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Cascaded valorization of food waste using bioconversions as core processes
L. Garcia-Gonzalez, S. Bijttebier, S. Voorspoels, M. Uyttebroek, K. Elst, W. Dejonghe, Y. Satyawali, D. Pant, K. Vanbroekhoven, H. De Wever
17/06/2014 2© 2014, VITO NV
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VITO in a nut shell M€
Bringing Solutions to Industry
17/06/2014 3© 2014, VITO NV
Separation
Conversion
Process and waste streams
raw materials
process water
solvent
Electrochemical
Chemical
Biological
Electroseparation
Membrane Technology
Extraction
Producing muchmore with much less
Rethinking the way we make things
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Food waste (FW)
» The end products of various food processing industries that have not beenrecycled or used for other purposes. They are the non-product flows ofraw materials whose economic value is less than the cost of collection andrecovery for reuse; therefore discarded as waste.
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Current FW practices
» Animal feed Land injection Incineration
» Low value to waste
» Costly and inefficient
» Environmental concerns
» Valuable compounds are lost
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Advanced FW valorisation strategies
Pfaltzgraff et al. 2013
Biorefinery
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Biorefinery
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Step 1:Characterization of biomass on molecular level
Lipids Proteins CarbohydratesSecondary
plant metabolites
Vitamins
Food waste
Health promoting
However: No valorisation from SIDE STREAMS
Reason:Composition of side streams often not known!
CarotenoidsPolyphenolsPhytosterols
Valuable compounds
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Step 1:Characterization of biomass on molecular level
Sample preparation
• Generic character:• Labile components (degradation)• Interferences during detection
Instrumental analysis
• Generic character• Selectivity component differentiation
• Structural information
700 carotenoids Search for differences!
Identification
• Scarcity of reference standards• Component databases• Complementary identification
techniques
High Pressure Liquid Chromatography Ultra HPLC Supercritical Fluid Chromatography Gas Chromatrography Liquid chromatography coupled to
photodiode array mass spectrometry
Quantification
• Scarcity of reference standards• Method performance
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CarotenoidsPhytosterolsPolyacetylenes
Capsaicinoids
Fat soluble vitamins
Mono- and digalactosyldiacylglycerolsSphingolipidsDi- and triacylglycerols
Bijttebier et al., JAFC, published online (2014)
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Step 2: Extraction of added value compounds
» Such as phytochemicals, carotenoids, …
» Mechanical separation for separation of juice and fiber fraction
» Green solvents should replace the organic solvents
» Supercritical CO2
» Enzyme assisted extraction
» Energy-efficient technologies
» Microwave
» Ultrasound
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Step 2: Extraction of added value compounds
Case study: OPEC, Orange Peel Exploitation Company
Pfaltzgraff et al. 2012
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Step 2: Extraction of added value compounds
Case study: OPEC, Orange Peel Exploitation Company
60% of OP was transformed to valuable products
Now in collaboration with industry
Balu et al. 2012
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Step 3: Bioconversions of FW via enzyme technology
» Enzymatic hydrolysis followed by fractionation with different purification/separation techniques
» Batch mode
» Simple operation
» Easy control
» High enzyme and labour costs
» Calatyic activity loss
» Variability of product quality between batches
Galacto-oligosaccharidesWhey
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Step 3: Bioconversions of FW via enzyme technology
» Enzymatic membrane reactor
» Reuse of enzymes
» Removal of enzyme-inhibitinghydrolysates
» Production of hydrolysates withuniform mass
» No inactivation of enzyme required
» Continuous operation
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Step 3: Bioconversions of FW via enzyme technology
» Case study:
Tailor made prebiotic pectin-oligosaccharides (POS) from sugarbeet pulp
Mix Pectin/POS fractions Tailor made (POS)
Membrane with certain MW cut off
Babbar et al. 2014
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Step 3: Bioconversions of FW via enzyme technology
» Case study:
Tailor made prebiotic pectin-oligosaccharides (POS) from sugarbeet pulp
Enzymatichydrolysis coupled
to
UF membrane
MWCO 10kDa
(POS < or = DP50)
Fractionationpermeate bycascade of different
membranes
Membrane MWCO 400 Da
expected POS < or = DP2
Prebiotic +
biofunctionality
Membrane MWCO 600 Da
expected POS < or = DP3
Prebiotic +
biofunctionality
Membrane MWCO 1 kDa
expected POS < or = DP5
Prebiotic +
biofunctionality
Membrane MWCO 5 kDa
Expected POS < or = 25
Prebiotic +
biofunctionalityBabbar et al. 2014
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Step 3: Bioconversions of FW via enzyme technology
» Case study:
Tailor made prebiotic pectin-oligosaccharides (POS) from sugarbeet pulp
Hydrolysate
fractionated over
membranes with
different cut off
Monomers 400 DaOligomers > or = 600-800 DaBigger molecules
Babbar et al. 2014
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Step 4: Bioconversions of FW via fermentation
» Renewable resource for the production of chemicals via microbial bioconversion
» Directly or after pretreatment and/or hydrolysis
» An array of products (commodity and specialty) can be produced
» Fermentation and downstream process need to be optimized
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Step 4: Bioconversions of FW via fermentation
Carboxylate
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Lin et al. 2013
From bakery waste
To enzymes
To
Succinic acid (platform molecule)
Polyhydroxyalkanoate (biopolymer)
Case study 1: Commodity chemicals
Step 4: Bioconversions of FW via fermentation
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Leek wasteSpontaneous fermentation
Bio-active compounds
• Increase in antioxidant
capacity
• Increase of endogenous
polyphenolic compounds
• Production of polyphenolic
compounds
Case study 2: Specialty chemicals
Bernaert et al. 2013
Step 4: Bioconversions of FW via fermentation
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Step 4: Bioconversions of FW via fermentation
Case study 3: Combination of FW
Sophorolipids
Van Bogaert et al. 2007
Candida bombolica
Sophorolipids
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Conclusion
“Richard Rubbish: I am not trash, I have inner values.”
BUT
Still long way to go for industrial implementation
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ReNEW –Resource innovation Network for European Waste
» WHY?» because today’s waste companies are tomorrow’s raw
material suppliers
» WHAT? » Network for companies, public administration and
research institutes
» Showcase technological innovation - demonstration of pilot processes (17 Pilot Plants at 8 sites)
» Industrial support through a voucher scheme
» HOW? www.renew-network.eu
17/06/2014 26© 2014, VITO NV
Thank you for your attention
More information?
Linsey Garcia-Gonzalez
+32 (0) 14 33 69 81
www.vito.be