cardiovascular system ( ch 5)
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Cardiovascular System ( Ch 5). Diagnostics, Pathology, & Treatments. Cardiovascular Specialists. Cardiologist Hematologist-specialist who treats diseases and disorders of the blood. Diagnostic Procedures. Diagnostic procedures. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Cardiovascular System (Ch 5)
Diagnostics, Pathology, & Treatments
Cardiovascular Specialists• Cardiologist• Hematologist-specialist who treats
diseases and disorders of the blood
DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES
Diagnostic procedures• Angiography – radiographic study of the
blood vessels after the injection of a contrast medium
• Angiocardiography – uses a contrast medium and chest x-rays to visualize the dimensions of the heart and large blood vessels
Diagnostic Procedures• History & Physical
– Checking for symptoms of disease• Chest pain, shortness of breath, awareness of
heartbeat (palpitation), fatigue, dizziness or loss of consciousness, edema, pain in the legs while walking (claudication)
Diagnostic Procedures• Cardiac catheterization – a procedure in
which a catheter is passed into a vein or artery and is guided into the heart– X-rays taken during the procedure– Dye is also injected
Diagnostic procedures• Electrocardiography-tracing electricity
– Electrocardiogram – ECG – EKG– Holter monitor – portable EKG that is worn by
an ambulatory patient to continuously monitor the heart rates and rhythms over a 24-hour period.
– Stress tests– Thallium stress test – uses a
radiopharmaceutical to test heart function
Diagnostic procedures• Ultrasonic diagnostic procedures• Ultra sound
– Echocardiography – the use of sound waves to evaluate the structures and motion of the heart
• Pulse ox
PATHOLOGY
Blood Vessel Pathology
• Angiitis• Angionecrosis-tissue death of the
walls of blood vessels• Angiostenosis
– Abnormal narrowing of a blood vessel– Angiospasm– Angina pectoris – severe episodes of
spasmodic, choking chest pain
Pathology • Arteries
– Aneurysm – a localized weak spot or balloon-like enlargement of the wall of an artery that can rupture
– Arteritis– Polyarteritis– Arteriosclerosis-hardening of the arteries– Raynaud’s phenomenon – intermittent attacks
of pallor, cyanosis, and redness of the fingers and toes due to arterial contraction.
Pathology• Atherosclerosis
– Hardening and narrowing of the arteries due to fatty deposits on the walls of the arteries
– Causes• Increased blood lipids• High blood presssure• Smoking• Obesity• Physical inactivity• Tension• http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/anatomyvid
eos/000006.htm
Atherosclerosis can lead to;• Angina pectoris-coronary arteries are
temporarily blocked-reduced blood supply to the heart – chest pain
• ischemia – oxygen deprived heart muscle, injured muscle
• Myocardial Infarction, heart attack– necrosis of the heart muscle due to severe, prolonged ischemia,
Pathology • Coronary artery disease (CAD) • Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)
– Pumping action is diminished– Fluid accumulates and is retained in the
tissues• Carditis
Congenital Heart Disease• Defects in the heart that occurred during
fetal development• Involves defective communication
between the chambers, malformation of the valves, and malformation of the septa
• Cyanotic – inability of the individual to get adequate oxygen so they turn blue
Pathology • Arrhythmias-abnomality in
rate, rhythm, or conduction of the heart beat– Fibrillation-rapid, irregular,
ineffective contractions, quivering
• Atrial fibrillation-irregular quivering action of the atria. Results in very rapid ventricular heartbeat
• V fib – fatal unless reversed– Flutter – Bradycardia-abnormally slow
heartbeat– Tachycardia
Pathology • Veins
– Phlebitis – inflammation of a vein– Varicose veins-enlarged veins which can be inflammed
• Hemorrhoids – varicose veins of the rectal & anal area– Valvulitis-inflammation of a heart valve – Phlebostenosis – narrowing of the lumen of a vein from any cause
• Thrombus-blood clot circulating in the blood stream• Thrombosis-abnormal condition of clot formation• Embolisms – any foreign object circulating in the blood
stream; clot, air, fat particle, plastic from IV catheters, etc.• Blood disorders
– Dyscrasia – any abnormal or pathologic condition of the blood– Hemochromatosis– Septicemia – also known as blood poisoning, is the presence of
pathogenic microorganisms or their toxins in the blood.
Pathology • Blood cells
– Erythrocytosis – abnormal increase in the number of circulating red blood cells
– Thrombocytopenia – also known as thrombopenia, is an abnormal decrease in the number of platelets
– Leukopenia – an abnormal decrease in the number of white blood cells. May affect one or all types.
– Leukemia
Pathology • Anemias – a disorder characterized by lower
than normal levels of red blood cells in the blood– Aplastic – an absence of all formed blood elements– Hemolytic – red blood cells are destroyed faster
than the bone marrow can replace them– Iron deficient– Megaloblastic – large abnormal red blood cells
(megaloblasts) with a reduced capacity to carry oxygen are produced by the bone marrow
Pathology • Anemias continued
– Sickle cell– Pernicious– Thalassemia – Cooley’s anemia, group of
genetic disorders characterized by short-lived red blood cells that lack the normal ability to produce hemoglobin
Pathology • Hypertension (HTN)
– Essential – primary – idiopathic – consistently elevated blood pressure of unknown origin 90% of cases
– Secondary – caused by a different medical problem such as a kidney disorder or a tumor on the adrenal glands 10% of cases
– Malignant – characterized by the sudden onset of severely elevated blood pressure
TREATMENTS
Treatments • Antihypertensive medications
– ACE inhibitors– Beta-blockers– Calcium channel blockers– Diuretics
Treatments • Additional medications
– Statins– Digoxin– Nitroglycerin– Anticoagulant – thrombolytic– Antiarrhythmic-controls irregularities of
the heartbeat– Tissue plasminogen activator (TPA)-used
to dissolve clots
Treatments • Coronary artery bypass graft – CABG –
bypass surgery• Heart
– Defibrillation – Cardioversion– Pacemaker – CPR
Treatments • Clearing blocked arteries
– Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty – PTCA – balloon angioplasty, opens the blocked artery but doesn’t actually remove the plaque
– http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/anatomyvideos/000096.htm
– Atherectomy – surgical removal of plaque from the interior lining of an artery
Treatments– Endarterectomy – surgical removal of the
lining of an artery that is clogged with plaque
– Carotid endarterectomy – same as above for a carotid artery