal medicinal plants and agro-biodiversity; similarly, poaching

meant that animal species were located ar rom villages. Currecommunity members are spotting many endemic species arms again. Local orest rangers also conduct routine patrols inindigenous orest o Ngata Toro, aiding in biodiversity monitoKey protected species include the Dians Tarsier (Tarsius diaBabirusa (deer hog), Pygmy Tarsier (Tarsius pumilus), Sulawesi Cuscus (Ailurops ursinus urvus), Sulawesi rat (Rattus celebensis)the Sulawesi Palm Civet (Macrogalidia musschenbroekii). Endbird species protected include the Maleo owl (Macrocephmaleo).

Measuring the benets o conservation

The Ngata Toro orest has become a popular site or researclocal and oreign academicians working in orestry conservationcommunity-based institutions. Since 2000, community memhave worked with the Indonesian-German collaborative reseproject titled Stability o the Rainorest Margin (STORMA). project has intensively investigated orest clearing in the NatPark and its buer zone, concluding that the protected area stat

Table 1: Ngata Toro Community occupations

Primary occupation Year

1993 1998 2003 20

Subsistence armer (peasant) 60% 50% 35% 2

Crop armer (cacao, coee, vanilla, paddy eld) 5% 7% 20% 3

Sel-employed businessman 1% 1% 1.50%

Artisan 1% 1% 1.50% 2.5

Teacher, district government employee, village midwie 0.50% 0.50% 1%

Research assistant, local orest ranger 0% 0.20% 0.50%

ource: Ngata Toro


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he park has resulted in a reduction o the deorestation rate o 9%.Ngata Toros indigenous knowledge has been documented in theorm o a movie by village indigenous youth, while OPANT has

produced a book o traditional medicine plants and customaryaws. Associated social and economic benets rom the improved

ecological integrity o the park have included the availabilityo traditional medicines in indigenous orest o Ngata Toro, theavailability o clean water sources, the availability o irrigation

water or elds tree elling is prohibited in the parks river basinand decreased incidences o ooding and landslides thanks toeorestation projects.

SOCIOECONOMIC IMPACTS

The initiative has helped to diversiy livelihood options orcommunity members, decreasing reliance on high-impact activitiesuch as hunting endangered animals, harvesting rattan in theorest, and swidden agriculture, which have been regulated byhe reintroduction o customary law. Community members are

more typically engaged in cultivating annual crops such as coee,cacao tree and vanilla in small elds outside the conservation area.Ecotourism and ethno tourism within the Lore Lindu National Park,meanwhile, have combined to boost alternative income-generatingopportunities or the Ngata Toro community.

The increase in small-scale cultivation can be explained by thentroduction o new arming methods, making agriculture more

nancially attractive to community members. The use o organicertilizers and the reintroduction o traditional plant varieties have

helped to reduce poverty, as traditional and organic crop varietiesyield a higher market value than non-organic crops. There is agrowing market in Indonesia or traditional medicine and medicinalplants. Crops in Ngata Toro that are grown organically include local

varieties o rice, cacao, coee, vanilla, traditional medicinal plants,

herbs and vegetables. The reintroduction o medicinal plmeanwhile, has helped to reduce household spending by cuhealth care costs.

Other social benets o the Ngata Toro initiative includepreservation o indigenous culture, with its close ties betwhuman communities and nature. Collaboration between vavillage institutions and substantial capacity building had helpe

improve the organizational capacity o the Ngata Toro commuwhile the leading roles played by women and indigenous pein the Ngata Toro initiative have helped to improve the positioboth groups.

POLICY IMPACTS

By revitalizing traditional resource practices and access lawsNgata Toro community has strengthened indigenous governademonstrating its eectiveness as a strategy or local conservation and development. Traditional nes and social sancare used to discourage illegal activities; a system o customaryhave been developed to regulate extraction and use o naresources; and permits are issued to allow resource extraction within the Ngata Toro lands. These permits are issued by the vigovernment, and are co-signed by the communitys Organizaor the Indigenous Women o Ngata Toro Village and the InstitutIndigenous People o Ngata Toro Village.

The impacts o this process have been elt at many levels. In Ngataitsel, the policy has achieved widespread acceptance among the indigenous and non-indigenous communities, demonstrathe power o social sanctions and customary norms as deterto resource over-exploitation. The community consistently adhto customary laws mutually agreed by the Hintuwu Libu Ngata

highest customary Musyawarah in Ngata Toro.

The process also gained acceptance at the district level, wheredistrict government recognized the regional autonomy o NToro in legislation in 2004, and has gained exposure at bothregency and national level. The Ngata Toro case has been usbest practice model or indigenous peoples across Indonesia ladjacent to National Parks and state orests. In an eort to apolicy, the Institute or Indigenous People o Ngata Toro Villarepresented as a stakeholder in decision-making meetings withNational Park authorities and orest department. For instancepolicy success as a result o lobbying by the Ngata Toro commis that members are now permitted to harvest coee planted in

National Park beore it was designated a conservation area.

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Since the commencement of the Ngata Toro initiative, there have been a lot of changes in the

community, especially in forest management, because people are deterred by the indigenous

sanctions that are applied. For example, before our initiative, many people engaged in illega

logging and harvesting forest products: now, few people set traps and hunt in the indigenous

forests of Ngata Toro.

Mr. Said, Forest Ranger of Ngata Toro


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Sustainability and Replication

SUSTAINABILITYhe initiatives sustainability relies heavily on the wealth o indigenousnowledge and customary laws that make up the communitysraditional heritage, and continued cooperation between the whole the community and the institutions that represent Ngata Toro.

Cultural norms passed down rom generation to generation stronglymphasize the interconnectedness o human welare and theatural environment. These relationships are captured by the ideas Hintuwu and Katuwua, ocusing on relations between humansnd with their natural heritage. The Ngata Toros Hintuwu Libu Ngata

plays an important role in mediating between community members,while inclusivity is enabled by the active participation o a wide

ange o community members.

he initiative is not viewed merely as a project; instead it has aimedo change attitudes to community stewardship o natural resources.ince its inception, the Ngata Toro community has sought to instill

n all members the concept o the orest as the source o sustainableuman livelihoods.

REPLICATION

ollowing the success o community-based orest management inNgata Toro, the community has reached out to other indigenous

ommunities bordering the Lore Lindu National Park seeking toeplicate their success. Two villages Sungku and Oo Parese are

working with Ngata Toro in revitalizing customs, traditions and theirndigenous knowledge to manage local resources.

n Sungku Village, an attempt to transer management o orestwithin the National Park to the village community, along the lines

the Ngata Toro model, was not successul. Instead, control o thepark remained in the hands o the central government. However,

project undertaken by OPANT in 2005-2006, with support romhe UNDP-implemented GEF Small Grants Programme, has helped

to build the capacity o the villages indigenous womens groudeveloping non-timber traditional handicrats, using bark crattan and bamboo, and environmentally riendly agriculture.

In contrast, eorts to strengthen customary laws and institutions in Oo Parese Village have been successul. The village o Marenas traditional land has been legally recognwithin the National Park, and has been managed and monitcollaboratively by the community since 2007. The villages traditinstitutions and womens group have played the roles oTotua Nand Tina Ngata local terms or Village Male and Female Elderslead decision-making in partnership with the village governmResidents o Marena sub-village in Oo Parese are now able to ha

coee rom within the Lore Lindu National Park conservation and implement traditional regulations in managing and supervcustomary areas that are accepted by the Lore Lindu National Ofce.

The Ngata Toro community has shared knowledge and best pracwith many other communities in Central Sulawesi province, around Lore Lindu National park and urther aeld, as weproling its success within Indonesia and internationally. AroLore Lindu National park, this has included the ollowing cases:

In 2005, the community worked with the indigenous commo Lempe Village, Central Lore district, during an inorma

sharing session or community groups around Lore LNational Park, acilitated by CARE.

The same year, Ngata Toro representatives also shared knowledge on the role o audiovisual media in advocatintraditional communities, in cooperation with the Small GProgramme (SGP).

From 2005 to 2006, over 22 months, OPANT was engagecapacity building with communities around Lore Lindu NatPark, including Sungku Gimpu, as well as the villages o PanTuwa, Lempelero, and Pilimakujawa, as part o an SGP-unproject.


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For eight months in 2008, OPANT was engaged in capacitybuilding with local institutions in 14 villages in the areas o SouthLore and West Lore, as part o USAIDs SERASI programme.In 2009, the community advocated on behal o the rights o thecommunity o Lindu in concordance with the UN Declarationon the Rights o Indigenous Peoples and the principle o Free,Prior and Inormed Consent in cooperation with the IndigenousPeoples Alliance o the Archipelago (Aliansi Masyarakat Adat

Nusantara - AMAN).

Other eorts to replicate the communitys success within Centralulawesi have included:

In 2007, the Ngata Toro initiative was engaged in strengtheninglocal institutions in the indigenous Banggai community, whichhad been aected by natural resource exploitation in the ormo nickel mining and a palm oil plantation. Again, this workinvolved OPANT working closely with the Indigenous PeoplesAlliance o the Archipelago (AMAN).In 2008, together with the Palu Red White Foundation, NgataToro encouraged the recognition o the Tau Taa traditionalcommunity in Central Sulawesi Province.In the same year, the initiative also worked with Salena Villagetraditional community; this activity was sel-nanced by OPANT.Also in 2008, the community shared its experiences with atraditional community in Togean Islands National Park, during aregional conerence unded by the Samdhana Institute. In 2009,Ngata Toro undertook similar work with a Banggai traditionalcommunity on the roles and unctions o local institutions intraditional communities, during a regional conerence alsounded by the Samdhana Institute.

t the national level, representatives o Ngata Toro community

ave participated in events across Indonesia since 2005. These havencluded the Traditional Womens Solidarity Congress (Makassar,005); National Parks Congress (Bogor, 2006); a tourism congress

Makassar, 2007); and the Natali Forest Congress (in 2008, held inakarta).

inally, the group has been well-represented at international orumsn conservation, community-based development, and indigenouseoples issues. These have included the ollowing high-level events:

Asian Indigenous Womens Network Congress (Bagio City,Philippines, 2004)Convention on Biological Diversity Workshop (India, 2005)

8th Conerence o the Parties to the Convention on BiologicalDiversity (Curitiba, Brazil, 2006)6th Session o the UN Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues(New York, 2007)UN meeting on climate change, (New York, 2008)Asia Pacic NGO Forum to mark Beijing+15 the 15-year reviewo the Beijing Platorm or Action on the Commission on theStatus o Women during which OPANT delivered a presentationon the impacts o climate change (Manila, Philippines, October2009)

In addition to playing a role in these national and internatiprocesses, the Ngata Toro community has also becomprehensively documenting their indigenous knowleand customary laws governing natural resource use, to be as a negotiating tool or the recognition o customary righta broader scale. OPANT, meanwhile, is establishing traditiwomens groups as a means o rebuilding culturally-based geequality in many other communities bordering the National P

Further dissemination o the Ngata Toro model has been enathrough the role played by two community members in the regiindigenous peoples organisation, Indigenous Peoples Alliance oArchipelago (AMAN): currently, one member serves as chairpeo the Central Sulawesi ofce, while a member o OPANT serves Directorate o Womens Empowerment.

PARTNERS

CARE International - Indonesia: have helped to deliver clean wsupplies to Ngata Toro; gave nancial aid or the developmennon-timber traditional handicrats; gave nancial aid to OPANthe development o the womens groups in Ngata Toro and SunVillage; and acilitated the writing and publishing o Women Conservation publication.

The Nature Conservancy: nanced the documentation o traditlaws in the villages o Sungku and Bolapapu.

The Free Land Foundation (Yayasan Tanah Merdeka): conducapacity building with the Ngata Toro community to helestablishing rights and sovereignty over its traditional land; aided in participatory mapping o the Ngata Toro traditional lan

Stability o the Rainorest Margin (STORMA) Project: provincentive costs or local orest rangers in monitoring Ngata Totraditional land or one year.

Researchers rom Bogor Agricultural University helped to acilworkshops on local regulations, and developed a ramework responsibilities or the relationship between the dierent institutin Ngata Toro.

Lore Lindu National Park Authority: have hosted meetings to dismanagement o the National Park; have also paid the plane tcosts o three traditional handicrat trainers to train the Ngata non-timber traditional handicrat group.

UNDP-implemented Global Environment Facility Small GrProgramme: has acilitated an audiovisual documentation worksor the indigenous youth o Ngata Toro; unded the publishindocumentation on local knowledge and medicinal plants in NToro; and unded a campaign on the initiative and local institutin Ngata Toro through printed media and a village video book.


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The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) is the UNs global development network, advocating or change and necting countries to knowledge, experience and resources to help people build a better lie.

The Equator Initiative brings together the United Nations, governments, civil society, businesses and grassroots organizatio recognize and advance local sustainable development solutions or people, nature and resilient communities.

2012 by Equator InitiativeAll rights reserved

FURTHER REFERENCE

Adhikari, T. 2006. Lessons rom the Equator Initiative: An Analysis o Partnerships and Cross-Scale Institutional Linkages in Forestry/AForestry Related Cases. University o Manitoba. http://www.umanitoba.ca/institutes/natural_resources/pd/Adhikari_Tech_Rep_JulypdShohibuddin, M. and Aoyama, G. 2010. Creation and Management o Diverse Secondary Forest in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia.Thamrin, T. S. 2007. The Management o Conficts over Natural Resources: A case study rom the Lore-Lindu National Park, Central SulaIndonesia. STORMA.. http://webdoc.sub.gwdg.de/ebook/serien/yo/STORMA/SDP22.pd
http://www.equatorinitiative.org/images/stories/com_winners/casestudy/case_1348261414.pdfhttp://www.equatorinitiative.org/images/stories/com_winners/casestudy/case_1348164031.pdfhttp://www.equatorinitiative.org/images/stories/com_winners/casestudy/case_1348164297.pdf

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