cardiovascular, immune, and lymphatic systems and blood chapter 10 copyright © 2012, 2009, 2005,...
TRANSCRIPT
Cardiovascular, Immune, and Lymphatic Systems and Blood
Chapter 10
Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2002, 1998, 1994, 1989, 1985 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Lesson 10.1
Chapter 102
Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2002, 1998, 1994, 1989, 1985 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Objectives3
Identify the organs and structures of the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems and blood and the function of the immune system.
Define and spell word parts related to the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems and blood.
Define, pronounce, and spell disease and disorder terms related to the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems and blood.
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Cardiovascular System4
The cardiovascular system consists of the heart and a closed
network of blood vessels composed of arteries, capillaries,
and veins.
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Function of the Cardiovascular System
5
The heart pumps blood containing oxygen and nutrients to body tissues through the arteries.
The exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste between the blood and body tissue takes place in the capillaries.
The blood carrying carbon dioxide and waste is carried from the tissues through veins to organs of excretion.
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Cardiovascular System6
heart: - muscular cone-shaped organ the size of a
closed fist, located behind the breast bone and between the lungs; the pumping action circulates blood throughout the body
upper chambers: right and left atria
lower chambers: right and left ventricles
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7
Interior of the Heart
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Cardiovascular System (cont’d)
8
Atrioventricular valves: - consist of the tricuspid and mitral valves,
which lie between the right atrium and the right ventricle and the left atrium and left ventricle, respectively. Valves of the heart keep blood flowing in one direction.
semilunar valves: - pulmonary and aortic valves, located
between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery and between the left ventricle and the aorta, respectively.
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Cardiovascular System (cont’d)
9
pericardium: - two-layer sac surrounding the heart; an
external fibrous and an internal serous layer that secretes a fluid that facilitates movement of the heart
Three layers of the heart:epicardium: covers the heartmyocardium: middle, thick, muscular layerendocardium: inner lining of the heart
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Cardiovascular System (cont’d)
10
blood vessels: tubelike structures that carry blood throughout the body
arteries: carry blood containing oxygen and other nutrients away from the heart to the body cells, except for the pulmonary artery, which carries carbon dioxide and other waste products to the lungs
arterioles: smallest arteries aorta: largest artery in the body
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11
Types of Blood Vessels
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Cardiovascular System (cont’d)
12
veins: carry blood containing carbon dioxide and other waste products back to the heart, except for the pulmonary vein, which carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart
venules: smallest veins in the body venae cavae: largest veins in the body capillaries: connect arterioles with
venules; exchange of gases takes place in capillaries
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Function of Blood13
Maintains internal balance in the body. Activities of the blood include
transportation, such as transporting nutrients, waste, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and hormones, protection provided by certain cells that protect the body against microorganisms, and regulation by controlling temperature and maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance.
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Composition of Blood15
plasma: liquid portion of blood in which cells are suspended
cells: formed elements erythrocytes: red blood cells that
carry oxygen leukocytes: white blood cells that
combat infection thrombocytes (platelets):
responsible for aiding in the clotting process
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The Lymphatic System17
The lymphatic system consists of lymph transported through lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, the spleen, and thymus gland.
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Function of the Lymphatic System
18
Returns excessive tissue fluid to the blood. Absorbs fats and fat soluble vitamins from
the small intestine and transports them to the blood and provides defense against infection.
Collected interstitial fluid called lymph travels away from body tissue toward the heart and is drained into the cardiovascular system through ducts in the upper chest. Breathing and muscle action help propel lymph through the vessels.
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19
Lymphatic System
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Threaded Case Study: Li Chen
Before we begin to explore the anatomy of the cardiovascular system, let's meet Li Chen. Li and his wife Mai own a small, cozy antiquities and gift shop in San Francisco, specializing in "fine china—old and new—art prints, textiles, and a little furniture," he says.
Li has come to Dr. Stamatis because sometimes his heart races or starts to pound. He also says that he seems to be catching colds more easily. He wonders if his frequent bouts of rhinitis could be related to allergies. He mentions that he often feels fatigued and has lost a little weight. Hearing this, Dr. Stamatis decides that a good first step is to do a blood analysis.
20
Lymphatic System (cont’d)21
lymph: transparent, colorless tissue fluid;
lymph contains lymphocytes and monocytes
lymph nodes: small, spherical bodies made up of lymphoid tissue; act as filters in keeping substances such as bacteria from the blood
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Lymphatic System (cont’d)22
spleen: located in the left side of the abdominal cavity between the stomach and the diaphragm; largest lymphatic organ in the body
thymus gland: located anterior to the ascending aorta and posterior to the sternum between the lungs; plays an important role in the development of the body’s immune system
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The Immune System: Functions
24
The immune system does not have its own organs and structures.Functions: protects the body against pathogens (bacteria, fungi, and viruses), foreign agents that cause allergic reactions or toxins (insect bites), and abnormal body cells (e.g., cancer).Three lines of defense: First line: mechanical and chemical barriers Second line: natural killer cells—protective proteinsThird line: specific immunity, formation of specific antibodies to fight against the infectious agent
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25
Three Lines of Defense…
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Threaded Case Study
Let's return to Li Chen, whose doctor has begun the physical examination. Dr. Stamatis is gathering a wealth of data about the functioning of Li's heart and blood vessels. Dr. Stamatis listens to Li's heart sounds.
Li will describe his personal health habits, review his health history, and be encouraged to recall any additional symptoms he's experienced. We'll return soon to see how his exam is progressing.
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Combining Forms of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems and Blood28
angi/o aort/o arteri/o atri/o cardi/o lymphaden/o lymph/o myel/o
phleb/o plasm/o splen/o thym/o valv/o, valvul/o ventricul/o
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Combining Forms Used with Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems29
ather/o ech/o electr/o isch/o therm/o thromb/o
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Prefix30
brady-
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Suffixes31
-ac -apheresis -graph -penia -poiesis -sclerosis
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Similar Suffixes Used in Diagnostic Terms
32
Suffix Meaning Chapter-gram record, radiographic 6
image-graphinstrument used to 10
record; record-graphy process of recording, 5
radiographic imaging
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Clicker Question33
Which of the following means vein?a) arteri/ob) phleb/oc) valv/o
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Speak and Spell
https://evolve.elsevier.com/Courses/14615_sjohnson2458_1001#/content/463634144?view=https:%2F%2Fevolve.elsevier.com%2Fobjects%2Flafleur8e_v1%2Fmod10%2F10s01l0314.html
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Disease and Disorder Terms Built from Word Parts: Cardiovascular System
angioma angiostenosis aortic stenosis arteriosclerosis atherosclerosis bradycardia cardiomegaly cardiomyopathy
35
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Disease and Disorder Terms Built from
Word Parts: Cardiovascular System (cont’d)
endocarditis ischemia myocarditis pericarditis phebitis polyarteritis tachycardia thrombophlebitis valvulitis
36
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Disease and Disorder Terms Built from Word Parts: Blood
hematoma multiple myeloma pancytopenia thrombosis thrombus
37
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Disease and Disorder Terms Built from Word Parts: Lymphatic System
lymphadenitis lymphadenopathy lymphoma splenomegaly thymoma
38
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Clicker Question
Which of the following is analyzed correctly?
a) ather/o/sclerosisb) ather/o/scler/osisc) ather/o/sclero/sis
39
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Disease and Disorder Terms Not Built from Word Parts: Cardiovascular System
40
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Threaded Case Study
Dr. Stamatis realizes that an inflammatory disease is certainly a possibility for Li Chen, especially considering the fact that he feels exhausted so much of the time.
By now, you're well aware that many of the medical terms built from word parts indicate inflammation by adding the suffix -itis to the end of a word root. Let's look at several new terms that use this suffix.
42
Threaded Case Study
One thing Li has had for some time now is a slight heart murmur. His wife Mai asks, "Could all this fatigue have to do with his heart murmur?"
"That's a good question," Dr. Stamatis says. "In Li's case, though, the heart murmur is a result of mitral valve prolapse, which is not dangerous and also cannot really be treated. That condition makes him slightly more prone to lowered blood pressure and occasional dizziness if he stands or sits up too fast. But the prolapse in itself, and the murmur in itself, would not cause this kind of fatigue. There are other possibilities, though, and that's what we're checking out."
"You see?" Li assures his wife. "It's all being checked out. Stop your worrying."
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Disease and Disorder Terms Not Built from Word Parts: Cardiovascular System(cont’d)
deep vein thrombosis (DVT) hypertensive heart disease (HHD) intermittent claudication mitral valve stenosis myocardial infarction (MI) peripheral arterial disease (PAD) rheumatic heart disease varicose veins
44
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Disease and Disorder Terms Not Built from Word Parts: Blood (cont’d)
anemia embolus (pl. emboli) hemophilia leukemia sepsis
45
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Disease and Disorder Terms Not Built from Word Parts: Lymphatic System (cont’d)
Hodgkin disease infectious mononucleosis
46
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48
Aortic Stenosis
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49
Atrial Fibrillation
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50
Aneurysm
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51
Coarctation of the Aorta
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54
Congestive heart failure (CHF) is a
condition in which the heart is unable to pump
the amount of blood required to meet the
body's metabolic needs.
Speak and Spell57
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Threaded Case Study Dr. Stamatis is interested in doing more blood
tests. Blood tests are the perfect place to start looking for the source of Li Chen's fatigue, because fatigue is often a symptom of anemia. If that's the case with Li Chen, his main symptom can be remedied fairly easily.
Let's begin by looking at sepsis, a condition in which pathogenic microorganisms invade the blood or other tissues causing an overwhelming blood infection (seps/o) and leading to a systemic inflammatory response. Sepsis is sometimes referred to as septicemia.
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CHAPTER 10
Lesson 10.2
59
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Objectives
Define, pronounce, and spell surgical terms related to the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems and blood.
Define, pronounce, and spell diagnostic terms related to the cardiovascular system and blood.
60
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Surgical Terms Built from Word Parts
Cardiovascular System angioplasty atherectomy endarterectomy pericardiocentesis phlebectomy phlebotomy valvuloplasty
61
Lymphatic System splenectomy splenopexy thymectomy
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62
Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. A, Balloon dilation. B, Coronary arteriogram before PTCA. The arrow indicates the stenotic area, estimated at 95% minimum blood flow distal to the lesion. C, Coronary arteriogram after PTCA in the same patient. Blood flow is estimated to be 100%.
Surgical Terms Not Built from Word Parts: Cardiovascular System
aneurysmectomy bone marrow transplant cardiac pacemaker coronary artery bypass
graft (CABG) coronary stent embolectomy
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femoropopliteal bypass
implantable cardiac defibrillator
intracoronary thrombolytic therapy
coronary angioplasty (PTCA)
percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty
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64
Coronary Artery Bypass Graft
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65
Treatment of CHF often includes pharmacologic and
nutritional components. Medications may be given to
improve the pumping action of the heart and to promote the
excretion of fluids. Dietary sodium and fluid intake may
also be restricted.
If efforts to control CHF with medications and diet fail, heart
transplantation may be required. Heart transplantation
is the surgical removal of a donor heart and transfer of the organ to a recipient, as shown in the line drawing to the right.
66
Coronary Stent
a) Stent at site of plaque formationb) Inflated balloon and expanded stent c) Implanted stent
A
B
C
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67
Implantable Cardiac Defibrillator
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Clicker Question
Which of the following is performed to remove fatty plaque from an artery?a) angioplastyb) aneurysmectomyc) atherectomy
69
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Surgical Terms Not Built from Word Parts: Blood
bone marrow aspiration bone marrow biopsy bone marrow transplant
70
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71
Bone Marrow Aspiration
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Bone marrow aspiration. Study of the bone marrow can be used to identify the presence of leukemia or other malignancies or to determine the cause of anemia.
72
Placement of Defibrillator Paddles
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Diagnostic Terms Built from Word Parts: Cardiovascular System
Diagnostic imaging angiography angioscope angioscopy aortogram arteriogram venogram venography
73
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74
Arteriogram showing the right main pulmonary
artery. This procedure
(arteriography) is performed after
injection of contrast material.
75
Digital subtraction angiography (DSA). A, Lateral digital nonsubtracted carotid artery. B, Lateral digital subtracted carotid artery. By removing unwanted anatomy, the image of the carotid artery is of high quality.
Diagnostic Terms Built from Word Parts: Cardiovascular System (cont’d)
echocardiogram (ECHO) electrocardiogram (ECG, EKG) electrocardiograph electrocardiography
76
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77
Electrocardiogram
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Diagnostic Terms Not Built from Word Parts: Cardiovascular System
Diagnostic imaging digital subtraction angiography (DSA) Doppler ultrasound exercise stress test single-photon emission computed
tomography (SPECT) thallium test transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE)
78
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Diagnostic Terms Not Built from Word Parts: Cardiovascular System (cont’d) Cardiovascular Studies
cardiac catheterization impedance plethysmography (IPC)
79
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Diagnostic Terms Not Built from Word Parts: Cardiovascular System (cont’d) Other diagnostic terms
blood pressure pulse sphygmomanometer
80
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81
Measurement of Blood Pressure
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Diagnostic Terms Not Built from Word Parts: Cardiovascular System (cont’d)
Laboratory C-reactive protein creatine phosphokinase (CPK) homocysteine lipid profile troponin
82
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Clicker Question
Which measures the number of times per minute the heart beat is felt on the arterial wall?a)IPGb)blood pressurec)pulse
83
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Diagnostic Terms Not Built from Word Parts: Blood (cont’d)
Laboratory coagulation time complete blood count and
differential count (CBC and Diff) hematocrit (HCT) hemoglobin (Hgb) prothrombin time (PT)
84
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85
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CHAPTER 10
Lesson 10.3
86
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Objectives
Define, pronounce, and spell complementary terms related to the cardiovascular and immune systems and blood.
Interpret the meaning of abbreviations presented in the chapter.
Interpret, read, and comprehend medical language in simulated medical statements and documents.
87
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Complementary Terms Built from Word Parts: Cardiovascular System
atrioventricular (AV) cardiac cardiogenic cardiologist cardiology hypothermia intravenous phlebologist phlebology
88
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Complementary Terms Built from Word Parts: Blood (cont’d)
hematologist hematology hematopoiesis hemolysis hemostasis myelopoiesis plasmapheresis thrombolysis
89
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Clicker Question
A patient diagnosed with leukemia would seek treatment from a:a)hematologistb)cardiologistc)phlebologist
90
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Complementary Terms Not Built from Word Parts: Cardiovascular System
91
cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) defibrillation diastole extracorporeal extravasation fibrillation heart murmur hypercholesterolemia hyperlipidemia
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Complementary Terms Not Built from Word Parts: Cardiovascular System (cont’d)
92
hypertension hypertriglyceridemia hypotension lipids lumen
occlude systole vasoconstrictor vasodilator venipuncture
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Complementary Terms Not Built from Word Parts: Blood
93
anticoagulant blood dyscrasia hemorrhage
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Complementary Terms Not Built from Word Parts: Immune System
94
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Abbreviations95
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Abbreviations (cont’d)96
Hgb HHD ICD IV MI PAD
PT RBC SPECT TEE WBC
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97
Read Medical Terms in Use
A 55-year-old man presented to his doctor with pain in the calf and swelling in the left foot and ankle. Three days prior, the patient had completed trans-Pacific airline travel, spending several hours in a sitting position. He has a history of varicose veins. No previous history of hypertension or thrombophlebitis existed. Physical examination revealed an edematous left lower extremity and a tender calf. The pedal pulse was intact. A Doppler ultrasound was obtained, which revealed deep vein thrombosis. The patient was hospitalized and subcutaneous low molecular weight heparin was begun. Concurrently, Coumadin was started and will continue for 6 months. The oral anticoagulant therapy will be monitored monthly by prothrombin time.
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