carcinogenic pollutants edited with sirs instruction

8/6/2019 Carcinogenic Pollutants Edited With Sirs Instruction

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What is Cancer?

` Cancer is the uncontrolled growth ofabnormalcells anywhere in a body.

` The abnormal cells are termedCancer cells, Malignant

cells, or Tumor cells.

` Cancer harms the body when damaged cells divideuncontrollably to form lumps or masses of tissue calledTUMORS.


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Understanding Cancer

` Normal cells in the body follow an orderly path of

growth, division, anddeath which are controlled by theNucleus

` Programmed cell death is calledApoptosis, and when thisprocess breaks down, cancer begins to form.

CELL DIVISION


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Understanding Cancer

` METASTASIS :

When a tumorsuccessfully spreads toother parts of the body

and grows, invading anddestroying other healthy

tissues.

.


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Types of Cancer :

TYPE DESCRIPTION

Carcinoma Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or coverinternal organs

Sarcoma: Cancer that begins in bone, cartilage, fat, muscle, blood vessels, or

other connective or supportive tissue

Lymphoma an

d myeloma

Cancers that begin in the cells of the immune system

Leukemia: Cancer that starts in blood-forming tissue such as the bone marrowand causes large numbers of abnormal blood cells to be producedandenter the blood

Central

nervous

system cancers

Cancers that begin in the tissues of the brain and spinal cord


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Statistics

In 2007, cancer claimed the lives of about 7.6 million people in the world.Physicians and researchers who specialize in the study, diagnosis, treatment,

and prevention of cancer are called oncologists.


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Carcinogens


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CARCINOGENS

` A carcinogen is any substance that is directly involvedwith causing cancer.

` Once a carcinogen enters the body, it is broken downinto an unstable molecule called a free radical.

` These free radicals maydirectly interact with cellularmaterial, like DNA.

` Sometimes the free radicals interact with other areas of acell, but the greatest impact can occur when a specific

piece of DNA is damaged.


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MUTATION- A CAUSE OF CANCER

` Usually, when there is an aberration in the DNA duringreplication, the affected cells correct this by Apoptosis

` However if the cell does not die, it may lead to cancer.

` This is more likely if the mutation affects a gene involvedwith cell division or a gene that normally causes adefective cell to die.


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MECHANISMS OF CARCINOGENICTIY

` Based on the way in which a carcinogen causes cancer,there are 2 types of carcinogens:

GENOTOXICNON-

GENOTOXIC


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3 GENES INPLICATED IN CAUSING

CANCER

ONCOGENES and

PROTO-

INCOGENES

TUMOURSUPRESSOR

GENES

DNA REPAIRGENES


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NON-GENOTOXIC CARCINOGEN

` These carcinogens to not react with the DNA directlybut have a rather high incidence of causing tumors.

` Veryhighdoses given uninterruptedly for a long time areneeded to produce tumors.

` The mechanism of non-genotoxic carcinogenesis is notfullyunderstood, but is believed to involve stimulation ofcell division with a consequent increased probability of amutation occurring spontaneously.

` Eg.DDT


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Mechanisms of Non-Genotoxicity

Inflammation:Chronic low

levelinflammation.

Immuno-supression:

Generallytransplant

patients are at

a higher riskdue to this.

EpigeneticSilencing:


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Identification of Carcinogens

` TheInternational Agency for the Research ofCancer (IARC) is an intergovernmental agencyestablished in 1965, which forms part of the WHO of theUnitedNations publishes a list of Carcinogenic chemicals.

` TheNational Toxicology Program of theU.S. DepartmentofHealth andHuman Services is mandated to produce abiennial Report on Carcinogens.


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Classification of Carcinogens

Group 1: the agent (mixture) is definitely carcinogenic tohumans.

Group 2A : the agent (mixture) is probably carcinogenic to

humans.

Group 2B: the agent (mixture) is possibly carcinogenic tohumans.

Group 3

:the agent (mixture or exposure circumstance) isnot classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans

Group 4: the agent (mixture) is probably not carcinogenic tohuman


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INTERACTION WITH CARCINOGENS

Carcinogens can enter the body by 3 modes:

` By inhalation:This is predominant in the case ofairborne carcinogens.

` Ingestion:Carcinogens from the soil eventuallyenter ourbodies through the food chain.

` By Contact:This happens due to excess exposure to anycarcinogen eg. Radiation.


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FURTHER DICUSSION:

AIR WATER SOIL


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IARC Classification

Group Examples of Air pollutants

1 Benzene, Asbestos ,Tobacco smoking, Leather dust

2A Cobalt with tungsten carbide,Biomass fuel (wood),household combustion of glass, pressed ware

2B Acetaldehyde, Carbon black

3 Sulfur dioxide, Printing ink, lead, Cobalt and cobaltcompound

4 Caprolactam,Ozone


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Asbestos` Most at risk:

` miners

` shipyard workers

` automotive workers, especially those who manufacturedbrake linings and clutches

` railroad workers

` insulation manufacturers and installers

` construction workers

` gas mask manufacturers

` firefighters

` demolition workers

` Type of Cancer caused:

` lung cancer and mesothelioma , exposureand gastrointestinal and colorectal cancers, as well as an

elevated risk for cancers of the throat, kidney, esophagus,

and gallbladder

` Recent Incidences:

` Individuals involved in the rescue, recovery, and cleanup at

the site of the September 11, 2001, attacks on the World

Trade Center (WTC) in New York City are another group

at risk ofdeveloping an asbestos-relateddisease.


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Tobacco

(Industry)

` Most at risk:

` pickling operation for a minimum of six months

` Type of Cancer caused:` Cancer of the colon, cancer of thedigestive

system

` Uterine and ovarian cancer observed in women


` In India 595.4 thousand tonnes of tobacco isproduced in 2000(2nd to China)

` Employment in the tobacco industryhasdecreased in recent decades, mainly the resultof increased automation in manufacturing

processes. Manufacturers have also cut backoperations due to declining domestic sales andthe increasing number ofhealth-relatedlawsuits.


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Sulfuric

acid` Most at risk:` include pickling, electroplating and other acid treatment of

metals, the manufacture of lead-acid batteries and

phosphate fertilizer production.


` cancer of the larynx

` Heavyexposures can cause respiratory tract cancer


` Sulphuric acid is not very volatile at 20C [7] and so

workplaceexposures to harmful concentrations are

primarily to mists or aerosols produced on spraying.

` TheNational Institute for Occupational Safety andHealth

(NIOSH) estimates that more than 200,000 U.S. workersare regularlyexposed to sulfuric acid.

` OSHA limit of 1 mg/m3


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Formaldeh

yde

` Most at risk:

` chromate production

` Welding

` chrome pigment manufacture

` chrome plating and spray painting

` anatomists and pathologists


` nasopharyngeal cancer.` brain cancer in professionals

` leukemia


` Formaldehyde is widelyused for industrial

purposes and as a preservative anddisinfectant.

` OSHA established 0.75 ppm maximumexposure amount


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Volatile Organic Compounds

` Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are chemicals found inmanyhousehold products; examples of VOCs include acetone,formaldehyde, xylene, and toluene..

` VOCs are important carcinogenic pollutants for two reasons.

` Products that may contain volatile organic compounds include:

` New furniture and carpets.

` Paints, paint strippers, and other solvents.

`

Wood preservatives, hobby supplies, anddry-cleaned clothing.` Aerosol sprays, cleansers, anddisinfectants.

` Moth repellents and air fresheners

They are precursorsto the formation of

ozone (which is part ofthe photochemicalsmog)

They includecompounds which are

carcinogenic andmutagenic in their ownright.


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VOC:

Benzene

` Most at risk:

` manufacturing of rubber, paint, plastics, resins,drugs, pesticides, synthetics, and other products.

` gasoline and tobacco smoke had benzene.


` leukemia


` Benzeneexposure levels that have beenassociated with cancer have ranged from lessthan 5 years to peopleexposed for more than30 years.

` OSHA has set a permissibleexposure limit of 1

part of benzene per million parts of air in theworkplaceduring an 8-hour workday in a 40-hourworkweek.EPA estimates that a lifetimeexposureto 4 ppb benzene in air will result in, at most, 1additional case of leukemia in 10,000 peopleexposed.


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Diesel

exhaust

` Most at risk:

` railroad workers

` heavyequipment operators

` miners, and truckdrivers


` Lung cancer

` Bladder cancer

` testicular cancer


` In theUSA,Italy andFrance in two of these, theincrease in lung cancer was significant.

`

The combustion ofdiesel fuel in a compressionignition engine produces diesel exhaust

` Clean Air Act:Control ofEmissions ofHazardous AirPollutants Listed as a Mobile Source Air :Toxic for

which regulations are to bedeveloped


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LeadGasoline

` High Risk:lead compoundsin battery industries,smelters, pigmentfactories, printing trades

and the glassmanufacturing industryconcluded

` Type of cancer:stomach,

lung, and bladder cancersbut not cancer of thekidney.

` High Risk: gasoline vaporswith benzene levelsgreater than 1mg/m3

` Type of Cancer: lung

cancer , possibility ofkidney,gall baldder andother cancer


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Occupational Exposures to AirCarcinogenic Pollutants


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Rubber Industry(Group 1)

Type of Cancer Presumed agent or jobcategory

Bladder Aromatic amines

Leukaemia Solvent

Stomach Compounding, mixing

Lung Various

Skin Tyre building

The combination of chemical exposures that occurs in therubber industry is probably more relevant to the

cancer pattern observed than are single compounds or groupsof compounds


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IRON AND STEEL FOUNDING

` Employs approximately two million workers.` Exposures to silica and carbon monoxide

` Lung Cancer is common among workers

` Occupational asthma and dermatitis have also beendescribed following the introduction of new chemicalbinders.


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PETROLEUM REFINING (Group 2A)

` Employs about 500 000 persons in more than 700 plants.` Skin cancer and leukaemia

` In general, the concentrations of benzene in modernrefineries have been reported to be less than 3 mg/m3,

withhigher levels in some operations. Exposure via theskin to high-boiling materials may also occur.


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Hairdresser or barber(Group 2A)

` A small, but consistent, risk of bladder cancer wasreported in malehairdressers and barbers

` Exposed to volatile solvents, propellants and aerosols(from hair sprays), formaldehyde (an antibacterial agent),

methacrylates (in nail care products) and tracequantitiesof nitrosamines, whichhave been reported in manyhair

care products.

` Personal use ofhair colourants has been studied in seven

case-control studies of cancer of theurinary bladder.Overall, thesedo not indicate an excess risk


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` Pollutants with the potential to cause cancer come from avariety of sources. Air pollutants include carbonmonoxide, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), volatile organic

compounds (VOCs), mercury, lead, methane and many

more. In addition to the air, pollutants can come fromwater, chemicals in food and other sources, and radiation.Overcooked foodhas also been implicated as a potentialsource of carcinogen for humans.

Oldest Pollution Source in Human History


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Or, since wood is mainly just carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen,doesnt it just change to CO2 andH2O when it is combinedwith oxygen (burned)?

Reason: the combustion efficiency is far less than 100%

Woodsmoke is natural how can it hurt you?


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Case study3:UK

` One in ten deaths from lung cancer in theUK may belinked to air pollution

` strong evidence that fine particles contained in emissionsfrom vehicles and industry caused cancer.

` One study by the American Cancer Society found thatdeath rates from lung cancer increased 6% for everyadditional 10 microgrammes of fine particles in a cubicmetre of air.

` December, 1952.Smog increased risk to cancer


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WATER POLLUTION


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LIMITS OF ARSENIC

Arsenic Level in Tap Water

(in parts per billion, or ppb)

Approximate Total Cancer Risk

(assuming 2 liters consumed/day)

0.5 ppb 1 in 10,000

1 ppb 1 in 5,000

3 ppb 1 in 1,667

4 ppb 1 in 1,250

5 ppb 1 in 1,000

10 ppb 1 in 500

20 ppb 1 in 250

25 ppb 1 in 200

50 ppb 1 in 100


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CONTROLS

` Some systems may be able to reduce arseniclevels bycleaning up or changing the

source of their water.

` Cleaning up contaminated sites and reducingor eliminating new arsenic pollution.

` Filters certified by

NSFInternational toremove arsenic (such as water distillation

systems).


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CHROMIUM

` SOURCES:` Chemical:used in metallurgy to impart corrosionresistance and a shiny finish; as dyes and paints, its saltscolour glass an emerald green.

`Leather:Catalyst in dyeing & the tanning of leather.

` Electro painting:Chromium plating is widelyused togive steel a polished silvery mirror coating, chrome plating

and in metal ceramics` Industrial:Chromium main uses are in alloys such asstainless steel & manufacture magnetic tape.

` Textile manufacture


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Effects of Chromium 6

` Chromium(VI) is known to cause various cancers such as:` Bladderandliver& Lung cancer.

` Known Carcinogens:Chromium(VI) compounds:-

` calcium chromate,

` chromium trioxide` lead chromate,

` strontium chromate,

` zinc chromate.

` Safe limit for hexavalent chromium in drinkingwater at approximately .06 parts per billion.

Disposal of metalproducts in surface waters,

can damage thegills of

fishthat swim near thepoint ofdisposal.In animals chromium can

causerespiratoryproblems, a lowerability to fight disease,birthdefects, infertility andtumor formation.


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DRINKING BOTTLED WATER KEPT IN THE

CAR CAUSES CANCER

` Theheats causes toxins from the plastic to leak into thewater and theyhave found these toxins in breast tissuewhich leads to breast cancer.

` Researchers in Germany foundevidence of a man-made

estrogen-like compound leaching into water packaged inpolyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles. Such chemicals,

known as "endocrinedisruptors," have the potential tointerfere withestrogen and other reproductivehormones

in thehuman body.` Use a stainless steel canteen or a glass bottle when you

can.


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BENZENE

` Benzenehas been connected to a rare form of kidneycancer in two separate studies, one involving tank truckdrivers, and the other involving seamen on tanker vessels,

both carrying benzene-laden chemical

` Industries that involve theuse of benzene includethe rubber industry, oil refineries, coke and chemical

plants, shoe manufacturers, andgasoline-related industries.

` The United States Environmental Protection Agency has

set a maximum contaminant level (MCL) for benzene indrinking water at 0.005 mg/L (5 ppb),


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NITRATES

` Ground water may contain nitrates, which are chemicalsoften found in fertilizer.

` Nitrates, along with nitrites, are also found in processedmeats results in 67% increase in pancreatic cancerrisk.

` Boiling water contaminated with chemicals suchas nitrates or toxic elements such as arsenic.Nitrates and arsenic are not like bacteria, so boiling yourwater doesn't remove them. In fact, boiling water will

actually increase the concentration.The more the wateris boiled, thehigher the concentration of thesesubstances will be.


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Soil pollutants


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PesticidesMortality in theU.S. from pesticide:20peopledying out of 560,000 exposed topesticides annually

High Risk:careless handling or use of theseconcentrated chemicals by factory workers,farm workers, andexterminators, oftendecades ago before safety measures were inplace


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DDT` DDT (from its trivial

name, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane

) is one of the most well-knownsynthetic pesticide

` DDT is a persistent organicpollutant that isextremely hydrophobic and stronglyabsorbed by soil

` TheNTP classifies it as "reasonablyanticipated to be a carcinogen,

`

Types of Cancer:Liver, Pancreas,

Breast , Rectum, lung, bladder orstomach


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Chlordane` Chlordane is a man-made mixture of

chemicals that was widelyused as aninsecticide in theUnited States (U.S.).

` High Risk in:` farmers

` pesticide applicators

` manufacturers

`

crop dusters` Cancers types:

` lip, stomach, lung, brain, and prostate; aswell as melanoma and other skin cancers.

` Incidences:` There is not enoughevidence to show

that chlordanedirectly causes breastcancer in humans or laboratory animals.


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Preventions where you live and play` Ifyou areexposed to diesel exhaust fumes in your environment, you can take some

of the same precautions.For example, you can avoid spending time near largesources ofdiesel exhaust, such as near trucks and buses. Commuting to and fromwork is a potential source ofdiesel exhaust exposure for many people, whetherusing car or some type of public transportation.For some people, working fromhome (telecommuting or teleworking) may be an option to lower their exposure,as well as to save money on commuting expenses.

` Government regulations such as the Clean Air Act and programs such as theEPA's

National Clean Diesel Campaign aredesigned to reducediesel emissions fromtrucks and other largeengines, lowering public exposure to diesel exhaust.

` Another important program is Clean School Bus USA. Children can beexposed todiesel exhaust during school bus travel or when standing near running school busesoutside of school. Clean School Bus USA brings together partners from business,education, transportation, and public-health organizations to reduce children'sexposure to bus-related air pollutants by aiming to:

` Reduceunnecessary school bus idling` Replace older buses with newer, less-polluting buses

` Upgradeexisting buses with technologies to reduce their emission


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Management of Lung Cancer

I

ntegrated interdisciplinary approachTimely completion ofdiagnostic work-up

Type of tumor & stage ofdiseasedetermines treatmentoptions

Only 25% of patients are surgical candidates, whichprovides the best chance at cure

Chemotherapy

Radiotherapy

Clinical trials

Radiological interventions

Best supportive care [BSP]

*General health & functional status must be considered*

carcinogenic pollutants edited with sirs instruction

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