cardiology english

7/29/2019 Cardiology English

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Cardiology (from Greek , kardi, "heart"; and -, -logia) is a medical specialty

dealing with disorders of the heart(specifically the human heart). The field includes medical

diagnosis and treatment ofcongenital heart defects, coronary artery disease,heart failure,

valvular heart disease and electrophysiology.Physicians who specialize in this field of

medicine are called cardiologists. Physicians who specialize in cardiac surgery are called

cardiac surgeons.

Contents

1 Specialization

2 The heart

3 Disorders

o 3.1 Disorders of the coronary circulation

o 3.2 Cardiac arrest

o 3.3 Disorders of the myocardium (muscle of the heart)

o 3.4 Disorders of the pericardium (outer lining of the heart)o 3.5 Disorders of the heart valves

o 3.6 Congenital heart defect

o 3.7 Diseases of blood vessels (vascular diseases)

o 3.8 Procedures to counter coronary artery disease

o 3.9 Devices used in cardiology

o 3.10 Diagnostic tests and procedures

SpecializationCardiology is a specialty ofinternal medicine. To be a cardiologist in the United States, a

three year residency in internal medicine is followed by a three year residency in cardiology.

It is possible to specialize further in a subspecialty. Recognized subspecialties in the United

States by the ACGME are:[citation needed]

Cardiac electrophysiology : Study of the electrical properties and conduction diseases

of the heart.

Echocardiography : The use ofultrasound to study the mechanical function/physics of

the heart.

Interventional cardiology : The use ofcatheters for the treatment of structural andischemic diseases of the heart.

Nuclear cardiology : The use ofnuclear medicine to visualize the uptake of an isotope

by the heart using radioactive sources.

Recognized subspecialties in the United States by the American Osteopathic Association

Bureau of Osteopathic Specialists(AOABOS) include

Clinical cardiac electrophysiology

Interventional cardiology

The heart
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Blood flow diagram of the human heart. Blue components indicate de-oxygenated blood

pathways and red components indicate oxygenated pathways.

Main articles: heartand human heart

As the center focus of cardiology, the heart has numerous anatomical features (e.g., atria,

ventricles, heart valves) and numerous physiological features (e.g., systole,heart sounds,

afterload) that have been encyclopedically documented for many centuries.

Disorders of the heart lead toheart diseaseandcardiovascular diseaseand they lead to a

significant number of deaths: cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death and caused

29.34% of all deaths in 2002.[citation needed]

The primary responsibility of the heart is to pumpblood around the body. It pumps blood

from the body called the systemic circulation through thelungs called the

pulmonary circulation and then back out to the body. This means that the heart is

connected and affects the entirety of the body. Simplified, the heart is a circuit of the

Circulation. While plenty is known about the healthy heart, the bulk of the study in

cardiology is in the disorders of the heart and restoration, where possible, of function.

The heart is a muscle that squeezes blood and functions like a pump. Each part of the heart is

susceptible to failure or dysfunction and the heart could be divided into the mechanical and

the electrical.

The electrical part of the heart is centered on the periodic contraction (squeezing) of the

muscle cells that is caused by the cardiac pacemakerlocated in thesinoatrial node. The study

of the electrical aspects is a subfield ofelectrophysiologycalled cardiac electrophysiology

and is epitomized with the electrocardiogram (ECG/EKG). The action potentials generated in

the pacemaker propagate throughout the heart in a specific pattern and is the system that

carries this potential is called theelectrical conduction system. Dysfunction of the electrical
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system manifests in many ways and includes WolffParkinsonWhite syndrome,ventricular

fibrillation, and heart block.

The mechanical part of the heart is centered on the fluidic movement ofbloodand the

functionality of the heart as apump. The mechanical part is ultimately the purpose of the

heart and many of the disorders of the heart disrupt the ability to move blood. Failure to movesufficient blood can result in failure in other organs and may result in death if severe. Heart

failureis one condition in which the mechanical properties of the heart have failed or are

failing, which means insufficient blood is being circulated.

Disorders

Cardiology is concerned with the normal functionality of the heart and the deviation from a

healthy heart. Many disorders involve the heart itself but some are outside of the heart.

Disorders of the coronary circulation

Coronary arteries labeled in red text and other landmarks in blue text.

Contrary to a basic understanding of the cardiovascular system, the heart cannot receive

enough oxygen and nutrients from the blood it pumps and it must be supplied with blood as if

it were any otherorgan in the body. Unlike the systemic organs the heart receives perfusion in

the phase of diastole rather than systole. This circulation of blood is called the coronary

circulation. The coronary circulation consists ofcoronary arteries and coronary veins.

Disorders of the coronary circulation can have devastating effects to the heart since damageto the heart can reduce coronary circulation which causes further damage.

Acute coronary syndrome (ACS)

Acute coronary syndrome is a broad term encompassing many acute myocardial

infarction symptoms.

Angina pectoris

Angina pectoris literally means "breast pain" that refers to chest pain caused by

ischemia of the heart.

Atherosclerosis
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Atherosclerosis is the condition in which an artery wall thickens as the result of a

build-up of fatty materials (e.g., cholesterol). Atherosclerosis of a coronary artery

leads to coronary heart disease.

Coronary heart disease

Coronary heart disease is a general term for any reduction in coronary circulation.

One such condition is atherosclerosis.Myocardial infarction (aka heart attack)

A myocardial infarction is the death of a part of the heart which is typically caused by

a blockage of the coronary circulation orcoronary heart disease.

Restenosis

Recurrence ofstenosis which would refer to a coronary artery in the context of the

coronary circulation.

Cardiac arrest

A rhythm strip showing a couple beats of normal sinus followed by an atrial beat and asystole

("flatline").

Cardiac arrest refers to the cessation(to cease)of normal systemic circulation due to failure in

proper contraction of the heart. There are several conditions that can cause cardiac arrest.

Asystole ("flatline")

Asystole refers to the absence of electrical activity of the heart and is sometimes

referred to as a "flatline" because the electrocardiogram shows a solid line due to the

absence of electrical activity.

Pulseless electrical activity (PEA)

Pulseless electrical activity is when theelectrocardiogram shows a rhythm that should

produce apulse but it does not. PEA is commonly caused by the 6 H's and 6 T's (see

PEA article).

Pulseless ventricular tachycardia

Pulseless ventricular tachycardia(VT) Is one classification of VT such that nopulse isfelt because of an ineffective cardiac output which causes cardiac arrest.

Sudden cardiac death

Sudden cardiac death is a concept ofnatural death rather than a specific medical

condition. There are several causes of sudden cardiac death and it is distinct from

cardiac arrest.

Ventricular fibrillation

Ventricular fibrillation is fibrillation of the ventriclesof the heart. Rhythmic

contraction is necessary for efficient movement of blood and fibrillation disrupts this

rhythm sufficiently to cause cardiac arrest.

Treatment of cardiac arrest includes cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and defibrillationdepending on the exact cause of cardiac arrest.
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Disorders of the myocardium (muscle of the heart)

The diagram shows a healthy heart (left) and one suffering from right ventricular hypertrophy

(right).

A man with congestive heart failure and markedjugular venous distension. External jugular

vein marked by an arrow.

Cardiomyopathy

Cardiomyopathy is a deterioration of the myocardium.

Ischemic cardiomyopathy

Cardiomyopathy causing ischemia of the heart due to coronary artery disease.

Nonischemic cardiomyopathy

Cardiomyopathy not caused by ischemia of the heart.

Amyloid cardiomyopathy

Cardiomyopathy caused by amyloidosis.
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Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)

Cardiomyopathy caused by hypertrophy of the heart.

Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy(HOCM) (Idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic

stenosis (IHSS))

Dilated cardiomyopathy

Cardiomyopathy caused by dilation of the heart.Alcoholic cardiomyopathy

A type of dilated cardiomyopathy caused by chronic abuse ofalcohol.

Tachycardia induced cardiomyopathy

A type of dilated cardiomyopathy caused by chronic tachycardia.

Takotsubo cardiomyopathy (Transient apical ballooning, stress-induced

cardiomyopathy)

A type of dilated cardiomyopathy caused by a sudden temporary weakening of the

myocardium.

Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia (Arrhythmogenic right ventricular

cardiomyopathy)

Cardiomyopathy caused by a genetic mutation of thedesmosomes that connectmyocytes.

Restrictive cardiomyopathy

Cardiomyopathy caused by excessive rigidity of the heart.

Heart failure

Failure of the heart to produce sufficient blood flow to meet metabolic demands of the

body.

Cor pulmonale

Untreated cor pulmonale can cause right heart failure from chronic pulmonary

hypertrophy.

Ventricular hypertrophy

Hypertrophy of the ventricle.

Left ventricular hypertrophy

Hypertrophy of the left ventricle.

Right ventricular hypertrophy

Hypertrophy of the right ventricle.

Primary tumors of the heart

Tumors that arise initially in the heart and not from elsewhere in the body.

Myxoma

Most common tumor of the heart.

Myocardial rupture

A gross structural failure of the heart. Commonly a result ofmyocardial infarction.

Disorders of the pericardium (outer lining of the heart)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertrophic_cardiomyopathyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertrophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertrophic_obstructive_cardiomyopathyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertrophic_obstructive_cardiomyopathyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dilated_cardiomyopathyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholic_cardiomyopathyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tachycardia_induced_cardiomyopathyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tachycardiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tachycardiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takotsubo_cardiomyopathyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrhythmogenic_right_ventricular_dysplasiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmosomehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmosomehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restrictive_cardiomyopathyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_failurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cor_pulmonalehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventricular_hypertrophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertrophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventricle_(heart)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left_ventricular_hypertrophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertrophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left_ventriclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_ventricular_hypertrophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertrophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_ventriclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_tumors_of_the_hearthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myxomahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myocardial_rupturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myocardial_infarctionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myocardial_infarctionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myocardial_infarctionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertrophic_cardiomyopathyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertrophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertrophic_obstructive_cardiomyopathyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dilated_cardiomyopathyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholic_cardiomyopathyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tachycardia_induced_cardiomyopathyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tachycardiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takotsubo_cardiomyopathyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrhythmogenic_right_ventricular_dysplasiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmosomehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restrictive_cardiomyopathyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_failurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cor_pulmonalehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventricular_hypertrophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertrophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventricle_(heart)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left_ventricular_hypertrophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertrophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left_ventriclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_ventricular_hypertrophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertrophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_ventriclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_tumors_of_the_hearthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myxomahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myocardial_rupturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myocardial_infarction


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Posterior wall of the pericardial sac.

Thepericardium is a double-walled sac fibrous pericardium and serous pericardium

that contains the heart.

Constrictive pericarditis

Pericarditis that constricts the expansion of the heart and inhibits heart function.

Pericardial effusion

An abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pericardium that can lead to tamponade.

Pericardial tamponade

Accumulation of fluid in thepericardium that inhibits heart function.

Pericarditis

Inflammation of thepericardium.

Disorders of the heart valves

3D reconstruction of the heart as viewed from the apex towards the valves, image flipped

180 relative to illustration above. Pulmonary valve not visible, leaflets of the tricuspid and

aortic valves only partly visible. To the left two images in 2D from the same dataset, showing

tricuspid and mitral valves (above) and aortal and mitral valve (below).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pericardiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibrous_pericardiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serous_pericardiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constrictive_pericarditishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pericardial_effusionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_tamponadehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pericardiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pericarditishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pericardiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Apikal4D.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Apikal4D.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gray489.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gray489.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pericardiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibrous_pericardiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serous_pericardiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constrictive_pericarditishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pericardial_effusionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_tamponadehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pericardiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pericarditishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pericardium


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The heart contains four valves that direct the flow of blood in a single direction. Failure to

prevent reverse-flow is called regurgitation, or insufficiency. Narrowing of the valves

obstructs flow and is called stenosis.

Aortic valve

Disorders and treatments of the aortic valve that separates theleft ventricle and aorta.Aortic regurgitation / aortic insufficiency

Deficiency of the aortic valve that permitsregurgitation from the aorta into the left

ventricle.

Aortic stenosis

Narrowing of the aortic valve opening that reduces blood flow through the valve.

Aortic valve replacement

Replacement of the aortic valve due to aortic regurgitation,aortic stenosis, or other

reasons.

Aortic valve repair

Repair, instead of replacement, of the aortic valve.

Aortic valvuloplastyRepair of the valve by using aballoon catheterto force it open.

Mitral valve

Disorders and treatments of the mitral valve that separates the left atriumandleft

ventricle.

Mitral valve prolapse

Prolapse of the mitral valve into the left atrium during ventricular systole.

Mitral regurgitation / mitral insufficiency

Deficiency of the mitral valve that permits regurgitation from the left ventricle into

the left atrium.

Mitral stenosis

Narrowing of the mitral valve opening that reduces blood flow through the valve.

Mitral valve replacement

Replacement of the mitral valve due tomitral regurgitation, mitral stenosis, or other

reasons.

Mitral valve repair

Repair, instead of replacement, of the mitral valve.

Mitral valvuloplasty

Repair of the valve by using aballoon catheterto force it open.

Pulmonary valve

Disorders of thepulmonary valvethat separates the right ventricle andpulmonary

artery.Pulmonary regurgitation / pulmonary insufficiency

Deficiency of the pulmonary valve that permits regurgitation from the pulmonary

artery into the right ventricle.

Pulmonic stenosis

Narrowing of the pulmonary valve opening that reduces blood flow through the valve.

Tricuspid valve

Disorders of the tricuspid valvethat separates the right atrium and right ventricle.

Tricuspid regurgitation / tricuspid insufficiency

Deficiency of the tricuspid valve that permits regurgitation from the right ventricle

into the right atrium.

Congenital heart defect
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aortic_valvehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left_ventriclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left_ventriclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aortahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aortic_regurgitationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regurgitation_(circulation)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regurgitation_(circulation)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aortic_stenosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aortic_valve_replacementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aortic_regurgitationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aortic_stenosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aortic_stenosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aortic_valve_repairhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aortic_valvuloplastyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balloon_catheterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitral_valvehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left_atriumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left_atriumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left_ventriclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left_ventriclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left_ventriclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitral_valve_prolapsehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prolapsehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitral_regurgitationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regurgitation_(circulation)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitral_stenosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitral_valve_replacementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitral_regurgitationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitral_regurgitationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitral_stenosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitral_valve_repairhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitral_valvuloplastyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balloon_catheterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_valvehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_valvehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_valvehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_ventriclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_arteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_arteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_regurgitationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regurgitation_(circulation)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonic_stenosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricuspid_valvehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricuspid_valvehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricuspid_valvehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_atriumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_ventriclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricuspid_regurgitationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regurgitation_(circulation)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aortic_valvehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left_ventriclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aortahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aortic_regurgitationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regurgitation_(circulation)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aortic_stenosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aortic_valve_replacementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aortic_regurgitationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aortic_stenosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aortic_valve_repairhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aortic_valvuloplastyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balloon_catheterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitral_valvehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left_atriumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left_ventriclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left_ventriclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitral_valve_prolapsehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prolapsehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitral_regurgitationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regurgitation_(circulation)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitral_stenosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitral_valve_replacementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitral_regurgitationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitral_stenosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitral_valve_repairhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitral_valvuloplastyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balloon_catheterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_valvehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_valvehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_ventriclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_arteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_arteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_regurgitationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regurgitation_(circulation)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonic_stenosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricuspid_valvehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricuspid_valvehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_atriumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_ventriclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricuspid_regurgitationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regurgitation_(circulation)


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Atrial septal defect with left-to-right shunt.

Congenital heart defects are defects in the structure of the heart which are present at birth.

Atrial septal defect

Defect in the interatrial septumthat permits blood flow between atria, including a

patent foramen ovale(PFO).

Bicuspid aortic valve

Formation of two valve leaflets in theaortic valve instead of three leaflets.

Hypoplastic left heart syndrome

Defect in the development of theleft heart such that it is hyperplastic (under

developed).

Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)

Failure of the ductus arteriosus to close on birth.

Patent foramen ovale(PFO)

An atrial septal defect in that theforamen ovale fails to close at birth.

Persistent truncus arteriosus

Defect in that the truncus arteriosus fails to divide.

Tetralogy of Fallot

Set of four anatomical abnormalities:pulmonary stenosis,overriding aorta,

ventricular septal defect, andright ventricular hypertrophy.

Transposition of the great vessels (TGV)

Abnormal spatial arrangement of the great vessels (superior vena cava,inferior venacava,pulmonary arteries,pulmonary veins, and aorta).

Ventricular septal defect

Defect in the ventricular septum that permits blood flow between ventricles.

Diseases of blood vessels (vascular diseases)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congenital_heart_defecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atrial_septal_defecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interatrial_septumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interatrial_septumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent_foramen_ovalehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent_foramen_ovalehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicuspid_aortic_valvehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aortic_valvehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aortic_valvehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypoplastic_left_heart_syndromehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left_hearthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left_hearthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperplastichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent_ductus_arteriosushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ductus_arteriosushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent_foramen_ovalehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent_foramen_ovalehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atrial_septal_defecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foramen_ovale_(heart)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foramen_ovale_(heart)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persistent_truncus_arteriosushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truncus_arteriosus_(embryology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetralogy_of_Fallothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_stenosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_stenosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overriding_aortahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overriding_aortahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventricular_septal_defecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventricular_septal_defecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_ventricular_hypertrophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_ventricular_hypertrophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transposition_of_the_great_vesselshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superior_vena_cavahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inferior_vena_cavahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inferior_vena_cavahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inferior_vena_cavahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_arterieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_arterieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_veinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aortahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventricular_septal_defecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventricular_septumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Atrial_septal_defect-en.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Atrial_septal_defect-en.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congenital_heart_defecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atrial_septal_defecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interatrial_septumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent_foramen_ovalehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicuspid_aortic_valvehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aortic_valvehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypoplastic_left_heart_syndromehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left_hearthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperplastichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent_ductus_arteriosushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ductus_arteriosushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent_foramen_ovalehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atrial_septal_defecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foramen_ovale_(heart)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persistent_truncus_arteriosushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truncus_arteriosus_(embryology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetralogy_of_Fallothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_stenosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overriding_aortahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventricular_septal_defecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_ventricular_hypertrophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transposition_of_the_great_vesselshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superior_vena_cavahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inferior_vena_cavahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inferior_vena_cavahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_arterieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_veinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aortahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventricular_septal_defecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventricular_septum


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The progression of atherosclerosis (size exaggerated).

Atherosclerosis

Thickening of an arterial wall due to increasedcholesterolandmacrophages.

Aneurysm

Balloon-like bulging of the artery.

AortaDiseases of the aorta

Coarctation of the aorta

Narrowing of the aorta at the ductus arteriosus/ligamentum arteriosum.

Aortic dissection

Dissection along the length of the aorta between the layers of the aortic wall and filled

with blood.

Aortic aneurysm

Aneurysm of the aorta.

Carotid artery

Diseases of the carotid arteries

Carotid artery stenosis / carotid artery diseaseNarrowing of the carotid artery, typically due to atherosclerosis.

Carotid artery dissection

Dissection along the length of the carotid artery between the layers of the carotid wall

and filled with blood.

Deep vein thrombosis (DVT)

Formation of athrombus in adeep vein, commonly in the legs.

Traveller's thrombosis / economy class syndrome

A DVT due to being sedentary during air travel.

Varicose veins

Veins that have become enlarged and tortuous with failed valves, commonly in the

legs.

Vasculitis
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atherosclerosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholesterolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholesterolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholesterolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macrophagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macrophagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aneurysmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aortahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coarctation_of_the_aortahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ductus_arteriosushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligamentum_arteriosumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aortic_dissectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aortic_aneurysmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aneurysmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carotid_arteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carotid_artery_stenosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carotid_arteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carotid_artery_dissectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_vein_thrombosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrombushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrombushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_veinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_veinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traveller's_thrombosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varicose_veinshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasculitishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Endo_dysfunction_Athero.PNGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Endo_dysfunction_Athero.PNGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atherosclerosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholesterolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macrophagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aneurysmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aortahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coarctation_of_the_aortahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ductus_arteriosushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligamentum_arteriosumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aortic_dissectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aortic_aneurysmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aneurysmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carotid_arteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carotid_artery_stenosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carotid_arteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carotid_artery_dissectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_vein_thrombosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrombushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_veinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traveller's_thrombosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varicose_veinshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasculitis


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Inflammation ofblood vessels.

Procedures to counter coronary artery disease

An example of a drug-eluting stent. This is the TAXUS Express2 Paclitaxel-Eluting Coronary

Stent System, which releasespaclitaxel.Coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG)

Grafting an artery or vein from elsewhere (typically the leg) to bypass a stenotic

coronary artery.

Enhanced external counterpulsation (EECP)

Pneumatically assisting the heart move blood through cuffs on the legs.

Percutaneous coronary intervention(PCI)

Procedures to treat stenotic coronary arteries by accessing through a blood vessel.

Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty (PTCA)

Enlarging the lumen of a coronary artery by forcibly expanding it with a balloon.

Atherectomy

Enlarging the lumen of a coronary artery by removal of atherosclerotic plaque.Stenting

Enlarging the lumen of a coronary artery by forcibly expanding it with a metal wire

tube.

Devices used in cardiology

A stethoscope.

Stethoscope

Acoustic device for hearing internal sounds including heart sounds.

Devices used to maintain normal electrical rhythmPacemaker
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_vesselhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paclitaxelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronary_artery_bypass_surgeryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enhanced_external_counterpulsationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percutaneous_coronary_interventionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percutaneous_coronary_interventionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percutaneous_Transluminal_Coronary_Angioplastyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atherectomyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stethoscopehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_soundshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_pacemakerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stethoscope-2.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stethoscope-2.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Taxus_stent_FDA.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Taxus_stent_FDA.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_vesselhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paclitaxelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronary_artery_bypass_surgeryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enhanced_external_counterpulsationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percutaneous_coronary_interventionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percutaneous_Transluminal_Coronary_Angioplastyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atherectomyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stethoscopehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_soundshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_pacemaker


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An implanted electrical device that replaces the heart's natural pacemaker.

Defibrillator

Electrical devices to alter the heart's rhythm with electrical energy.

Automated external defibrillator (AED)

An external defibrillator that is commonly found outside of health care settings. Often

designed for anyone to use.Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD)

An implanted device to prevent life-threatening conditions (e.g.,ventricular

tachycardia,ventricular fibrillation).

Devices used to maintainblood pressure

Artificial heart

An internal pump that wholly replaces the pumping action of the heart.

Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) / heart-lung machine

External pump to take over the function of both the heart and lungs.

Intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP)

A balloon placed in the thoracic aorta to supplementcardiac output from the heart.

Ventricular assist deviceInternal pump to supplement or replace the pumping action of a ventricle.

Diagnostic tests and procedures

Cardiologists use diagrams like this: a heart with anECG indicator

Various cardiology diagnostic tests and procedures.

Blood tests

Echocardiography ("echo")

Ultrasonography of the heart to inspect chambers, valves, and blood flow.

Transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE)

Echocardiogram of the heart through the thorax external to the body.

Transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE)

Echocardiogram of the heart through a catheter placed in the esophagus.

Cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging(CMR)

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the heart that utilizes the ECG for gating and

to look at specific mechanical functions of the heart.

Cardiac stress test
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defibrillatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_external_defibrillatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Implantable_cardioverter-defibrillatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventricular_tachycardiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventricular_tachycardiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventricular_tachycardiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventricular_tachycardiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventricular_fibrillationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_pressurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_hearthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiopulmonary_bypasshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intra-aortic_balloon_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoracic_aortahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_outputhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_outputhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventricular_assist_devicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiology_diagnostic_tests_and_procedureshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiology_diagnostic_tests_and_procedureshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echocardiographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transthoracic_echocardiogramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transesophageal_echocardiogramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esophagushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiovascular_magnetic_resonance_imaginghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiovascular_magnetic_resonance_imaginghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_imaginghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_stress_testhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ECG_Principle_fast.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ECG_Principle_fast.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defibrillatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_external_defibrillatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Implantable_cardioverter-defibrillatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventricular_tachycardiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventricular_tachycardiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventricular_fibrillationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_pressurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_hearthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiopulmonary_bypasshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intra-aortic_balloon_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoracic_aortahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_outputhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventricular_assist_devicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiology_diagnostic_tests_and_procedureshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiology_diagnostic_tests_and_procedureshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echocardiographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transthoracic_echocardiogramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transesophageal_echocardiogramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esophagushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiovascular_magnetic_resonance_imaginghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_imaginghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_stress_test


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Testing of the cardiovascular system through controlled exercise or drugs.

Auscultation

Listening to sounds (e.g., heart sounds) with a stethoscope.

Electrocardiography (ECG or EKG)

Measurement of the electrical activity of the heart, typically with 4 or 10 electrodes

on the skin.Holter monitor

Portable ECG device for continuous monitoring.

Electrophysiology study

Studying the electrical activity of the heart through the use of catheters placed in the

heart via veins or arteries.

Sphygmomanometer

Blood pressure cuff used to measure arterial blood pressure.

Cardiac marker

Testing forbiomarkersin the blood that may indicate various conditions.

Coronary catheterization

Catheterization of the coronary arteries.Fractional flow reserve(FFRmyo)

Testing of the flow through astenosis of a coronary artery to determine the perfusion

of the heart.

Intravascular ultrasound(IVUS)

Ultrasonography of a coronary artery.

Optical coherence tomography (OCT)

Testing through the use ofoptical scattering forcoronary artery disease.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auscultationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_soundshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stethoscopehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stethoscopehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrocardiographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holter_monitorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrophysiology_studyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphygmomanometerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_markerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomarkerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomarkerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronary_catheterizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractional_flow_reservehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractional_flow_reservehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stenosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stenosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intravascular_ultrasoundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intravascular_ultrasoundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_coherence_tomographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_scatteringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronary_artery_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronary_artery_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auscultationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_soundshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stethoscopehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrocardiographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holter_monitorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrophysiology_studyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphygmomanometerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_markerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomarkerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronary_catheterizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractional_flow_reservehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stenosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intravascular_ultrasoundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_coherence_tomographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_scatteringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronary_artery_disease

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