Case readings

To enable readers to explore the background of the cases used to introduce the chapters in Parts 2 and 3, additional reading on each of the seven cases is provided below. Brief comments on the references are also provided to indicate the main issues covered and perspectives adopted by the respective authors. Where appropriate, details of the web site of the case organisation are also listed.

Part 2

Chapter 4

General accounts of the history of British Airways are provided by Corke (1986) and Campbell-Smith (1986). More specific analysis of employee relations in BA, and the changes introduced in the 1980s and 1990s, are provided by Colling (1995a), Heller (1992), Hopfl (1993), Hopfl et al. (1992) and Goodstein (1990). The latter's account is subject to a scathing critique by a former BA manager (Tate, 1991). Gil (1990), ITF (1992) and Cappelli (1995a) offer international perspectives on management strategy in the industry, in particular attempts to cut costs and improve quality of service, while Hochschild (1983) focuses on the management of 'emotional labour'. http:/ /www.british-airways.com/

Chapter 5

Coates and Topham (1991) provide an excellent historical account of the formation of the T&GWU, while Snape (1994a) and Fisher (1995) consider the more recent policy of the Union. Recent T&GWU publications emphasise the importance of the organising model to the Union's current recruitment activities, which are discussed in more detail by Turnbull (1997). The contrasting case for union servicing is made by Bassett and Cave (1993). The TUC has also produced a number of useful reports on union organising (for example TUC 1996a, 1997). More general reviews of union organising and recruitment campaigns are provided by Mason and Bain (1991) and Snape (1994b), while Gallie (1996) and Whitston and Waddington (1994) consider the reasons why

345

346 Case readings

employees join trade unions. The pros and cons of union moderation versus union militancy are discussed by, inter alia, Bacon and Storey (1996), Kelly (1996) and Kelly and Waddington (1995). http:/ /www.tgwu.org.uk/

Chapter 6

The history of employee relations in the UK docks is chronicled by Turnbull et a[. (1992), who also provide a detailed account of the state's involvement in the industry (see also Turnbull, 1993) and of the 1989 national dock strike. The law played a key role in the defeat of the dockers in 1989 (see Simpson, 1989), but there were arguably more important long-term, structural forces at work that more adequately account for the collapse of worker solidarity during the strike (see Turnbull, 1992). The arguments for deregulation can be found in the former Conservative government's White Paper (Department of Employment, 1989), although a more engaging critique is provided by David Davis MP (1988). Proponents of abolition have subsequently claimed that deregulation was a success (for example Dale, 1991; Employment Gazette, July 1990; and Finney, 1990), although more detailed and comprehensive analysis suggests a very different picture (Evans et al., 1993; Saundry and Turnbull, 1996, 1997; Turnbull, 1991 b, 1993; Turnbull and Wass, 1995; and Turnbull and Weston, 1993a, band c).

Part 3

Chapter 7

The contemporary development of employee relations at British Steel is examined in more detail in Blyton (1992c, 1993). The more recent of these also provides greater background information on the development of employee relations prior to the series of changes in the 1980s. Other sources of historical material and analysis include Docherty (1983), Bowen (1976) and Upham (1980, 1990). For an account of the managerial thinking behind these recent changes, see Avis (1990), while for a trade union perspective see Docherty (1983) and Bacon et al. (1996). The particular events surrounding the national steel strike are also well documented in Docherty, and by Hartley et al. (1983). A comparative examination of the work organisation changes can be found in Morris eta[. (1992). There is also a substantial body of literature on the North American and European steel industry. On the former see Hoerr (1988), while on the latter see Franz (1991) and Houseman (1991). Broader-based reports on the world steel industry can be found in Yachir (1988) and ILO (1992). http:/ /www.britishsteel.co.uk/

Chapter 8

The managerial perspective on the development of employee relations at Nissan is well described in The Road to Nissan, written by the company's former UK Personnel

Case readings 347

Director, Peter Wickens (1987). This can usefully be read in conjunction with the main critique of Nissan's approach and philosophy written by Garrahan and Stewart (1992), who argue that Nissan's emphasis on 'quality, flexibility and teamwork' should in fact be read as 'control, exploitation and surveillance' (ibid:59). For a more summary account of work organisation and employee relations at Nissan, see Oliver and Wilkinson (1992), who include the company as one of several cases of Japanese firms operating in the UK. For a more general discussion of recent developments in employee involvement, see Hyman and Mason (1995), Marchington (1992, 1994, 1995), Marchington eta/. (1992) and Ramsay (1992). http:/ I www.nissan-europe.com/ index.html

Chapter 9

The structure, operations and management of Marks & Spencer are explored in detail by Tse (1985), ranging from buyer-supplier relations, human relations policy and wider corporate responsibility to the community. Lord Sieff (1986) provides his own account of M&S in his memoirs. The M&S philosophy of 'good human relations' is summarised in a short article by Lord Sieff (1984) in Personnel Management, and is elaborated in more detail in his book On Management (1990). Turnbull and Wass (1998) offer a critique of 'Marksist management' and explore employee perceptions of sophisticated paternalism in a major high street retail store. Employee relations in small, non-union clothing firms such as Sew & Son that manufacture for M&S are discussed in a series of articles by Rainnie (1984, 1985a, 1985b) and his more general text on Industrial Relations in Small Firms (1989). http: I I www .marks-and-spencer.com/

Chapter 10

Contrasting accounts of the ambulance workers' dispute are provided by NHS chief executive Duncan Nichol (1992), and Kerr and Sachdev (1992), research officers with NUPE (the principal union involved in the dispute). Nichol presents an essentially unitarist account of the strike, while Kerr and Sachdev emphasise the importance of union cooperation, strategy and public opinion during the dispute. A more general account of employee relations in the health service is provided by Seifert (1992). For a recent and thorough review of industrial conflict in the UK, see Edwards (1992). An excellent analysis of the most important theories of industrial conflict is provided by Franzosi (1995).

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Author index

Abbott, B., 276, 277 ACAS, 302 Ackers, P., 231, 235, 236, 237, 273, 347 Adams, R.J., 5 Adamson, R., 11, 20 Addison, J. T., 337, 338 Adeney, M., 152 Ahlstrand, B., 59, 86, 95, 207, 247 Aldington, Lord, 44 Amin, A., 39, 59 Anderson, F., 174 Andrews, M., 114, 115 Anthony, P. D., 71, 73, 100 Armstrong, P., 84, 214 Ascher, K., 171 Ashton, D.J., 276 Ashworth, M., 71 Atkinson,}., 258 Atkinson, T., 45 Auerbach, S., 158, 161, 162, 166 Avis, R., 187, 188, 346

Bach, S., 170, 171, 172, 205, 206, 311 Bacon, N., 94, 100, 124, 187, 188, 209, 345,

346 Bacon, R., 167 Bailey, R., 60, 111, 170 Bain, G. S., 24, 115, 116, 118, 137, 196 Bain, P., 105, 115, 118, 129, 134, 276, 345 Bamber, G.J., 52 Bannock, G., 253 Bassett, P., 5, 98, 136, 251, 259, 262, 267,

345 Bate, P., 242 Batstone, E., 10, 40, 91, 100, 110, 118, 124,

201, 235, 293, 309, 313 Bayliss, F., 6, 95, 193, 288, 301

383

Bazen, S., 332 Beadle, R., 206 Bean, R., 314 Beardwell, 1., 7, 288 Beatson, M., 190 Beaumont, P. B., 8, 40, 58, 60, 116, 120-1,

167, 168, 170, 171, 172, 191, 193,205, 216, 232, 248, 252, 258, 259, 260, 267, 273,276,278,311,328,343

Belanger,}., 200 Benhayoun, G., 332 Bercusson, B., 338 Berry, L. L., 81 Best, M., 35 Beynon, H., 39 Bird, D., 114, 117, 130 Bishop, M., 175 Bitner, M.J., 81 Blackburn, R. A., 59 Blackwell, R., 60, 164 Blyton, P. 4, 6, 9, 10, 11, 20, 23, 47, 49, 57,

60, 62, 75, 82, 86, 92, 106, 110, 133, 1~1~1~1~1~1~1~1~ 200, 202, 204, 209, 210, 213, 214, 224, 227, 228, 229, 230, 238, 242, 326, 341, 343, 346

Bolton, J., 252, 261 Bonavia, M. R., 143 Booms, B. M., 81 Booth, A., 115, 205 Booth, C., 16 Boraston, 1., 124, 293, 313 Bowen, P., 346 Bowles, S., 30 Boyer, R., 46, 117, 326, 331 Brady, T., 263, 266, 269 Brannen, P., 118, 235

384 Author index

Bratton, J., 56 Braverman, H., 4, 36 Brewster, C.J., 86 Brotherton, C., 265 Brown, C., 312 Brown, M., 326 Brown, R. K., 23, 29, 32 Brown, W., 19, 21, 78, 87, 123, 165, 166,

190,193,201,203,216,254,292,301 Brunhes, B., 326 Buchanan, R. T., 131 Bullock Committee of Inquiry, 228 Burawoy, M., 78 Burn, R. V., 310 Burrell, G., 11, 12 Burrows, R., 253, 254, 255, 263, 269 Butler, R. J., 76, 122 Byrne, D., 256

Cairns, L., 259 Cameron, K. S., 55 Campbell, M., 53 Campbell-Smith, D., 70, 71, 72, 73, 78, 345 Cappelli, P., 21, 22, 55, 96, 97, 345 Carley, M., 240 Carlzon, J., 81 Carruth, A, 115 Caulkin, S., 56 Cave, A., 131, 132, 136, 275, 345 CBI, 65, 203, 314 Chadwick, M.G., 123 Chadwick-Jones, J. K., 312 Charles, R., 230 Chester, T. E., 197 Child, J., M., 88, 89, 95 Church, R., 306, 308 Clack, G., 308 Clark, J., 62, 133 Clark, P., 84 Clark, S.C., 229 Claydon, T., 95, 120 Clegg, C., 227, 228 Clegg, H. A, 15, 18,20-1,22, 24, 27, 77,

194,196,197,199,202,225,281,308 Cliff, T., 198 Clifton, R., 278, 310 Coates, D., 42, 48, 109, 125, 126, 149, 153,

156 Coates, K., 131, 230, 294, 297, 304, 345 Cohn, S., 289 Cole, G. D. H., 230 Collard, R., 229

Colling, T., 71, 73, 121, 171, 152, 170, 172, 174, 345

Collis-Squires, N., 160 Commons, J. R., 26 Constable, J., 100 Canyon, M.J., 175 Cook, F. G., 229 Cook, P., 314 Corke, A, 69, 70, 71, 72, 78, 345 Cornfield, K. G., 100 Cornwall, J., 43 Coutts, K., 42 CPA, 141 Crafts, N., 40 Craig, A, 20 Craig, C., 261 Cray, D., 76, 122 Cregan, C., 276 Creigh, S. W., 310 Cressey, P., 78 Cronin, J. E., 294, 304, 305 Cross, M., 46 Crouch, C., 125,149,151,154,155,242,243 Cully, M., 113, 114, 115, 259 Curran, J., 61, 253, 254, 255, 258, 261, 262,

263, 265, 269, 270, 277 Currie, R., 197

Dabscheck, B., 5 Dahrendorf, R., 193 Dale, B., 229 Dale, 1., 53, 146, 253, 257, 346 Daly, A, 100 Daly, M., 53, 253, 254, 261 Daniel, W. W., 62, 215, 232, 253, 292 Darlington, R., 124 Dash, J., 142 Dastmalchian, A, 11, 20 Davidson, W.N., 55 Davies, A, 215 Davies, J., 293 Davies, R.J., 153, 299 Davis, D., 144, 145-6, 346 Dawson, P., 239 Deaton, D., 91, 205 Deery, S.J., 311 Delafield, G., 265 Delbridge, R., 238, 239, 240 Deming, W. E., 239 Demos, 65 Department of Employment, 139, 145,

146-7,150,151,163,166,346

Devlin, Lord, 143, 160 Dickens, L., 160, 165, 166, 266, 279, 336 Dickson, T., 267 Dietrich, M., 39, 59 Disney, R., 115, 118, 121 Docherty, C., 170, 186, 346 Donnelly, E., 118 Donovan, 21, 22, 144, 158, 198, 199, 200,

222,307-8 Dore, R., 35, 60, 64, 333 Drucker, P., 245 Dubin, R., 290 Dubois, P., 313, 316 Due, J., 333 Dunlop, J. T., 19 Dunn, S., 7, 34, 122, 165, 166, 191, 210, 303 Dunning, J. H., 40 Durcan, J. W., 198, 290, 294, 297, 305, 308 Dyer, L., 229

Edgeworth, F. Y., 18 Edwardes, M., 79, 85, 92, 201 Edwards, P. K., 9, 10, 23, 24, 28, 30, 31, 35,

36, 39, 52, 59, 61, 77, 84-5, 87, 90, 91, 92, 101, 122, 123, 137, 149, 151, 154, 166, 203, 205, 206, 207, 212, 214, 236, 266, 291, 300, 301, 302, 306, 307, 308-9, 311, 313, 314, 315, 316, 317-8, 347

Edwards, R., 36, 84 Elgar, J., 160, 163, 166, 301 Elger, T., 46, 91, 101, 200, 239 Elliott, J., 229, 230 Ellis, V., 109, 131 Elsheikh, F., 115, 196 Eltis, W., 167 Emerson, M., 64 Enderwick, P., 340 Engels, F., 16 Evans, N., 141, 147, 175, 346 Evans, S., 62, 156, 166, 257, 278, 300 Ewing, K., 156, 162-3, 166, 176

Fairbrother, P., 121, 124, 164, 239 Farnham, D., 25, 118 Patchett, D., 118, 235 Fells, R. E., 5, 28 Felstead, A., 60 Ferner, A., 48, 60, 91, 115, 152, 170, 171,

172, 173, 174 Feuille, P., 20, 21, 28-9 Fevre, R., 62, 187

Filipcova, B., 12 Filipec, J ., 12

Author index 385

Fine, B., 35, 43, 154, 168, 175 Finegold, D., 45 Finney, N., 204, 346 Finniston, M., 100 Fisher, C. H., 311 Fisher, J., 106, 345 Flanders, A., 20, 21, 22, 76, 125, 149, 192,

200 Flood, P., 278 Ford,]., 269, 278 Forsyth, P., 71 Fosh, P., 139, 164, 165, 301 Foulkes, F. K., 252 Fox, A., 6, 15, 23, 86, 102, 202, 242, 334 Franz, H. W., 187, 209, 346 Franzosi, R., 34, 304, 347 Fraser, C. R. P., 229 Fredman, S., 171 Freeman, R., 115 Freeman, R. B., 277 Frenkel, S., 124, 293, 313 Friedman, A. L., 36, 84, 100 Frost, P., 86, 202, 228 Fry, G. K., 172

Gall, G., 120, 133, 166, 213-14, 303 Gallagher, C., 253, 254 Gallie, D., 10, 114, 115, 116, 118, 136, 276,

307, 345 Garnsey, E., 261 Garrahan, P., 133, 221, 236, 346 Garratt, M., 141, 147, 175, 346 Gil, A., 96, 97, 345 Giles, L., 118 Gill, C. G., 86 Gintis, H., 32 Godfrey, G., 123 Godley, W., 42 Goffee, R., 252, 263 Gold, M., 240 Goodman,]., 170, 191, 231, 235, 236, 237,

278, 347 Goodstein, L. D., 72, 83, 90, 98, 99, 345 Gordon, C., 100 Gordon, D. M., 30, 80, 84 Gosling, A., 118, 121, 157 Gospel, H. F., 26, 194 Goss, D.M., 253, 256, 261, 263,266 Gourlay, S., 260, 270-1 Gow, 1., 100

386 Author index

Grahl, J., 338, 341 Gray, A., 59, 86, 88, 89, 93 Green, F., 113, 115, 117, 272, 278 Gregg, P., 56, 120, 203, 209, 210 Gregory, M., 99 Griffith, J. A., 159 Griffin, J.I., 291 Gronroos, C., 81 Grunberg, L., 311 Guest, D., 9, 87, 92, 267, 270 Guille, H., 5, 31 Gunnigle, P., 263, 266, 269

Hakim, C., 47, 101, 254 Hall, M., 52, 77, 154, 165, 166, 240, 241,

279, 338 Halmos, A.M., 109, 131 Hamel, G., 63-4 Hamil, S., 71, 250, 251, 268 Hampden-Turner, C., 35 Hancke, B., 331 Handy, C., 100, 259 Handy, L.J., 310 Hannah, J., 224 Hanson, C. G., 161, 288, 289, 303 Harbison, F. H., 193 Hargreaves, L., 278 Harris, C., 185 Harris, L., 35, 154, 158, 175 Harris, R.I. D., 120-1, 258, 260, 273, 276 Harrison, E., 78, 82 Hart, M., 266 Hart, T.J., 90 Hartley, J., 186, 346 Haslam, C., 40, 80 Hawes, W. R., 10, 87, 90, 116, 119, 120,

121, 122, 123, 132, 190, 191, 194, 196, 203, 204, 205, 212, 213, 216, 222, 231, 232, 233, 234, 254, 259, 260, 263, 266, 269, 272, 300, 301

Hayek, F. A., 161 Heery, E., 105, 110, 124, 134, 135, 190, 272,

275, 276, 303 Heller, R., 71, 72, 74, 345 Hendry, C., 59 Henley, A., 327, 330 Herzberg, F., 247 Hibbett, A., 231 Hickson, D.J., 76, 122 Hill, C. W. L., 76, 206 Hill, J. M. M., 316 Hill, S., 229, 239

Hillard, J., 153 Hinton, J., 195 Hitchens, D. M. W. N., 100 Hochschild, A. R., 81-2, 312, 345 Hoel, B., 256 Hoerr, J.P., 53, 346 Holmes, J., 61 Holroyd, G., 254, 259, 260, 261, 262, 263,

265-7,269,270,277,278,279 Hopfl, H., 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 345 Hoque, K., 87, 267, 270 Hoskins, M., 276 House of Lords, 40, 43 Houseman, S. R., 185, 346 Howells, D., 247 Hubbard, N., 214 Hudson, R., 53 Hutton, W., 35, 39, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 80,

97, 98, 149, 151, 156, 157, 177, 327 Hyman, J., 200, 228, 229, 231, 347 Hyman, R., 6, 7, 10, 13, 15, 20, 21, 22, 24,

25, 27, 52, 77, 78, 85, 101, 122, 125, 127, 139, 154, 159, 160, 164, 200, 290, 291, 292, 293, 294, 299-300, 303, 306, 310, 311, 318, 330, 342

lbbs, R., 170 IDE, 226 lEA, 156 ILO, 39,346 Incomes Data Services, 335 Industrial Relations Services, 338, 341 Ingham, G., 263 Ingram, P.N., 91,209-10 IRRR, 133, 134 ISR, 57, 65, 132 ITF, 96, 97, 345

Jackson, M.P., 193, 197, 203 James, K. M., 73 Jenkins, G., 228 Johns, G., 315, 316 Johnston, S., 276 Jones, B., 77 Jones, M., 266 Jones, R. M., 314 Joseph, Sir Keith, 150 Juran, J. M., 239

Kahn-Freund, 0., 3, 149 Kaldor, N., 43

Kaufman, B., 8, 28 Kay, J., 80, 81, 175, 327 Keenoy, T., 34, 61, 77, 151 Keep, E., 44 Kelly, C., 311 Kelly, J., 5, 8, 79, 105, 110, 111, 113, 114,

117, 118, 124, 127, 130, 134, 135, 136, 141, 142, 143, 144, 146, 152, 166, 186, 204, 272, 275, 276, 278, 292, 311, 345, 346

Kennedy, J., 164, 288 Kerr, A., 280, 281, 282-3, 284-5, 286, 347 Kerr, C., 305, 307, 310 Kerr, J., 53, 253, 257 Kessler, I., 77, 100, 205 Kessler, S., 6, 95, 193, 288, 301 Kilpatrick, A., 200 Kinnie, N., 212 Kirosingh, M., 114, 130 Klein, J., 239 Knowles, K.G.J.C., 292,314 Kochan, T., 229 Kornhauser, A., 290

Labour Research Department, 276 Lamb, H., 39,252 Lane, C., 311 Lane, T., 53, 259 Lavalette, M., 164, 288 Laverick, S., 326 Lawson, T., 200 Layard, R., 44 Lazonick, W., 32 Legge, K., 9, 60, 90-1, 92, 136, 239, 251 Leopold, J. W., 127, 164, 165, 203 Lewin, K., 98 Lewis, P., 114 Lewis, R., 150, 158, 160, 161, 162 Lipsky, D., 229 Lischeron, J. A., 223, 229 Littlefield, D., 339 Littler, C., 80 Lloyd,}., 152, 160 Lloyd, P., 60 Lockwood, D., 32 Lowe, J., 73, 219 Lubbock, J., 228 Lumb, A. L., 194 Lyddon, D., 299, 306

Macaulay, I. R., 261, 268, 272, 276, 277 Macfarlane, A., 268, 269, 272, 273

Author index 387

Machin, S., 118, 121, 157 Macinnes, J., 10, 47, 78, 154, 213, 231, 258 MacKay, R., 45 Mackay, L., 91 Madsen,]. S., 333 Maguire, M. J., 276 Makeham, P., 310 Mallory, G. R. 76, 122 Mangham, 1., 100 Mansfield, R., 23, 86, 202, 228 Marchington, M., 13, 59, 64, 77, 78, 80, 82,

94, 96, 97, 100, 123, 213, 224, 231, 232, 234, 235, 236, 237, 238, 347

Marginson, P., 10, 39, 52, 59, 61, 77, 87, 90, 154, 193, 203, 205, 206, 207, 212, 214, 240, 339, 340

Marglin, S., 26, 30, 80, Mars, G., 276, 315, 316 Marsden, D., 210 Marsden, R., 15, 18, 19, 20, 22, 25 Marsh, A., 91, 200 Marshall, A., 3, 17, 18 Marshall, Sir Colin, 72 Martin, R., 10, 59, 61, 87, 90, 139, 164, 165,

203, 205, 206, 207, 212, 301 Martinez Lucio, M., 172, 213, 336, 342 Marx, K., 16-17, 25-6 Maslow, A. H., 83 Mason, B., 105, 115, 118, 129, 134, 228, 229,

231, 276, 345, 347 Mason, C., 259, 260 Massey, D., 53, 259 Mather, G., 161, 288, 289, 303 Mayer, C., 175 Mayhew, K., 44, 166 Mayo, E., 227 McCarthy, T., 15 McCarthy, W. E. J., 5, 11, 109, 124, 131,

176, 194, 198, 243, 290, 293, 294, 297, 305, 308

McCormick, R., 100 McGregor, D., 83, 227 McHugh, D., 83, 84, 85 Mcilroy, J., 109, 125, 126, 136, 165 McKay, S., 120, 133, 166, 303 McKersie, R.B., 194, 199 McLachan, H. V., 267 McLoughlin, 1., 251, 260, 270-1 Mellish, M., 160 Mellor, M., 224 Melman, S., 84 Meltz, N.M., 5

388 Author index

Mesher, J., 166 Metcalf, D., 47, 56, 116, 117, 118, 165, 166,

202, 303 Miliband, R., 148 Millward, N., 10, 87, 90, 113, 116, 119, 120,

121, 122, 123, 132, 190, 191, 196, 203, 204, 205, 212, 213, 216, 222, 231, 232, 233, 234, 254, 259, 260, 263, 266, 269, 272, 292, 300, 301

Milner, S., 190, 300 Minford, P., 149, 155, 156 Morris, G., 142, 171, 283 Morris, H., 139, 164, 165, 301 Morris, J., 143, 187, 188, 306, 308, 309, 326,

346 Morris, T., 11, 129, 212 Morton, G., 120, 139 MSF, 275 Murphy, A. J., 242 Myers, A., 100

NACAB, 156, 157 Napier, B., 166 Naylor, R., 114, 115 Neale, A., 41, 100, 101, 156, 158 New, C. C., 100 Newell, H., 132 Nichol, D., 281, 283, 285, 286, 289, 347 Nichols, T., 5, 21, 40, 100, 101, 174, 201,

311 Nicholson, N., 186, 200, 227, 228, 229, 292,

312, 314, 315, 316, 346 Nolan P., 19, 31, 43, 78, 156, 158 Noon, M., 57, 82, 151 Norrgren, F., 229 Northrup, H. R., 340

O'Connell Davidson, J., 174 O'Donnell, C., 168 O'Higgins, P., 341 Oakland, J. S., 239 OECD, 46, 48, 49, 165 Offe, C., 76, 149, 275 Ogbonna, E., 82 Ogden, S., 174, 175, 198, 201, 202, 206 Oliver, N., 39, 63, 219, 221, 267, 346 Organising Works, 107, 137, 138 Outram, Q., 306, 308 Overbeek, H., 333 Owen, G., 44 Owen Smith, E., 184, 195

Palmer, G., 26 Panitch, L., 150 Parasuraman, A., 81 Parker, P., 13, 59, 64, 77, 78, 80, 94, 96, 97,

100 Parker, P.A. L., 194 Parkin, F., 148 Parsons, T., 19 Pateman, C., 229, 242 Pavitt, K., 100 Payne, C., 276 Pearson, P., 45, 52 Pelletier J., 115 Pendleton, A., 60, 115, 167, 172 Penn, R., 10, 118 Percy, S., 39, 252 Peters, T., 252 Phillips, G., 145 Phizacklea, A., 256, 261 Pickard, J., 204 Pickering, J. F., 76, 206 Pilger, J., 286 Pimlott, J., 25 Piore, M., 258 Plowman, D. H., 311 Pollert, A., 62, 258 Ponak, A.M., 229 Pond, C., 256 Poole, M., 20, 23, 86, 93, 202, 228 Popham, P., 217 Porter, M. E., 40, 64 Prahalad, C. K., 63-4 Price, R., 118 Prior, P., 267 Purcell, J., 10, 39, 59-60, 61, 77, 86, 87, 88,

89, 90, 91, 93, 95, 97, 98, 100, 191, 203, 205,206,200212,214,247

Quiney, M., 45, 52

Rainbird, H., 44, 62 Rainnie, A. F., 246, 253, 254, 255, 256-7,

259, 260, 261, 262, 263, 265, 266, 268, 270,277,279,347

Ram, M., 257, 258, 260, 261 Ramsay, H., 62, 224, 227, 235, 236, 336,

337, 339, 347 Randlesome, C., 100 Ray, G. F., 41 Redman, G. P., 198, 290, 294, 297, 305, 308 Reed, M., 100 Reich, M., 84

Reynolds, L. G., 192 Ricardo, D., 16 Richardson, R., 210 Richbell, S., 86 Ritzer, G., 39 Roberts, D., 200, 308 Roberts, G., 200, 308 Roberts, I., 254, 259, 260, 261, 262, 263,

265-7, 269, 270, 277, 278, 279 Roberts, K., 229 Rojot, J., 326 Ronge, V., 149 Rose, M., 10, 77, 83, 84, 115, 118, 136 Ross, A.M., 290 Rowan, R. L., 340 Rawlinson, M., 88, 89, 95 Rowthorn, B., 154 Roy, D., 315 Rubenowitz, S., 229 Rubery, J., 52, 100, 101, 261, 264 Rubin, M., 210 Rubinstein, M., 335

Sabel, C., 258 Sachdev, S., 280, 281, 282-3, 284-5, 286,

347 Sadler, D., 53 Salaman, G., 80 Salmans, S., 255 Salsbury, P. L., 248, 268 Sapper, S., 136 Sapsford, D., 18, 143, 144, 306, 308, 309,

310, 312, 314, 315 Saunders, ]., 326 Saundry, R., 141, 143, 147, 164, 173, 175,

212, 288, 346 Sawbridge, D., 254, 259,260, 261, 262, 263,

265-7, 269, 270, 277, 278, 279 Sayer, A., 53 Sease, R., 251, 252, 263, 269 Scott, A., 101 Scott, M., 254, 259, 260, 261, 262, 263,

265-7, 269, 270, 277, 278, 279 Screpanti, E., 304 Scullion, H., 266, 313, 314 Seifert, R., 171, 206, 309, 347 Semeonoff, E., 229 Sewell, G., 239 Shalev, M., 287 Sharma, V. M., 55 Shorter, E., 305-6 Shutt, ]., 61, 256

Author index 389

Siebert, W. S., 337, 338 Sieff, M., 245, 246, 247, 248, 249, 250, 256,

262, 347 Siegel, A., 305, 307 Silver, M., 100 Simpson, B., 152, 160, 162, 163, 166, 301,

346 Sinclair, D. M., 276 Sisson, K., 10, 39, 52, 59, 61, 72, 77, 86, 87,

88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 97, 98, 154, 192, 194, 196, 197, 198, 201, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 212, 213, 216, 240, 340

Skinner, M., 265 Slichter, S. H., 192 Smart, D., 10, 87, 90, 116, 119, 120, 121,

122, 123, 132, 190, 191, 196, 203, 204, 205, 212, 213, 216, 222, 231, 232, 233, 234, 254, 259, 260, 263, 266, 269, 272, 300,301

Smith, C., 88, 89, 95, 273 Smith, C. T. B., 310 Smith, D. N., 306, 308 Smith, G. B., 218 Smith, M., 43, 64 Smith, P., 120, 139, 164, 165, 273, 301 Smith, S., 69, 70, 71, 72, 75, 345 Snape, E., 105, 106, 109, 118, 134, 276, 345 Soskice, D., 45 Spencer, S., 69, 70, 71, 72, 75, 345 Spilsbury, M., 276 Sproull, A., 258 Stafford, A., 15 Stanfield Tetreault, M., 81 Stanworth, J., 261, 263, 265, 277 Stephenson, G., 265 Stevens, J., 45 Stevens, M., 10, 87, 90, 113, 114, 116, 117,

119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 130, 132, 190, 191, 196, 203, 204, 205, 212, 213, 216, 222, 231, 232, 233, 234, 254, 259, 260, 263, 266, 269, 272, 300, 301

Stewart, P., 133, 221, 236, 346 Stirling, ]., 224 Storey, J., 3, 9, 72, 73, 74, 77, 84, 87, 90, 92,

94, 100, 124, 207, 213, 345 Strauss, G., 20, 21, 2&-9 Streeck, W., 64, 65, 329 Stroby-Jensen, C., 333 Sutcliffe, F., 166 Sutcliffe, P., 141, 147, 175, 346 Swales, K., 267 Sweeney, K., 114, 293

390 Author index

T&GWU, 104, 105, 107, 108 Tannenbaum, A. S., 229 Tarling, R., 100 Tate, B., 76, 99, 345 Tatton-Brown, C., 278 Taylor, B., 239 Taylor, L., 313-14, 316 Teague, P., 338, 341 Terry, M., 122, 123, 124, 164, 197,284, 286,

329 Thirlwall, A. P., 47 Thomas, B.J., 142 Thomas, M., 72 Thomason, J., 253, 254 Thompson, A. F., 15 Thompson, M., 210 Thompson, P., 83, 84, 85 Thomson, 1., 240, 241 Tillsley, C., 231, 233, 236 Tilly, C., 305--6 Topham, T., 131, 294, 297, 304, 345 Trist, E. L., 316 Trompenaars, A., 35 Tsakalotos, E., 327, 330 Tse, K. K., 246, 247-8, 255, 256, 347 TUC, 45, 165, 276, 331, 345 Tuck, K., 203 Turnbull, P., 30, 40, 56, 57, 59, 62, 63, 64,

83, 107, 108, 120, 134, 137, 141, 142, 1~1~1~1~1~1~1~1~ 166, 168, 172, 173, 175, 204, 211, 212, 218, 224, 238, 239, 240, 272, 278, 288, 292, 306, 307, 308, 309, 310, 312, 314, 315, 345, 346, 347

Turner, H. A., 200, 308 Turner, T., 278

Undy, R., 109, 131, 139, 164, 165, 301 United Nations, 46 Upchurch, M., 118 Upham, M., 346 Ursell, G., 6, 193, 194, 197, 200, 227, 228,

229, 230

Vandamme, J., 241

Waddington, J., 52, 77, 101, 112, 113, 115, 117, 118, 124, 128, 131, 134, 136, 137, 154, 236, 278, 311, 328, 345

Wadhwani, S., 165, 166, 301 Wadsworth, J., 56 Wagner, K., 100

Walker, R., 53 Wall, T., 223, 227, 228, 229 Walsh, J., 193, 203, 210, 214 Walton, P., 313-14, 316 Walton, R. E., 194, 199 Wardlow, A., 40 Warhurst, R., 75 Wass, V., 56, 57, 64, 83, 141, 146, 147, 175,

211, 247, 248, 251, 267, 346, 347 Waterman, R., 252 Watson, R., 175 Webb, B., 15, 18 Webb, J., 239 Webb, S., 15, 18 Wedderburn, Lord, 150, 155, 159, 161,

162, 211 Weekes, B., 266 Weekes, B. C. M., 160 Welch, R., 150 Weston, S., 59, 62, 120, 141, 143, 147, 160,

168,204,213,224,336,342,346 Westrip, A., 278 Wheeler, D., 81 Whipp, R., 84 White, M., 63 White, P., 118, 235 Whitehouse, G., 52 Whiteside, N., 145 Whitston, C., 101, 112, 118, 124, 128, 136,

137, 236, 311, 314, 315, 328, 345 Whittington, R., 61, 256 Wickens, P., 5, 217, 218, 219, 220, 251, 346 Wiesenthal, H., 76, 275 Wigham, E., 297 Wilkinson, A., 231, 235, 236, 237, 239, 347 Wilkinson, B., 39, 63, 82, 219, 221, 238,

239, 267, 346 Wilkinson, F., 63, 100 Williams, J., 40, 80 Williams, K., 40, 80 Willis, P. E., 32 Willman, P., 85, 106, 116, 129, 131, 132,

273, 274, 275, 330 Willmott, H., 239 Wilson, D. C., 76, 122 Wilson, D. F., 160, 168 Wilson, R. H. H., 97 Winchester, D., 5, 52, 77, 154, 167, 168,

170, 171, 172, 205, 206, 272, 274 Winkler, J. T., 76 Winterton, J., 60, 115, 167 Wood,R.C.,261,268,272,276,277

Wood, S., 11, 62, 79, 212 Woodland, S., 113, 114, 115, 259 Woolfson, C., 141, 142, 143, 144, 146, 152,

166, 204, 292, 346 Worrell, D. L., 55 Wray, D., 269 Wright, M., 21, 122, 191, 210

Author index 391

Yachir, F., 346 Yates, A., 117, 120, 203, 209, 210 Yeandle, D., 133 Young, H., 166

Zeithaml, V. A., 81

Subject index

absenteeism (see also industrial conflict), 229, 266, 312

accidents, 147, 307, 311, 393 Advisory, Conciliation and Arbitration

Service (ACAS), 115, 125, 157, 179, 186, 221, 284, 302

agreements, see collective bargaining Air Russia, 79 airline industry (see also British Airways

and under individual airlines), 96-7, 312, 326

competition, 70 computer reservation systems, 96-7 customer care, 69-70, 72-3, 81 deregulation, 75, 96 'hub and spoke' networks, 96-7 National Sectional Panels, 73-4

alienation, 17 Amalgamated Engineering and Electrical

Union (AEEU), 119, 129, 131, 220--1, 275, 341

Amalgamated Engineering Union (AEU) (see also AEEU), 119, 131, 220, 341

ambulance workers, 215, 280--6, 292, 298, 300, 307, 309, 313, 319

comparability, 280-1, 289 industrial action, 280, 282--4, 287, 289,

293,319 morale, 281, 282, 289, 319 pay determination, 280--2 public support, 284--5 union strategy, 284--6

American Airlines, 79, 97 anomie, 65 Appeal Court, 140, 152 arbitration (see also ACAS), 20, 23, 133, 196 armed forces, 53

Associated British Ports (ABP), 152, 172, 173, 204

Associated Society of Locomotive Engineers and Firemen (ASLEF), 134

Association of Cinematograph, Television and Allied Technicians (ACTT) (see also BCTU), 131

Association of Scientific, Technical and Managerial Staffs (ASTMS) (see also MSF), 119, 130

Attlee, Clement, 153 Austria, 293, 300 authority see management automotive industry (see also individual

motor manufacturers), 39, 59, 212, 302, 307,308

Ayling, Robert, 75

balance of payments, 42, 152, 153 ballots, see legislation and strikes banking industry, 203, 306 Banking, Insurance and Finance Union

(BIFU), 119, 134 bargaining, see collective bargaining Bedford Vans, 39 Belgium, 41, 293 Black & Decker, 251 Blue Circle, 328 BMW, 59 British Aerospace, 204 British Airlines Stewards and

Stewardesses' Association, 78 British Airways (BA), 8, 69-76, 78-9, 81,

83, 85, 89, 90, 91, 94, 95, 97, 98-100, 101-2,173,240,311-12,325

baggage handlers, 71, 72, 74 cabin crew, 72, 74, 75

392

check-in, 72, 73 collective bargaining, 7~, 75 corporate culture, 69, 71, 79 customer care, 69-70, 72-3, 81 efficiency, 71, 75 employment, 70-1, 75 pilots, 74, 75, 83 privatisation, 70, 71, 75 profits, 70-1 strikes, 70, 74, 75, 79, 311-12 trade union representation, 7~, 78

British Airports Authority, 173, 207 British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC),

148 British Caledonian, 72, 78 British Coal (see also National Coal

Board), 48, 173 British Energy, 173 British European Airways (BEA), 78 British Gas, 173, 174 British Leyland see Rover Group British Overseas Airways Corporation

(BOAC), 78 British Petroleum (BP), 120, 240 British Rail (BR) (see also railways), 171,

173, 206 British Shipbuilders, 48, 173 British Steel (BS) (see also British Steel

Corporation and steel industry), 48, 61, 173, 183-90, 191, 195, 202, 207, 209, 213, 240, 241, 325, 326

business organisation, 188 craft restructuring, 185, 187-8 collective bargaining, 184-90, 209 employment, 48, 183--4 European Works Council, 189 Lump Sum Bonus (LSB), 186-9, 207-8,

209 privatisation, 173, 183, 188 'Slimline', 184-6 worker directors, 188

British Steel Corporation (BSC) (see also BS), 183-8, 193

British Technology Group, 173 British Telecom, 173, 240 British Transport Docks Board, 172 Britoil, 173 Broadcasting and Cinematographic

Technicians' Union (BCTU), 131 Broadcasting and Entertainments Trade

Alliance (BETA) (see also BCTU), 131 Bryant & May, 15

Subject index 393

Brymon, 79 building industry, see construction

industry Bullock Committee, 228, 230-1 bureaucracy, 36, 84,167,219,262,279

Cabin Crew '89, 78 Cable & Wireless, 173 Cadbury-Schweppes, 88, 95, 98, 207 Callaghan, James, 154 capitalism, 4, 11, 17, 25, 27, 35-6, 78, 91,

101, 148-9, 193, 290, 324 car industry, see automotive industry cash limits, see public sector and state case studies, 5-6, 14, 36, 123, 212, 323 central government, see government Champion, Henry, 15 change (in employee relations), 10-12, 47,

66, 323--4 Churchill, Winston, 155 Citizens Advice Bureau, 105, 157, 266 Civil and Public Services Association

(CPSA), 119, 130 Civil Aviation Authority (CAA), 148 civil service, 121, 135, 148, 170, 206, 230,

298 Civil Service Union (CSU), 119 Clarke, Kenneth, 28~ closed shop, see legislation and trade

unions clothing industry (see also textiles), 50,

207, 257, 259, 260, 266, 268, 277, 310 coal mining (see also National Union of

Mineworkers), 113,145,170,197,302, 305,307,308,309,310,315,340

employment, 48 National Powerloading Agreement

(1966), 308 strikes, 167, 294, 296, 298, 306 1974 strike, 168, 298, 309 1984-5 strike, 7, 146, 152, 299, 300, 341

Coats Viyella, 240, 339 coercion, 31, 95, 101, 268 collective agreements, see collective

bargaining collective bargaining (see also Donovan

Commission), 39, 149, 190-216, 222, 225,227,230,241,332,340

coverage, 121, 190-1, 194, 196-7, 205, 222

decentralisation, 124, 202-8, 209, 211, 214, 302, 325

394 Subject index

collective bargaining (cont.) form, 194, 199-200 formal, 199-200, 201 industrial democracy, 192 influence of trade unions, 194, 208,

211-14 informal, 198, 201 levels, 194, 195, 202, 203 local, 195, 197-8, 199 managerial control, 192-3, 201-2, 216 national/industry-wide, 121, 193,

195-7,201,202,205,209 private sector, 190-1 procedural rules, 191-2 public sector, 143, 167, 190-1, 196, 197,

199, 205-6 scope, 194, 200, 211 single-employer, 202, 205-6, 207 substantive rules, 191-2, 199

collectivism, 93-4, 109, 231, 270-1, 334, 343

Commissioner for the Rights of Trade Union Members, 164

commitment, 81, 90, 92, 101, 122, 175, 218, 227, 236, 238, 326, 328, 340

communication (see also joint consultation), 227, 231-4, 236, 239, 242,247,252,269,325,340

Communication Workers' Union (CWU), 118, 119, 130

community, 305-7 company concils, 220-1 comparability, see wages competition, 37, 40, 42-6, 60, 63-4, 78,

95-101, 147, 205, 215, 234, 237, 251, 329

compliance, 4, 31, 79, 101, 175, 325 Compulsory Competive Tendering

(CCI), 171-2 Confederation of British Industry (CBI),

209-10, 301 Confederation of Health Service

Employees (COHSE) (see also Unison), 119, 131, 283

Confederation of Shipbuilding and Engineering Unions (CSEU), 203-4, 340-1

conflict, see industrial conflict consent, 4, 31,33, 95, 201 Conservative governments (see also

Thatcher, Margaret and Thatcherism) 1970-4, 159-60, 161, 168

1979-97, 42, 44, 65, 115, 139, 144-5, 150, 155, 157-8, 161, 164, 170-1, 202, 231, 240, 243, 253, 278, 285, 299, 332, 335, 339, 343

construction industry, 62, 156, 197, 205, 257,263

consultation (see also joint consultation), 221, 230, 231-4, 236, 242, 269, 325, 338, 339, 342, 343

Continental Airlines, 82 continuity (in employee relations), 10-12,

47,203,323-4,325 control (see also management), 30-1,

77-85, 192-3 cooperation, 29, 30, 31, 33, 79, 84, 85, 101,

196, 226, 230, 235, 237-8, 243, 324, 325-6, 327

corporatism, 125, 150, 154, 155, 160, 168, 331

Crofter Hand Woven Tweed v. Veitch (1942), 158

culture corporate, 71-2, 81-2, 239 enterprise, 151, 253, 257 occupational, 305-6

custom and practice, 20, 21, 26 199-200, 312

Customs & Excise, 213 customer care campaigns, 81-2, 69-70,

72-3,326

Dan Air, 79 decentralisation (see also collective

bargaining), 61 decision-making (see also collective

bargaining, involvement, management and participation), 223, 224, 227, 228, 239, 242, 244

Delta Airlines, 81 democracy, see industrial democracy denationalisation, see privatisation Denmark, 293 Department of Trade and Industry, 328-9 deregulation (see also labour markets), 75,

96, 156, 157, 167 deskilling, 17, 30, 36, 62, 250 detachment, 61 Deutscher Gewerkshaftsbund (DGB), 330 Diplock, Lord, 159 discipline (see also dismissal), 8, 84, 144,

160, 254, 261, 265, 266, 277, 293, 316 discrimination, 148, 178

disintegration, 61 dismissal (see also discipline and unfair

dismissal), 156, 163, 164, 254, 266 disputes, see strikes and industrial conflict Dock Work Bill (1989), 140 Dock Workers (Regulation of

Employment) Act 1946, 140 dockers, see docks industry docks industry, 61-2, 131, 140-7, 156, 160,

175, 211-12, 302, 305, 307, 308, 314-15, 318

casual labour, 141, 146-7 containerisation, 143 deregulation, 141, 147, 156, 175 joint control, 142 nationalisation, 142-3 privatisation, 147, 152, 172 redundancy, 141 registration, 142 strikes, 15, 143, 160, 163-4, 286-7, 288,

292, 306, 308, 310 1989 strike, 141, 146, 152, 162, 163, 166,

211, 300 Donovan Commission (see also collective

bargaining), 22, 76, 144, 158, 198, 200-2,207,246,397

Duport Steels Ltd v. Sirs (1980), 159

earnings, see wages economic policy, 151-2, 168 economics

neo-classical, 15, 16, 17, 18, 155, 157 classical, 16 Marxian, 15

education (see also training), 44, 51, 52, 100, 145, 148, 332

Egan, John, 99 Electrical, Electronic, Telecommunication

and Plumbing Union (EETPU) (see also AEEU), 106, 119, 131, 133

Electronic Point of Sale (EPOS), 62 electricity industry, 48, 145, 173, 174-5,

277 electronics industry, 212, 257-8 emotional labour, 69-70, 81-2, 326 employee commitment, see commitment employee involvement, see involvement employee motivation, see motivation employee participation, see participation employee share-ownership, 226, 231, 236 employer associations, 195, 204-5

Subject index 395

employment (see also unemployment), 47-54, 58, 117

female, 8, 47, 50-2, 252 full-time, 52 home-workers, 57 location, 52-3 male, 51 part-time, 8, 47, 52, 252, 333-4, 335 self-employed, 53-4, 257, 261 structure of, 8, 47-58, 157

Employment Act (1980), 161, 177 Employment Act (1982), 162, 177, 231 Employment Act (1988), 178 Employment Act (1990), 178-9 Employment Bill (1979), 161 employment rights, see legislation Engineering Employers' Federation (EEF)

(see also engineering industry), 203-4 engineering industry, 120, 121, 122, 195,

197, 198-9, 204, 206, 207, 210, 212, 294,300,306,340,342

enterprise culture, see culture equity, 3, 9 Esso, 88, 93, 95, 120, 200 Europe,35,64, 156,198,230,240-1,326-7,

330,332,333-4,335-43 integration, 243 Maastricht Treaty, 240, 335, 337-8 Social Chapter, 127, 332, 335, 337-40 Social Charter, 45, 176, 240, 337 single market, 40 trade unionism, 330, 336-7, 340-2 works councils, 189, 240-1, 335, 338-9,

342, 343 European Union (EU) (see also Europe) 39,

45, 59, 75, 230 exploitation, 16, 30, 80, 157, 256, 270, 279,

311 external financing limits, see state and

public sector

Fawley (Esso), 21, 76, 200 female employment, see employment Fiat, 313 financial services, 50-1, 207 Finland, 293 fire service, 148, 215, 280, 281, 286, 289,

298, 307 flexibility, 46, 64-5, 81, 171, 200, 209, 326,

329,333,341 agreements, 210 defensive. 46, 326

396 Subject index

flexibility (cont.) functional, 46, 333 numerical, 46, 171, 258 offensive, 46, 326

flexible firm (see also flexibility), 258 flexible specialisation, 258 food, drink and tobacco industry, 50, 207,

272 Ford Motor Co., 38, 39, 59, 63, 89, 93, 251 foreign investment, 38-9, 45 Fowler, Norman, 140 Fowler, Robbie, 286--7 frames of reference, see unitarism and

pluralism France,41, 44,52,53,305-6,327 franchising, 60 Freidman, Milton, 155 Fujitsu, 59 Fulton-Sano, 39 functionalism, 19

gas industry, 48, 145, 173 General Electrical Company, 89 General Motors, 38 General Municipal and Boilermakers'

Union (GMB), 119, 128, 131, 134, 272, 279, 282, 283, 342

Germany, 6, 38, 41, 44, 52, 189, 226, 241, 293,327,330,332,341,343

Gillette, 251 GKN, 251 globalisation, 38-9, 334 go-slow, see industrial conflict government (see also state)

central, 169, 179, 298 local, 121, 169, 171, 200, 205, 230, 298

Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ), 171

Graphical, Paper and Media Union (GPMU), 118, 119, 131

Greece, 293 Greenburg, Sir Richard, 251 greenfield sites, 53, 60, 129, 132-3, 339,343 grievances, 167, 221, 263, 292, 307, 328 Gross Domestic Product (GDP), 43, 167,

168-9 Grunwick Processing Laboratories, 88

harmonisation, see single status Hayek, Friedrich, 155, 176 health and safety, 8, 29, 107, 148, 167, 232,

292, 337

Health and Safety Executive, 125 health service, see National Health Service Heath, Edward, 159, 161, 168 Her Majesty's Stationary Office (HMSO),

170, 173, 206 Hewlett Packard, 88, 98, 251, 270, 343 high-tech firms, see new technology historical analysis, 6, 34 Hitachi, 133 holiday entitlement, 42 Honda, 38, 39 Hoover, 39 Hotel and Catering Workers' Union

(HCU), 272 hotels and catering, 50, 52, 81, 113, 135,

257,261,268-9,272-3,276,277 hours of work, see time human relations, 83-4, 92, 226--7, 247-8 Human Resource Management (HRM), 9,

23, 60, 92, 102, 136, 213, 223, 228, 237-8,270-1,325,328,343

ICL, 59 IG Metall, 330, 341 Ikeda Susan, 39 immunities, see legislation Imperial Chemicals Industries (ICI), 80-1,

88, 93, 240, 251 incentives, see wages income, see wages incomes policies, 153-4, 168, 195, 299 individualism, 93-4, 136, 231, 243, 257,

270-1, 343, 344 industrial action, see industrial conflict

and strikes industrial conflict (see also strikes), 4, 20,

23-4,27,30,84,263,289-90,310-19 absenteeism, , 266, 293, 310, 312, 313,

314-17, 318 accidents, 293, 307, 311 blacklisting, 293 causes, 31 go-slow, 291 institutionalisation, 167, 193, 194, 196,

214 lock-outs, 290, 293 output restrictions, 293, 315 overtime bans, 280, 282, 291, 292, 300 pilferage, 312, 313, 315, 316, 317 sabotage,293,311,312,313-14,316,317 theories of, 310-19 turnover, 293, 311, 313

victimisation, 277, 293 working to rule, 31, 280, 288, 291, 293,

313, 317 industrial democracy (see also Bullock

Committee and collective bargaining), 167, 192, 222, 223-4, 225, 237

Industrial Relations Act (1971), 159~0, 161, 162, 297, 299

Industrial Training Boards, 125 inflation

price, 86, 148, 153, 156, 168, 299 wage, 42, 153, 198, 299

informal rules, see collective bargaining informality, see collective bargaining information, see communication injunctions (see also legislation), 152, 166,

300, 303 Inland Revenue Staff Federation (IRSF),

119 instrument engineering, 117 inter-firm relations, 60-2, 255-8 International Business Machines (IBM),

88, 93, 98, 251, 262, 267, 270, 271, 278, 318, 343

investment, 38, 43, 79, 94, 100-1, 151, 157, 176-7,184,200,332

involvement, 222-3, 226, 227, 231, 233, 236-7, 242, 262

Ireland, 115, 332 iron and steel industry, see steel industry Iron and Steel Trades Confederation

OSTC), 134, 185, 341, 342 Isuzu, 39 Italy, 41, 293 Iveco, 39

Jaguar, 59, 99, 101, 173 Japan, 6, 38, 39, 41, 49, 64, 80, 333, 343 job evaluation, 55, 156 job seekers, 200 John Lewis Partnership, 250 joint consultation, 197, 212-13, 224, 228,

231, 236, 238 extent, 232 issues covered, 232 methods used, 234 relationship to collective bargaining,

213, 234 Joint Industrial Councils (JIC), 197, 230,

237 Joint Production Committes, 197, 230

Subject index 397

joint ventures, 38-9, 58, 60 Jones, Jack, 149 Jordan, Bill, 341 Joseph, Sir Keith, 150 judiciary, 159 just-in-time (JIT), 14, 37, 63, 237, 238, 340,

343

'Kaldor's Law', 43 Kanto Seiki, 39 Keynesian demand management, 153,

158 King, Lord of Wartnaby, 71, 98 Kodak,88 'Kondratieff cycle', 117, 304

labour demand, 16, 17, 29-30 flexibility, 46, 64-5, 333 power, 29 supply, 16, 18 turnover, 252, 266, 272, 316

labour costs (see also wages) hourly, 41-2, 100. 252 social charges, 40-42

Labour Force Survey (LFS), 113, 135, 190 Labour Governments

1964-70, 153, 159 1974-9, 125, 149-50, 154, 160, 281, 297,

299 postwar, 153, 168, 294 1997-to date, 127-8, 240, 241, 323, 327,

331, 332, 333, 335 labour law, see legislation and under

individual Acts labour markets (see also employment), 18,

30,32, 37,58,63-5, 78,157,162 deregulation, 156, 157, 167, 257, 328,

331 external, 64-5 internal, 64-5

Labour Party, 126-7, 328 labour turnover, see industrial conflict,

labour and turnover laissez-faire, 149, 155, 194 legislation, 115, 146, 148-9, 15~6, 177-9,

199,279,300-1,302-3 ballots, 160, 162, 164, 166, 178-9, 301 closed shop, 122, 159, 163, 177-8, 231 maternity rights, 156, 177 picketing, 177

398 Subject index

legislation (cont.) political funds, 163, 164, 178 right to strike, 150, 158, 159, 160, 162,

231,299,300,302-3,332,334 rights of union members, 16~, 178-9,

334 trade union immunities, 162, 159 trade union recognition, 128, 273, 333

Lever Committee, 186 Lloyd, Selwyn, 153 local government, see government Local Government Act (1988), 171 lock-out, see industrial conflict London Underground, 303 low pay, see wages Lucas Industries, 89, 207

Maastricht Treaty, 1992), see Europe Macmillan, Harold, 153 Major, John, 302, 335 management (see also management style),

3,39-40,324-9 attitudes, 73, 116, 202, 228, 267, 269,

311, 316, 325, 328 bureaucratic control, 84, 167, 219 of change, 98-9 control, 30-1, 36, 61, 77-85, 192-3,

200-1, 210, 223, 228, 237, 239, 243 decision-making, 40, 222, 223, 227-8,

241-2 direct control, 84, 318 education and training, 100, 252, 329 of employee relations, 78, 85-95 personnel, 77, 87-9 prerogative, 192, 193, 202, 204, 222, 227,

293 public sector, 166-75 responsible autonomy, 84

management style (see also Human Resource Management and management), 86-95, 97-8, 267-71, 324

authoritarianism, 251, 257, 268, 269, 277 enlightened managerialism, 92 fraternalism, 263 macho, 91-2 opportunism, 85, 87, 92, 270, 271, 325 paternalism, 23, 247, 269, 316 pluralism, 86, 88-9, 268 pragmatism, 93, 325 sophisticated human relations

(paternalists), 86, 88, 93, 267, 268

sophisticated modern (constitutional), 86-7, 89, 93

sophisticated modern (consultative), 86-8, 93, 95, 222

standard modern, 87, 89, 91, 9~ traditionalists, 86, 88, 93, 267, 268 unitarism, 23, 30, 86,88-9,227,267,268,

269, 277, 316 managerial relations, 3, 201 Manpower Services Commission, 125 manufacturing (see also production

industries), 39, 40-2, 4~, 47, 100, 135, 149, 176, 197, 203, 232, 254, 260, 270, 272, 299, 302, 306, 310, 329

employment, 8, 48-50, 53 output, 42-3

Manufacturing, Science and Finance Union (MSF), 119, 131, 134, 275

market exchange, 3 Marks & Spencer (M&S), 88, 93, 240,

245-51,252,254,255,257,262,267-8, 271, 278, 318, 326

employment, 245 human relations policy, 245, 246-8,

251 non-unionism, 246-9 personnel management, 248 recruitment and induction, 246-7 suppliers, 245-6, 249, 255-6 welfare benefits, 245, 247

Mars, 88, 251 Marshall, Sir Colin, 69, 70, 72, 98 Marxism, 24-8, 80 Massey-Ferguson, 207 McDonald's, 39, 252 mechanical engineering, 48 Mersey Docks & Harbour Company,

16~, 173,286,288,307 Metal Box, 207 metal manufacturing, 50 microelectronics, see new technology Milton Keynes, 259 miners, see coal mining Mobil, 120 Monckton, Walter, 155 monopoly, 18, 27, 78, 97, 155 monopsony, 18,97 motivation, 83-4 motor industry, see automotive industry multinationals, 38-9, 45, 58, 336, 338, 340,

342 American, 38, 343

employment, 39 Japanese, 38, 39, 58, 217-21, 237, 239,

343 Korean, 38 Taiwanese, 38

National and Local Government Officers' Association (NALGO) (see also Unison), 119, 131, 283

National Association of Port Employers (NAPE), 142, 144-5, 204

National Association of Schoolmasters and the Union of Women Teachers (NAS/UWT), 119

National Association of Teachers in Further and Higher Education (NATFHE), 164

National Bus, 173 National Coal Board (see also British

Coal), 45 National Communications Union (NCU),

119, 130 National Dock Labour Board (NDLB),

142-3, 292 National Dock Labour Scheme (NDLS),

140-6,168,175,204,211 National Economic Development Office

(NEDO), 125 National Enterprise Board, 125 National Freight Corporation, 173 National Girobank, 173 National Graphical Association (NGA)

(see also GPMU), 119, 128, 131 National Health Service (NHS), 52, 148,

169, 171, 206, 230, 281, 285, 289, 298, 306, 311

National Joint Council for Civil Air Transport (NJCCAT), 73

National Union of Mineworkers (NUM), 134, 146, 309, 341

National Union of Public Employees (NUPE) (see also Unison), 119, 131, 283, 309

National Union of Railwaymen (NUR) (see also RMT), 131

National Union of Seamen (NUS) (see also RMT), 131, 146

National Union of Tailors and Garment Workers (NTUGW), 277

National Union of Teachers (NUT), 119 National Westminster Bank, 240

Subject index 399

nationalised industries, 142, 147, 153, 166, 168, 173, 197, 230

negotiation, see collective bargaining neo-classical economics, see economics Nestle, 251 Netherlands, 41, 293, 332, 341 new realism, see trade unions New Right, 151, 157, 158, 160, 176 new technology, 40, 62-3, 143, 184, 215,

235,258 computers, 62, 96-7 high-tech firms, 110, 254, 260, 270-1

new towns, 259 newspaper industry, 120, 203 Nihon Radiator, 39 Nissan, 38, 40, 45, 80, 217-21, 222, 225,

227, 234, 236, 239, 251, 325, 326, 343 company council, 220-1, 225 employee involvement, 218-21 induction, 218-19 kaizen, 219-20, 236, 326 quality control, 217, 219-20 recruitment, 218-19 supervisors, 217, 219 team meetings, 217-18 team work, 217-20 union influence, 220-1

no-strike agreements, see trade unions non-unionism, 245-79, 291, 316, 330, 331

characteristics, 252, 258-62, 264, 270-1 employee relations, 8, 259 family relations, 260, 263, 265-6 geographical distribution, 259-60, 272 informality, 262-7, 270 large companies, 251-2, 262, 263-4 small companies, 251, 252-3, 263-4,

272, 277 substitution, 248, 267, 271 suppression, 248, 267

North American Free Trade Agreement, 40

Northwest Airlines, 96 Norway, 52, 330 NP Echo, 39 nurses (see also National Health Service),

121, 215, 306

occupational solidarity, 305, 314 Offer, 174 Office for National Statistics (ONS), 291,

292 Ofwat, 174

400 Subject index

Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), 49, 165, 293

Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), 70

overtime bans, see industrial conflict 'Oxford School', 20-2

Pan Am, 97 part-time workers, see employment participation, 168, 222-31, 241-4

cycles, 227, 234-8 depth, 223, 224 employee attitudes, 229 form, 223, 225 levels, 223, 225 management attitudes, 226, 227, 228,

237 scope, 223, 225-5 state involvement, 168, 229-31 union attitudes, 228-9 waves, 222, 234-8

pay, see wages pay review bodies, 215 'Penton ville Five', 160, 162 Perkins Engines, 207 personnel management (see also

management and human resource management), 77, 87-91, 248

subject, 9 types, 87, 90-1

Pfizer, 120 picketing, see legislation pilferage, see industrial conflict Pilkington's, 207, 240 pink-collar workers, 4, 82 Pirelli, 133 pluralism, 22-4, 27, 28, 31, 86, 88-9, 268 Polaroid, 251 police, 148, 214, 280, 281, 283, 284, 307 Poole, Roger, 283, 285, 309 Post Office (see also Royal Mail), 51, 148,

298, 300 Post Office Engineering Union (POEU),

130 poverty, 16, 45, 141, 279 power, 26, 31-2, 136, 161, 148, 191-2, 223,

227, 228, 235, 236-7, 290, 299, 309, 314, 329, 334

prices, see inflation printing industry (see also newspaper

industry), 257, 277, 294, 299

Prior, James, 161 private sector, 113, 121, 190-1, 231, 232,

259,327 private service sector (see also service

industries), 8, 120, 191, 259, 273, privatisation, 70, 71, 75, 124, 147, 152,

172-4,183,188,206,302,332 procedures, see collective bargaining production industries, 48-9 productivity

bargaining, 21-2, 154, 184, 189, 210 levels, 41-3, 101, 198, 202,326,329,332 marginal, 17

profitability, see profit profit, 3, 4, 30, 33, 43, 70-1, 80, 174, 184,

206,207,252,305,326 public corporations, see public sector and

nationalised industries public expenditure, 167, 168-9 public sector, 115, 121, 152-3, 166-75,

190-1, 196, 199,200, 20~, 232, 259, 260, 286, 319, 325, 327

cash limits, 60, 169-70, 152, 185, 299 commercialisation, 37 employment, 52, 168-9 pay, 153-4, 168 privatisation, 37, 169, 172-5 quality of service, 174 strikes, 168

Public Services, Tax and Commerce Union (PTC), 119

Qantas, 79 quality circles (see also Total Quality

Management), 213, 217-18, 236

Racal, 207 Rail, Maritime and Transport Workers'

union (RMT), 131 railways (see also British Rail), 142, 144,

206,298,299,306,315 recession, 35, 40, 42, 43, 56, 91, 92, 156,

176, 215, 251, 302, 324, 329, 334, 342 redundancy (see also unemployment),

55-7, 123, 185, 199, 211, 240, 241, 250, 265,299,302,328,336,339,341

remuneration, see wages Renault, 339 research and development (R&D), 43, 64,

333 restrictive practices, 64, 141, 156, 281 retail distribution, 52, 135, 251, 255

Rolls-Royce, 173 Rover Group, 39, 59, 79-80, 85, 91-2, 98,

101, 201, 213 Royal College of Nursing (RCN), 118 Royal Mail (see also Post Office), 303 Royal Mint, 148 Royal Ordnance, 173 rules, 19-21, 191-2, 199

safety, see health and safety Sainsbury's, 268 SAS, 72 scientific management, 83, 84 Scottish Agricultural Industries, 120 self-employment, see employment sequestration, 140 service industries,~, 44, 81, 191, 203,

260,270,272,302 employment, 8, 48-50, 51, 52 unionisation, 8, 113, 260

Sew & Son, 88, 245-6, 249-50, 254, 257, 266, 267, 268, 271, 277, 316, 318, 323, 326

conditions of work, 246 non-unionism, 249-50 relationship with M&S, 246, 250

Sex Discrimination Act (1986), 178 severance pay, 56, 186 share ownership, see employee share-

ownership Shell, 120 shipbuilding, 195, 197, 294, 306, 307, 315 shipping, 203 shop stewards, 22, 122-4, 137, 141, 163,

195, 197, 200, 202, 208, 230, 234, 242, 243, 254, 308

Singapore Airlines, 75 Single European Market (see also EU), 40 single status, 133, 213-14, 252 single union agreements, see trade unions small firms (see also non-unionism), 61,

252-4,255-8,260-1,269 Smith, Adam, 8, 16 Social Chapter, see Europe Social Charter, see Europe Social Contract, 125-6, 149-50, 160-1, 230 Social Democratic Party, 126 Social Security Benefits Office, 170 Society of Civil and Public Servants

(SCPS), 119 Society of Graphical and Allied Trades

(SOGAT) (see also GPMU), 119, 131

Subject index 401

Sony,38 Spain, 293, 339 stakeholding, 80-1, 327, 335 state (see also government, legislation and

public sector), 34-5, 148-76, 229-30, 331-4

cash limits, 169-70, 185, 299 economic policy, 151-2, 153-8, 176,

252-3, 331, 344 employment policy, 155-7 model employer, 152, 167, 170, 176, 327

Statistical Process Control (SPC), 187 steel industry (see also British Steel), 62,

145,183-90,194,207-8,211,212,298, 340, 341-2

collective bargaining, 184-90, 195, 207-8

employment, 18~, 185 national strike (1980), 170, 185-6, 299 output, 18~ rationalisation, 183-4 redundancies, 184, 186, 211 sub-contracting, 187

strategic business units (SBUs), 59-60, 188 strikes (see also industrial conflict), 168,

194,230,254,286-310,317-18,341 ballots, 164-5, 301, 302 breadth (workers involved), 287-8,

293-304 causes, 289-90 civil service strike (1981), 170 coal mining, 7, 146, 294, 296, 306 dock strike (1989), 140-1, 146, 152, 162,

163, 166, 211, 300 dock strikes, 143-4, 152, 163-4, 286-8,

292, 306, 308, 310 definition, 291 duration (days lost), 287-8, 290-304 frequency, 200, 230, 287, 288, 293-304 General Strike (1926), 159, 309 Great London Dock Strike (1889), 15 inter-industry differences, 305-8 'Kondratieff cycle', 304 Match Girls' Strike (1888), 15 miners' strike (1974), 168, 298, 309, miners' strike (1984-5), 7, 146, 152,299,

300, 341 measurement, 288, 291-2, 293 pay, 299, 300, 302 political, 140, 292, 297 public sector, 168, 280-6, 289, 297-8,

299, 302, 319

402 Subject index

strikes (cont.) statistics, 287-8, 319 steel industry (1980), 170, 185-6, 299 theories, 304-10 trends, 291-304 unofficial, 198, 296, 307 waves, 196, 303-4

subcontracting, 60-1, 121, 171, 187, 256, 257

'Summer of Discontent' (1989), 287 'Summer of Discontent' (1996), 303 supermarkets, 82, 316 supervision, 84, 217, 219, 236, 257, 316,

318 Sweden, 52,189,225,226,330,343 systems theory, see theory

Taiwan, 333 takeovers, 59 teachers, 121, 171, 215, 298, 306 teamwork, 63, 213, 217-20, 236 Tebbit, Norman, 162 Technical, Administrative and

Supervisory Section (TASS) (see also MSF), 119, 130

telecommunications, 51, 145, 173, 300 television, 203 Tesco, 250 Texas Instruments, 251 textiles, 48, 205, 207, 259, 305 Thatcher, Margaret, 46, 126, 144, 145, 151,

154-5, 161, 170, 185, 202, 218, 252, 283, 302

Thatcherism, 46, 123, 144-5, 150-1, 175, 329

theory (see also Marxism, Oxford School, pluralism and unitarism), 15-36

of employee relations, 5-6, 13, 28-36 functionalism, 19 historical development, 15-19 induction, 21, 24 of industrial relations, 16-24 institutional pluralism, 22-4, 27 levels of analysis, 35-6 systems, 19-20, 22, 28

Theory X, 83, 85 Theory Y (see also human relations), 83-4,

85 Tilbury (port of), 88, 141, 163, 164 time

cycle, 11-12, 234 hours of work, 18, 210, 335, 340

linear, 11-12, 234-5 spiral, 12-13, 34, 47, 117, 234, 303, 324

Tioxide UK, 120 Todd, Ron, 56, 152 Toshiba, 38 Total Quality Management (TQM), 14, 37,

63,223,236,237,238-40,325,340,343 Toyota, 38 Trade Disputes Act (1906), 159 Trade Disputes and Trade Union Act

(1927), 159 Trade Union Act (1984), 165, 177-8, Trade Union Reform and Employment

Rights Act (1993), 164, 179, 302 trade unions (see also under individual

union names), 109-39, 272-8, 329-31, 340-2

beauty contests, 106, 214 check-off, 108, 121-2, 127-8, 179, 275 closed shop, 108, 122, 127, 177-8, 231 craft unionism, 62, 128, 131, 194 decline, 112-13 density, 112, 114, 120 derecognition, 95, 120-1, 141, 171, 204 'double breasted' arrangements, 120-1 'enterprise' unionism, 134, 211 finances, 129, 330 full-time officers (FTOs), 104-6, 108,

123, 137 inter-union conflicts, 132, 273, 330 inter-union cooperation, 274-5, 330 involvement in decision-making, 122,

211-12, 222, 224, 228-9, 234, 242 manageralism, 110 manufacturing, 113, 116, 120, 134 membership, 8, 76, 111-19, 128, 157,

196, 221, 251, 259, 260 mergers, 129, 130-2, 330, 331 new realism, 134 no-strike agreements, 110 organising, 106, 107, 137-8, 139 organising cycle, 107, 137 participation, 108, 110, 124, 276 political activities and influence, 111,

125-8, 139, 164, 178, 329, 331 power resources, 109, 110, 155-6 private sector, 113, 120, 121 public sector, 115, 120, 121, 167 recognition, 107, 116, 120, 124, 128, 193,

196,212,254,258,259,273,275,330 recruitment, 103-9, 118, 128-9, 134-7,

138, 249 255, 272-8

servicing, 106, 110, 124, 136-8 'single table' agreements, 132, 213-14 single union agreements, 60, 110, 129,

132-4,275,330,343 traditionalism, 128-9 workplace activity, 107, 119-24, 198,

225, 243, 331 young workers, 104, 165, 276

Trades Union Congress (TUC), 107, 118, 119, 125, 127, 128, 132, 133, 160, 214, 228, 230, 273-4, 276, 294, 329, 330, 331, 341

authority of, 129, 273 Special Review Body, 273

training, 44-5, 53, 100, 102, 147, 176, 326, 327,332

Trans World Airlines (TWA), 97 Transport & General Workers' Union

(T&GWU), 78, 103-9, 110, 118, 119, 123, 128, 131, 134-5, 137, 140, 142, 144, 146, 147, 149, 152, 163, 164, 204, 211, 251, 272, 275, 283, 308

full-time officers (FfOs), 104, 105, 106, 108

Link-Up campaign, 105-6, 108, 109, 279 membership, 104, 108-9 membership retention, 109 Organising for Strength, 104, 105, 107-9 organising strategy, 104, 107-9 Organising Support Unit, 108 recruitment, 103-9, 118 recruitment teams, 104, 105-6, 108 women's recruiters, 103, 108

trust, 81, 102, 239, 242-3, 244, 315, 327, 328, 334, 343

trust ports, 142, 172-3 Trustee Savings Bank, 173 Tube Investments (Tl), 39, 89 Turkey, 293 turnover (see also industrial conflict), 252,

266, 272, 316

unemployment (see also employment), 47, 54-7, 114, 148, 153, 155-6, 253, 305, 324,327,328,332,334,336-7,342

definition, 55 extent, 54-5 long-term, 58 short-term, 58

unfair dimissal, 141, 156, 157, 159, 163, 165, 266

Subject index 403

Union of Communication Workers (UCW), 119, 130

Union of Construction, Allied Trades and Technicians (UCATT), 119

Union of Shop, Distributive and Allied Workers (USDAW), 118, 119, 134, 267-8

Unison, 119, 131 unitarism, 23, 30, 86, 88-9, 202, 227, 267 United Airlines, 97 United Biscuits, 207, 240, 338 United States, 6, 8, 38, 39, 41, 49, 53, 96, 97,

116,165,189,199,252,293,343 USAir, 79, 96

vehicle industry, see automotive industry vertical integration, 42, 59 victimisation, see industrial conflict Virgin Airlines, 82, 99 voluntarism, 149-50, 168

wages councils, 156, 178 wage-effort bargain, 26-7, 29, 42, 101,

102, 209, 306, 313, 315, 317, 324 wages, 4, 40, 100, 114, 155, 261

'ability to pay', 210 comparability, 168, 210, 281 drift, 153, 198, 200 fairness, 3 'going rate', 210 income distribution, 45-6, 157, 332 low pay, 45-6, 52, 157, 281, 327, 332,

344 measured day work, 200 minimum wage, 332 performance-related pay, 73, 328 piece rates, 198, 200, 246, 308, 310 poverty, 16, 45, 279 profit-related pay, 231, 236, 252 relative, 43, 45 subsistence theory, 16-17

Wages Act (1986), 178 water industry, 48, 145, 173-4, 206, 299 white-collar workers, 8, 116, 135, 272, 302,

310, 314 Whitley Committee, 196-7, 230, 237, 246 wholesale retail and repairs, 51, 113 'Winter of Discontent', 7, 154, 168, 281,

287, 299, 306 work-to-rule, see industrial conflict worker cooperatives, 224, 225, 230

404 Subject index

worker directors (see also involvement and participation), 188, 228, 230-1, 235, 241

workforce composition, see employment

workplace organisation, see trade unions works councils, see Europe

Yorkshire Water, 174