cardiovascular - part 1

8/14/2019 Cardiovascular - Part 1

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CARDIOVASCULAR

SYSTEM



The

cardiovascular

system iscomposed of:

• Heart

• Blood vessels



The Heart• The heart is the focal point of the

cardiovascular system.• It supplies the driving force for the

movement of blood.

• The heart functions as a pump, activelyforcing blood out of its chambers andpassively relaxing to allow the nextquantity of blood to enter.

• The heart is cone-shaped, pointing downand to the left, and is located left of center of the chest between the lungs.



Sternal Angle -

angle formed bythe junction of the

manubrium and

the body of thesternum. This is

also called the

manubriosternal joint or Angle of

Louis.



Sternum

- is a flat, dagger

shaped bone located in

the middle of the chest.

Along with the ribs, thesternum forms the rib

cage that protects the

heart, lungs, and major blood vessels from

damage



3 PARTS OF STERNUM:

•Manubrium - also called the "handle", islocated at the top of the sternum and moves

slightly. It is connected to the first two ribs

• Body - also called the "blade" or the

"gladiolus", is located in the middle of thesternum and connects the third to seventh ribs

directly and the eighth through tenth ribs

indirectly.

• Xiphoid Process - also called the "tip", is

located on the bottom of the sternum. It is

often cartilaginous (cartilage), but does

become bony in later years.



• The ribs are thin, flat, curved bones thatform a protective cage around the organs

in the upper body.• They are comprised 24 bones arranged in

12 pairs.

• 1 – 7 bones are called True Ribs

• These bones are connected to the spine

(the backbone) in back. In the front, thetrue ribs are connected directly to thebreastbone or sternum by a strips of cartilage called the costal cartilage.



• Ribs 8 – 10 are called False ribs.

• These bones are slightly shorter than

the true ribs and are connected to thespine in back. However, instead of being attached directly to the sternum in

front, the false ribs are attached to thelowest true rib.

• 11 – 12 rib bones are called Floating

ribs.• They are attached to the spine at theback, but are not connected to anythingin the front.



PURPOSE:

• They protect the heart and lungs from

injuries and shocks that might damagethem.

• Ribs also protect parts of the stomach,

spleen, and kidneys.• The ribs help you to breathe. As you

inhale, the muscles in between the ribs

lift the rib cage up, allowing the lungs toexpand. When you exhale, the rib cagemoves down again, squeezing the air out of your lungs.



Intercostal space (ICS)• space between two ribs• Since there are 12 ribs on each side, there

are 11 intercostal spaces.

Importance of intercostal space

• Intercostal spaces are important accesspoints in medicine, for example:• access for surgical procedures, e.g. resection

of (part of) the lung (pneumonectomy), or

insertion of a chest tube• penetrating trauma of the thorax• for percussion and auscultation of underlying

structures, e.g. sites for heart auscultation,

percussion in Traube’s space.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumonectomy

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumonectomy



MIDCLAVICULAR LINE:

• A vertical line crossing through the

clavicle.

• It is useful for evaluating

hepatomegaly and identifying heartsounds, as well as finding the

gallbladder.

• It is the usual reference point for clinical assessment of liver size and

localization of the cardiac apex beat.



JUGULAR VEINS:

• Veins that bring deoxygenated blood from thehead back to the heart via the superior vena cava.

Two sets of jugular veins:

• The internal jugular vein is formed by theanastomisi of blood from the sigmoid sinus of thedura mater and the common facial vein. The

internal jugular runs with the common carotidartery and vagus nerve inside the carotid sheath.

• It provides venous drainage for the contents of theskull.

• The external jugular runs superficially to SCM.

• Both connect to the brachocephalic veins, theexternal jugular joining more laterally than theinternal.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_jugular_vein

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/External_jugular

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/External_jugular

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_jugular_vein



CAROTID ARTERIES:

• Common carotid artery supplies the

head and neck with oxygenated blood• Divides in the neck to form the external

and internal carotid arteries

• The common carotid artery is a pairedstructure, meaning that there are two inthe body, one for each half.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/External_carotid_artery

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_carotid_artery

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_carotid_artery

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/External_carotid_artery



• The left and right common carotid arteries

follow the same course with the exception

of their origin.• The right common carotid originates in the

neck from the brachiocephalic trunk.

• The left arises from the aortic arch in thethoracic region.

• The left common carotid artery can be

thought of as having two parts: a thoracic(chest) part and a cervical (neck) part. The

right common carotid originates in or close

to the neck, so it lacks a thoracic portion.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brachiocephalic_trunk

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aortic_arch

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aortic_arch





PULSE SITES:

• Carotid

• Brachial

• Radial

• Ulnar • Femoral

• Popliteal

• Apical

• Dorsalis Pedus

• Posterior Tibial



MEDIASTINUM:• Movable partition that extends superiorly to

the thoracic inlet and the root of the neck and

inferiorly to the diaphragm.• A non-delineated group of structures in the

thorax (chest), surrounded by looseconnective tissue.

• It is the central compartment of the thoraciccavity.

• It contains the heart, the great vessels of theheart, esophagus, trachea, phrenic nerve,

vagus nerve, thoracic duct, thymus, andlymph nodes of the central chest.• It extends from the sternum in front to the

vertebral column behind, and contains all the

thoracic viscera except the lungs.



FOR THE PURPOSE OF DESCRIPTIONIT IS DIVIDED INTO 2 PARTS:

3. SUPERIOR MEDIASTINUM

– an upper portion, above the upper level of the pericardium.

• superior limit at the superior thoracicopening and its inferior limit at theplane from the sternal angle to the

disc of T4-T5 (Plane of Ludwig)• Bounded in front by the manubrium

sterni and behind by the first 4

thoracic vertebrae.



2. INFERIOR MEDIASTINUM - below the

upper level of the pericardium. This

lower portion is again subdivided intothree parts:

– that in front of the pericardium, the

anterior mediastinum; – that containing the pericardium and

its contents, the middle mediastinum

; – and that behind the pericardium, the

posterior mediastinum.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anterior_mediastinum

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_mediastinum

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posterior_mediastinum









• It is surrounded by the body of the

sternum anteriorly, the lungs laterally

and the lower 8 thoracis vertebraeposteriorly.

• It is continuous with the loose

connective tissue of the neck, andextends inferiorly onto the diaphragm.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neck

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaphragm_(anatomy)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaphragm_(anatomy)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neck



SUPERIOR

MEDIASTINUM:

• Thymus

• Large veins

• Large arteries

• Trachea

• Esophagus and

thoracic duct

• Sympathetic trunk

INFERIOR

MEDIASTINUM

• Thymus• Hart within the

pericardium with

phrenic nerve

• Esophagus and

thoracic duct

• Descending aorta

• Sympathetic trunk

cardiovascular - part 1

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